Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains cause serious nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to detect and find the epidemiological relatedness among MRSA isolates which was collected in Emergency burn-and-plastic surgery hospital in Sulaimani city using Pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Routine methods were used for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, further molecular confirmation was done by PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA gene. The cefoxitin-disc diffusion assay was used for detection MRSA, which is subsequently confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene. PFGE was chosen to observe the genetic relatedness of 10 MRSA strains using SmaI restriction endonuclease. All the isolates (100%, 50/50) carried 16S rRNA gene specific for S.aureus and (42%, 21/50) exhibited resistance to cefoxitin and harboured the mecA gene, thereby being classified as MRSA. Among 10 MRSA isolates, the PFGE pattern were grouped into four clusters. Three isolates belonging to cluster (C3) were indistinguishable, 4 isolates belonging to cluster (C4) were closely related, 2 isolates of the second cluster (C2) were possibly related and the first cluster (C1) with 1 MRSA isolate was unrelated. This finding shows 30% of the samples had indistinguishable fingerprints with no changes in banding profiles, while 40% of the samples had closely related patterns. PFGE is a good discriminatory tool for typing MRSA strains.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Biology Department - College of Science - Tikrit University, the laboratories of the Food Science Department - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar, and the Public Health Laboratories - Anbar for the period from December 2021 AD until February 2022 AD, study involved taking samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients of both sexes, after a confirmed positive PCR test result. As well as those lying in quarantine in three Iraqi governorates (the isolation unit in Karkh, Yarmouk and Kadhimiya hospitals, the Al-Shifa quarry hospital in Anbar, the public health laboratory in Anbar, and the quarantine hospital for thousands in Erbil), in addition to outpatient clinics. They were distributed by 30 patients and 20 healthy subjects from each governorate, with ages ranging from 18-80 years, randomly to men and women in order to determine the role of genetic polymorphisms in the ACE inhibitor gene in the study samples. The results of the genetic polymorphisms of ACE-1rs4646994, ACE-2rs2106809, and ACE-2rs4240157 showed that there were non-significant differences between the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the patient's group compared with the healthy group. The DD mutant genotype of ACE-1rs4646994 appeared in the patient's group in Baghdad and Anbar with a high percentage, while patients in Erbil showed the highest percentage of the heterozygous genotype ID compared to healthy subjects, with an OR= 0.922, OR= 2.750, and OR= 1.118, respectively, for the mutant allele D. Therefore, it is not considered a risk factor for the disease in Baghdad, in contrast to Anbar and Erbil. The polymorphism of ACE-2rs2106809, the homozygous genotype CC was dominant in patients in the aforementioned provinces and may not be considered a risk factor for the disease. The results of ACE-2rs4240157 gene polymorphism, the heterozygous CT genotype showed a high percentage in patients in Baghdad and, while in Anbar patients, the normal genotype TT appeared to be the highest percentage compared to healthy subjects. The C mutant allele in Baghdad, Anbar, and Erbil patients reached OR= 1.306, OR= 4.333, and OR= 9.00, respectively, so this allele is considered a risk factor for the disease. We can conclude from this study the role of each of the polymorphisms rs4646994 ACE-1 and rs4240157 ACE-2 in infection with COVID-19 and the severity of its symptoms according to the geographical region and race, in contrast to rs2106809 ACE-2, as it is possible to conduct clinical studies to demonstrate the role of genetic polymorphisms

Aim: current study was aimed to study the amino acid contents of two Chinese nuts, walnuts (Juglans sigillata Dode.) and chestnuts (Castanea mollissima Blume.) from the local market of the Kurdistan region / Iraq.
Methodology: Walnut fruits (Juglans sigillata) and chestnut fruits (Castanea mollissima) were collected from local market in the Kurdistan region / Iraq, samples were collected, dried and ground. one milgram of each sample was weighed, then dissolved in 10 ml High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methanol, the sample was shaken and agitated in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes , then concentrated by evaporating the solvent with a stream of liquid N2 until it reached 1 ml, filtrated the liquid sample on deposable sep-pak cartridge filter ( supleco Co, Ltd),then 20 ml were injected on HPLC column .
Results: firstly current study can identified thirteen amino acids from chestnuts but there are only eight amino acids were identified from walnuts. Secondly, there are big different between them in the percentage of amino acids where valine is appear in the highest percentage which record 69.43 %, while it recorded 6.32% in chestnut fruit , While threonine showed the highest percentage in chestnuts arrived to 54.09% compared to only 3.72% in walnuts fruits.

The Streptococcus bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans are one of the most common types in the mouth, where tooth decay, necrosis and gingivitis are among the health problems that the Iraqi society suffers from, as the treatment of bacteria has become a challenge due to their ability to resist many antibiotics. The study aimed to isolate and diagnose Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and study their resistance to a number of antibiotics, and evaluate the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolates in biofilms. Using biochemical tests and phenotypic diagnostics. The study included the collection of (275) oral swabs from patients with tooth decay from the area of caries on the surface of the tooth and from cysts for infected patients and visitors at the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad Governorate with ages ranging between (6-70) years and of both sexes for the period from 1/9/2022 to 1/11/2022. the number of isolates was 6 (2.18%) belonging to Streptococcus mutans and only one isolate (0.36%) of Streptococcus sobrinus, the sensitivity of all the isolates of the bacteria under study was tested towards 10 antibiotics, and the results showed that the isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics used in this study, and all the isolates were chosen to test their ability to form biofilms using the microtitration plate, and the results showed that most of the isolates were strong in the formation of biofilms.

Background: Although most infections with Helicobacter pylori are asymptomatic, some people with this bacterium end up with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, or even stomach cancer. The study's objectives wasto detectthe prevalence of Helicobacter pylori by identifying 16sRNA and to determine the virulence genes (ureA and vacAS1/S2) in biopsies of patients with gastritis.
Method: The study was conducted between September 2022 and June 2023 at the public hospital and several private clinics in Balad City, Iraq. A total of 50 samples were taken, spanningfrom 15-85 years of age (50 patients). Balad General Hospital and a private upper surgical endoscopy clinic. The specialist doctor (gastroenterologist) took the gastric biopsy samples from the stomach's antrum and corpus during normal endoscopy. The gastric biopsies were used for PCR.
Results: The current study includes 50 samples suffering from gastritis. Patients according to age groups 26-34 and 45-54 had the highest frequency, while, 55-64 had the lowest frequency. Helicobacter Pylori was detected by16SrRNA. According to the result 16SrRNA by, the research found that positive gastric patients was42 (84%) and 8(16%) negative. In addition, this research found that the UreA gene was39 (78%) positive and 11(22%) negative and theVacS1/S2 gene was22 (44%) positive and 28(56%) negative.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is involved in the first phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), entailing the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) and the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone. A deficiency in the G6PD activity can result in numerous illnesses, including liver diseases. The first three enzymes in PPP are responsible for the oxidative phase. They make NADPH, which is needed to deal with oxidative stress, especially in people who do not have enough G6PD. The study included (90) samples from people with hemolytic anemia (Favzim) and control to determine the levels of G6PD, albumin, total protein, liver function, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. The results showed that there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the serum levels of G6PD in the patients group when compared with the control group. Also, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the serum levels of albumin, total protein, ALP, ALT, AST and total bilirubin in patients with the G6PD deficiency when compared with the control group. In addition, this study revealed a strong positive correlation between some biochemical parameters studied, such as: Total protein with TSB (r2 = 0.897), TSB with ALT (r2 = 0.893), AST with ALT (r2 = 0.623) and total protein with ALT (r2 = 0.804).

This paper seeks to synthesize antibacterial green polymeric composites utilizing extracted cellulose, a natural polymer sourced from biomass. The cellulose was obtained from local agricultural waste. Subsequently, the polymeric composites were synthesized, incorporating blends of nano zinc oxide and nano titanium dioxide in varying proportions. All synthesized samples undergo comprehensive characterization and examination through a range of tests encompassing structural and thermal testes. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the samples was assessed using the disc diffusion method, enabling the identification of the most effective formulations. The ultimate selection of the optimal composite was based on the collective outcomes of all tests, facilitating its potential utilization across diverse applications. In conclusion, the Albizia tree demonstrates a notable potential for efficient cellulose extraction, making it a viable candidate for such purposes. The cellulose extracted from Albizia tree holds the capability to yield methylcellulose. The bacterial activity assessment of Nano materials highlighted a distinct efficacy in the case of the 75% Nano TiO2 and 25% Nano ZnO mixture. However, it is worth noting that an excessive increment in Nano ZnO content exhibited adverse effects. Thorough thermal analyses verified the thermal stability of methylcellulose.

This paper presents a study on the Compton Profile (CP) for aluminum in the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. Renormalized -Free Atom (RFA) model has been used to calculate the CP for the (3s-3p) subset of configurations. It is found that the RFA calculation for the (3s2-3p1) configuration provides a better agreement with experimental values and the Plane Wave Generalized Gradient Approximation (PW-GGA) than the free atom model. CP was chosen for all values within the momentum region (PZ= 0→7a.u) and compared the theoretical results with the available experimental values. The results were in good agreement with the available experimental values.

In this study, we used the Non-Equilibrium Green Function (NEGF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) to analyze the nanoscale electronic properties of silicene and germanene structures, the band structure and Density of State (DOS) for the unit cell of silicene and germanene are found that the energy gap is (0 eV) in both. A comparison was made between silicene and germanene in terms of electrical and thermal properties, by calculating the transmission coefficient T(E) for silicene patterns (Si1, Si2, Si3, and Si4) and germanene patterns (Ge1, Ge2, Ge3, and Ge4). The results show that T(E) decreases with increasing etching depth, which also leads to a decrease in electronic conductivity. Moreover, the value of the Seebeck coefficient (S) increases with increasing drilling depth, and also the sign of S varies from a positive value for (Si1, Si4, Ge1, Ge2, Ge4) to a negative value for (Si2, Si3, Ge3) at Fermi level (Ef) equal to (0 eV). The highest value of the figure of merit is about (1.8) for the Ge4 structure.

This study aims at developing a thermoelectric cooler using the effect of plutene. One result obtained when operating the device at 12 volts is the low temperature inside the thermoelectric radiator to a degree of (1 °C), while the hot side temperature is (38 °C) and the efficiency obtained is (7).

In this study, cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles were synthesized using laser produced plasma technology with varying energy levels (300, 400, 500, and 600) mJ. These nanoparticles were deposited as a thin layers on glass surfaces (at a rate of 100 pulses). They were examined structurally and optically using a Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray spectrophotometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The energy gap of the films varied from (1.5 eV) to (2.1 eV). We note that the energy gap decreases with increasing laser intensity. The FESEM and AFM images show a large anisotropy in the structure as the roughness varies with different energies. X-ray investigations indicated the presence of many crystals and a variation in the crystal structure of the film. The Figure of Merit (F.O.M) diagram revealed that the optimal energy was (400 mJ). A gas sensor for gas (NH3) was created, and the impact of increasing gas ratios and temperature on gas sensitivity over time was investigated

Three different new designs of an objective pinhole lens were compared. Their magnetic and optical properties were studied using Finite Element Method for Calculating Magnetic Field Distribution (FEM-CMFD) and Magnetic Electron Lens Optical Properties (MELOP) software. The focal length (fo), spherical aberration (Cs), chromatic aberration (Cc), and the resolving power (δ) of each lens were compared at a range of relatively corrected acceleration voltages (Vr = 100 V-100 kV) and a constant excitation of (NI = 5280 A-t (where A represents Ampere and t represents turn)) and current density (2 A/mm2) to find the best design. The L1 lens is similar to the Gemini lens. L2 and L3 are the traditional pinhole lens shape. The L1 lens gave the best results in terms of optical and magnetic properties as its optical properties at medium and low acceleration voltages. L2 and L3 Lenses had almost identical magnetic properties, but the difference was apparent in optical properties.
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Energy from renewable sources has developed significantly in the past few decades. Photovoltaics have played a crucial role in the technology employed to generate this type of energy. Technicians and researchers can benefit from systems that offer knowledge and data on the efficiency and performance of solar cells. In this work the I-V characteristic of photovoltaic of silicon was measured, and the influence of different n-type thicknesses was examined with their different doping concentration; this has been done by PC1D simulation, It would be appropriate for developing silicon single-layer without cost. The n-layer thickness and n-region doping are the factors responsible for a solar cell's efficiency and performance. In this context silicon is the ideal candidate due to the swift increase in their efficiency, and its dependability and stability. In the end, to draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have, the optimum external quantum efficiencies obtained from this design were (87.71 %) for mono layer front surfaces. The results from these simulation studies prove that it is possible to propose these design parameters for mono layer solar cell fabrication. By adjusting the effectively mentioned parameters, a great efficient and I-V characteristic solar cell has been achieved.

The prominent characteristic of the lower part of the Sargelu Formation of the Middle Jurassic is the occurrence of destructive dolomitization. This dolomitized unit, cropped out in the high folded and Imbricated zones in Northern Iraq, is situated in the Gotnia Basin and has been distinctly identified and are documented in previous studies. Dolomite crystals are euhedral in shape; hence, they are classified as saccharoidal dolomite, resulting in the elimination of all biocontent and the destruction of the original rock fabrics. Despite the abundance of intercrystalline pores in this unit and their role in the quality of reservoirs in the oil fields, the origin or mechanism of dolomitization is not well understood yet. The aim of this investigation is to find out a suitable model for the dolomitization and to propose possible mechanisms that led to the dolomitization. At the top of the Lower Jurassic Sehkaniyan Formation, an extensive mass of destructive dolomitization has also occurred. The dolomitic unit of the Sargelu Formation, which extends for hundred kilometers constantly. Stratigraphic correlation reveals that the Sargelu Formation is juxtaposed with different successions, such as the Alan and Sehkaniyan formations, that show evidence about peritidal and sabkha environments, where the dolomitization units were associated with solution collapse breccia and microbial stromatolite. This study proposes that the reflux and burial dolomitization models for the lower part of the Sargelu Formation by comparing the paleoenvironmental conditions of the late Lower Jurassic and early Middle Jurassic in the Gotnia basin with a modern analogue model.

Shiranish Formation in both Smaquli and Rawanduz sections is composed of an alternation of marly limestones, limestone and marl beds with fissile shale beds. Depend on color, lithology and other sedimentological criteria during field observations of the studied sections, the Shiranish Formation is divided lithologically into lower, middle and upper units. Planktonic Foraminiferal Lime Mudstone Microfacies (Shf1), Lime Wackestone (Shf2) and Planktonic Foraminiferal Lime Packstone Microfacies (Shf3) have been defined as three distinct microfacies with four submicrofacies ((Keeled Planktonic Foraminiferal Lime Wackestone submicrofacies (Shf2b), Globular Chamber Planktonic Foraminiferal Lime Wackestone submicrofacies (Shf2a), Bioclastic Lime Wackestone submicrofacies (Shf2c), Planktonic Foraminiferal Lime Wackestone submicrofacies (Shf2d)). The major microfacies in both sections was lime wackestone which is dominated in middle and upper units in both sections. Sedimentological and paleontological evidences suggest that the Formation was deposited in the outer shelf setting and progressed to the upper bathyal setting, in addition to that the microfacies changed from packstone to mudstone meaning deeping upward sequence.

This study investigates the relationship between the crucial cone point in limiting steady and unsteady simulation flows inside a simple two-dimensional, vertical sand column subjected to water withdrawal. The analysis employs a versatile technique applicable to both linear steady and linear unsteady problems. By utilizing Fourier series techniques, the method finds the solution for a line sink in a vertical duct and extends the steady technique to achieve unsteady solutions. The evolution of the beneath-the-water table surface towards steady states is monitored when they exist. The key findings highlight that as the impermeable base moves further away, the distance between the interface and the sink increases. With increasing flow rates, the critical depth elevates; however, a minor decrease in the critical flow rate is observed when the sink approaches the base. The prior behaviour of the flow impacts the critical flow rate value for each interface height. The study provides steady and unsteady solutions, employing linearized formulations, which demonstrate good agreement with observed phenomena. The length scale of the spatial separation between the interface and the sink emerges as a critical factor in determining cone. These findings contribute to a better understanding of cone phenomena and emphasize the significance of considering specific dimensions in the analysis of flow dynamics within porous media.

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is an important technology for applications that require speedy, high-accuracy processing of a huge volume of hand-filled forms. The aim of this technology is to reduce manual work, human effort, high accuracy in assessment, and minimize time for evaluation answer sheets. This paper proposed OMR by using Modify Bidirectional Associative Memory (MBAM), MBAM has two phases (learning and analysis phases), it will learn on the answer sheets that contain the correct answers by giving its own code that represents the number of correct answers, then detection marks from answer sheets by using analysis phase. This proposal will be able to detect no selection or select more than one choice, in addition, using MBAM make it timeless because it will deal with a complete answer sheet, it no need to extract the answer boxes from the answers sheet. The proposed OMR exhibits accuracy is 99.998% in the recognition of marked and non-marked.

The employ of Internet of Things has become an integral part of our daily life, especially in developed countries and societies, which in turn are considered to be one of the basic areas on which the mechanisms of their work depend to a large extent the applications of algorithms used in the field of machine learning are available due to the high accuracy that characterizes these applications and the margin of safety that these techniques offer. As a result, scientific research for these applications is increasing every day and leads to different results for these applications in different areas of the Internet of Things and its multiple uses. This study presents an analysis of machine learning techniques and the need for ML and its types. The article focuses on current research on the integration of IoT with cloud computing technology and the benefits of linking cloud computing techniques with IoT systems. An overview of different machine learning algorithms like SVM and neural network algorithms like ANN are discussed. Deep learning algorithms; CNN, RNN, and ensemble learning techniques are reviewed in terms of developed models, goals, applications, and the results achieved. The study offers a comparative analysis of the application of different ML and deep learning algorithms

Image de-noising and restoration represent basic problems in image processing with many different applications including engineering, reconstruction of missing data during their transmission and enhancement ..etc. this work is aimed at developing effective algorithm for denoising image using new strategy algorithm of wavelet techniques ,by applying two dimensions wavelet transform using Haar wavelet. Wavelets are hierarchically decomposing mathematical tools. A noisy picture is sent to the Haar wavelet transform to create four decomposed bands(for each level), and the noise is then removed by applying a threshold to the resultant image band. Then, an inverse transform is used to provide a noise-reduced picture. Performance characteristics are improved by the suggested design in contrast to those of the current approaches.