Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

The In Vivo effect of o- and p- Hydroxy cinnamic acid and Caffeic acid when applied for cuttings at it\'s optimal concentration (10-3M) and when applied each of them alone with simultaneous application with plant hormone IAA at it\'s optimal concentration (5×10-4 M) were investigated on the activity of the enzyme IAA-Oxidase (IAAO) and on the concentration of endogenous free hormone (IAA) in different parts and physiological periods on cuttings taken from 10-day-old seedlings grown in Deionized water (d\\d H2O) and also for that taken from 10-day-old seedlings grown in Boric acid (5μg/ml). However, The activity of IAAO was declined in cuttings were taken from seedlings grown in boric acid (5μg\\ml) compared to d\\d H2O after 72 h. and the concentration of endogenous free hormone (IAA) was significantly increased in the hypocotyls of mung bean cuttings after 24h of basipetal application by the treatments in each case of cuttings taken from seedlings grown in d\\d H2O or boric acid(5μg\\ml) compared to the control. The enzyme IAAO was extracted from hypocotyls of control cuttings after 72h from transferring it to the rooting medium which taken from seedlings grown in Deionized water (A) ,as well as for control cuttings taken from seedlings grown in boric acid (5μg/ml) (B) and In Vitro reacted with the following phenolic compounds (o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid , Caffeic acid) at the optimal concentration (10-3M) and with boric acid (5μg/ml) , the hormone IAA (5×10-4M) and with combination of each other, then the results by the means of enzymatic activity was compared with the same reactions carried out with the standard enzyme Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The comparison pointed out for the role of IAAO as allosteric enzyme and suggested the effect of boron as (Negative / Positive) heterotropic allosteric effector.

The hematopoietic cell cancer known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) starts in the bone marrow and quickly spreads to the blood. Despite recent advancements in treatment, the prognosis for people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor . Aim: This study aims to evaluate changes in hematological parameters in Iraqi patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing several hematological parameters (such as white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, platelet count (PLT), and blast count) between newly diagnosed and relapsed patients, as well as a healthy control group. Methods: The study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024 and included 70 patients diagnosed with AML (50 new cases and 20 relapsed cases), in addition to 38 healthy individuals as a control group. Children under the age of 18, patients with AML-M3, and patients with chronic diseases or other malignancies were excluded.Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants, and a complete blood count (CBC) was performed using automated hematology analyzers. The percentage of blast cells was assessed using Giemsa-stained blood smears, and cytological and immunological tests were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: The results showed significant differences between AML patients (new and relapsed) and the control group. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count in new patients was 26.69×10³/μL, and in relapsed patients, 22.05×10³/μL, compared to 7.32×10³/μL in healthy controls (P=0.0061). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration also decreased significantly in patients, reaching 8.27 g/dL in new cases and 9.01 g/dL in relapsed cases, compared to 13.53 g/dL in controls (P≤0.0001). The platelet count (PLT) was 82.88×10³/μL in new patients and 48.39×10³/μL in relapsers, compared to 217.47×10³/μL in healthy controls (P≤0.0001). Regarding the percentage of blast cells, the study did not record significant differences between new patients (39.66% in the blood and 47.92% in the marrow) and relapsers (42.05% in the blood and 39.85% in the marrow), with P values > 0.05 in both cases Conclusions: The study concludes that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) causes a marked disturbance in hematologic function, leading to significant changes in hematologic parameters that can be used as supportive tools in diagnosis and clinical assessment. The results also confirm similarities in the hematologic pattern between new and relapsed cases, highlighting the importance of continuing research into immunological and molecular factors to explain this similarity and assess the likelihood of treatment response and relapse.
Keywords: Acute myeloid

Background: Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an immunosuppressive cytokine, is implicated in tumor immune evasion and myeloid leukemia progression. While prior studies associate elevated IL-35 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis and poor prognosis, its regulatory dynamics under chemotherapeutic interventions remain underexplored. This study evaluates IL-35 expression in AML, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and healthy cohorts, alongside its modulation by Decitabine and cytarabine.
Methods: Serum IL-35 levels were quantified via ELISA in 50 AML patients, 50 CML patients, and 30 healthy controls. Patient cohorts (mean age: AML=65, CML=64; controls=46) were stratified by disease activity and treatment status. Chemotherapeutic impact on IL-35 was assessed in AML patients receiving Decitabine (hypomethylating agent) or cytarabine (antimetabolite). Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA.
Results: IL-35 levels were non-significantly reduced in leukemia groups (AML: 98.84±81.03 pg/mL; CML: 73.82±61.09 pg/mL) versus controls (136.14±106.8 pg/mL). Neither Decitabine nor cytarabine significantly altered IL-35 expression in treated AML patients. Intergroup comparisons (AML vs. CML) also showed non-significant differences. High interpatient variability (wide SDs) and paradoxical lower IL-35 in leukemia cohorts contrasted with literature linking IL-35 to immunosuppression.
Conclusion: IL-35 may not serve as a standalone prognostic biomarker in myeloid leukemias due to its context-dependent expression and resistance to chemotherapy-induced modulation. Its role in immune evasion likely involves microenvironmental or receptor-level mechanisms rather than systemic concentration. Future studies should integrate longitudinal IL-35 profiling with multi-omics to refine therapeutic strategies targeting immunosuppression.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a kind of coronary artery disease emergency and has the characteristics of rapid appear, rapid disease change, with high morbidity and mortality rates, which puts ACS as a major public health problem. Inflammatory cells in plaque and its inflammatory products can trigger ACS by inducing plaque instability and rupture. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the association between ACS and the two proinflammatory cytokines; interleukin-18 (IL-18) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 90 patients with ACS [ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (USA) and 60 participants with non-ACS [stable angina (SA) and healthy controls]. The IL-18 and MCP-1 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for all the participants. Results: The results showed that ACS patients had significantly higher levels of IL-18 compared with non-ACS patients (p<0.001), but MCP-1 had a non-significant difference between these two groups (0.863). Conclusion: The result suggests a significant association of IL-18 but not MCP-1 with ACS.