Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

Multiple extrahepatic organ failure is linked to the systemic disease known as hepatitis C virus infection, which contributes to its many symptoms. A kind of immune-modulating molecules called interleukins causes a variety of reactions in tissues and cells. Many of the recognized immunological "second messenger" molecules in mammals are included in these cytokines. TNF-a, IL-33, and IL-18 are linked to the onset of chronicity and liver fibrosis brought on by HCV.
The ill group consisted of 75 individuals with hepatitis C, while the case control group consisted of 75 additional, apparently healthy individuals. The Center of Digestive System in Babylon Province is where the samples were taken between 16 October 2024 to 23 November 2024. Serum levels of IL-33, IL-18, and TNF-a were determined using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and RT-PCR was performed to value the HCV load. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 26.
TNF-a, IL-33, and IL-18 levels were higher in patients than in the control group (p < 0.001). The cutoff point for the sensitivity and specificity of IL-18 in the diagnosis of HCV was > 307 ng/ml, according to the ROC curve. 95% CI = (0.754 – 0.925), AUC = 0.82, P. value = 0.0001, and sensitivity and specificity were 75.5% and 82.2%, respectively. Hepatitis C virus progression is influenced by elevated levels of IL-18, IL-33, and TNF-a, which shield hepatic tissue from viral invasion of additional cells.

The dopamine receptor, often known as DA, is crucial in the body's regulation of insulin production. The patient group had significantly lower mean and standard deviation values for Dopamine receptors than the control group. In this study, regarding the Dopamine receptor mean (SD), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control groups had values of 2.48 (1.17) and 102.71 (543.30), respectively. The insulin means (SD) for the patient and control groups were 258.0601 (44.35) and 119.8709 (37.075), respectively. The insulin concentration between the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control groups differ significantly, as indicated by a p-value of < 0.05. Based on this research, individuals with the illness exhibited reduced concentrations of Dopamine receptor 2. The significant disparity, as evidenced by a p-value below 0.05, suggests that this divergence is highly unlikely to be a chance occurrence. This result aligns with the notion that the pancreas secretes insulin when blood glucose levels are elevated. The liver enzymes are AST ALT and T2DM patients. The mean values of ALT and AST were considerably higher in the T2DM group than in humans without T2DM (P= 0.001). The findings of this study demonstrate a significant reduction in Dopamine receptor 2 levels and an increase in insulin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to control groups. The elevated levels of liver enzymes AST and ALT in T2DM patients further suggest a potential link between altered biochemical factors and the disease's pathophysiology. These disparities, confirmed by statistically significant p-values, underscore the critical role of Dopamine receptor and liver enzymes in the regulation of insulin production and glucose metabolism.

wide range of diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as difficulties with social communication, limited and specific interests, and repetitive behavior, are hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a collection of intricate multifactorial neurodevelopmental diseases. The immunological hypothesis is thought to have a significant role in the pathophysiology of autism and to explain the variations in clinical phenotypes and comorbidities that affect the severity and duration of the condition . In the current study, there were 90 Iraqi children (male and female), 60 children with ASD who visited Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Iraq (48 males and 12 females), and 30 children control (20 males and 10 females). They were between the ages of 1.5 and 12year. The children’s peripheral venous blood was drawn in order to measure the concentrations of serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and CBC. including total WBC (10^9/L) cells, differential WBC, platelet count, HGB, HCT levels. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The study’s findings revealed: 1) IL-6 levels were found to be significantly higher in children with autism than in control children. same that TNF-α levels were higher in children with autism than in control, however, with statistical significance (P≤0.05). But in CBC not statistical significance (P> 0.05). With regard to the influence of immunological factors on autism development, comorbidities affecting the course and severity of autism disease, and other aspects of particular significance, this review provides up-to-date information on immune dysfunction in ASD.

In genetically predisposed subjects, gluten can trigger (celiac disease), an autoimmune syndrome affecting the small intestine, leading to immune reactions that damage the colon and cause various symptoms. The investigation was aimed at measuring serum levels of tissue transglutaminase both (Immunoglobulin IgG, IgA), Interleukin-10 with Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in patients confirmed with celiac disease (CD). The research utilized a case-control methodology at AL-Sadder Medical Center, involving a sample of 158 specimens. It included 79 individuals with coeliac disease and 79 normal controls of the identical ages (18-50) along with gender. Blood serum for tissue-transglutaminase (t.TG) immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA) levels were measured using ChLIA, while interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were assessed using an ELISA kit. The current investigation revealed that patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of IL-10 nearly 2.5-fold higher (46.875 ± 24.533) compared to the control group (18.597 ± 8.324), with a p-value of less than 0.001, indicating a statistically significant difference. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were substantially higher in patients with celiac disease (43.985 ± 21.782), nearly triple the levels observed in the control group (15.510 ± 12.294), also with a p-value of less than 0.001. There was a significant increase in the levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-10 in patients confirmed with celiac disease. Additionally, the investigation identified a positive correlations significantly among TNF-α and tissue transglutaminase (t .TG) IgG, as well as between t .TG IgA and Interleukin-10