journal of Basic Sciences

The current study aims to identify:
1. Self-regulation strategies among students of the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University..
2.Differences in self-regulation strategies among students of the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, according to the gender variable (males vs. females). The study sample consisted of (120) male & female students from the college's morning and evening departments, selected using a stratified random sampling method with equal distribution. The researcher constructed a self-regulation strategies scale based on Zimmerman's theory, consisting of (30) items distributed across (5) strategies: (planning, self-monitoring, self-reinforcement, self-instructions, self-evaluation), with (6) items for each strategy. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified for face validity, construct reliability using Cronbach's alpha. The study reached the following results.:
1.The prevalence of self-regulation strategies among students of the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, was determined in the following order: (self-assessment, self-monitoring, self-instructions, planning, and self-esteem).
2.Females outperform male students in the dominance of the strategies: (planning, self-instruction, and self-assessment), while males outperform females in the dominance of the strategies: (self-monitoring and self-reinforcement

This research examines the nominative nouns (al-marfū‘āt) as discussed by Al-Balkī in his Hāshiyah ‘alā Tafsīr al-Bayḍāwī—one of the many commentaries written on Al-Bayḍāwī's exegesis, which has garnered extensive glosses and critical notes.Al-Balkī presents diverse grammatical perspectives in his commentary to elucidate Qur’anic expressions. These grammatical discussions are scattered throughout his work. This study aims to compile the most significant grammatical inquiries related to nouns—particularly those in the nominative case—as addressed in his Hāshiyah, and to examine his method of presenting grammatical issues. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze these topics..

This study aims to study the temporal and spatial variations in solar radiation values in Kut District during 2023, and to evaluate the potential for investing these values in renewable energy production, particularly solar energy. Data from the Aziziyah, Al-Hay, and Kut stations were used to analyze monthly and seasonal variations in solar radiation, linking the results to influencing astronomical and climatic factors. The results showed a clear seasonal pattern, with values peaking in the summer months (approximately 330 W/m²) and decreasing to their lowest levels in the winter months (approximately 126-129 W/m²), with high spatial homogeneity between stations. This variation is attributed to changes in the angle of the sun's incidence, daylight hours, cloud cover, and atmospheric dust density. The study indicates that the average daily solar radiation in the region exceeds the minimum required (4 kWh/m²) for efficient electricity generation, confirming the feasibility of investing in solar energy systems. However, the study recommends taking climate challenges such as dust and cloud cover into account in technical planning to ensure continued performance. These findings contribute to supporting the development of renewable energy projects in Kut District and enhancing environmental energy security in the region.

The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes of faculty members at the University of Al-Qadisiyah toward the potentials and risks of using the ChatGPT application in scientific research. The researcher employed the descriptive survey method and developed a tool titled “Faculty Attitudes Scale toward the Application and Risks of ChatGPT in Scientific Research and Education.” The scale consisted of 30 items distributed over two dimensions: the potentials of applying ChatGPT and its risks. The instrument was administered to a stratified random sample of 120 faculty members from various scientific and humanities colleges.
The results indicated that faculty members’ attitudes were generally negative, as they believed that the risks of using ChatGPT—such as plagiarism, undermining academic integrity, and information inaccuracy—outweigh its potentials, such as assisting in idea formulation, language editing, and accelerating the process of writing research proposals.
Furthermore, the findings revealed statistically significant differences in attitudes attributed to academic specialization (in favor of scientific fields), while no significant differences were found based on academic rank or gender. In light of these results, the study presented several recommendations, most notably the need for universities to establish policies and ethical frameworks regulating the use of generative AI tools in scientific research.

In the context of European colonial expansion during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, monopolistic trading companies played a pivotal role in advancing the economic interests of imperial powers. Britain, in particular, sought to dominate maritime trade routes and global markets through the establishment of such entities. Among these, the Royal African Company, formally chartered in 1672 under the patronage of King Charles II, emerged as the principal British instrument for organizing and profiting from the transatlantic slave trade from West Africa to the American colonies.
British records indicate that the company was “granted full privilege to trade on the western coasts of Africa and a monopoly over the supply of slaves to English colonies in the Americas,” as stated in its founding charter. Operating under legal and institutional legitimacy, the company counted among its shareholders influential figures from the aristocracy and financial elite, including the king’s brother, James, Duke of York, who was one of its largest investors.
The Royal African Company was actively involved in what became known as the triangular trade, whereby British ships sailed to West Africa carrying manufactured goods—such as weapons, textiles, and alcohol—to be exchanged for enslaved Africans. These captives were then transported across the notorious Middle Passage to the Americas, where they were sold in return for colonial commodities like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were subsequently shipped back to Europe. This phase of the voyage has been described as a “journey of death,” with historians estimating mortality rates among enslaved individuals exceeding 15% on some voyages.
The company's significance lies not only in the scale of its slave trading operations but also in its active role in perpetuating systemic violence within African societies. It frequently exacerbated local conflicts and tribal wars to ensure a continuous supply of captives for the Atlantic slave markets. As historian Hugh Thomas observes, the company “was not merely a commercial intermediary but an armed institution willing to pursue profit by any means, even at the expense of African societal cohesion.”
This study aims to examine the institutional and political structure of the Royal African Company, the mechanisms of its trade networks, and the factors that enabled it to monopolize the transatlantic slave trade

The genre of the novel and its intellectual content are determined by the focus on psychological transformations that monitor psychological realism and the psychology of the self, with which the writing self begins the beginning of the texts of every launch, as the focus is directed towards revealing the psychological conflict and its abyss for a personal purpose that aims to introduce its reader into the corridors of the private self that reach the conflict of opposites.
Either the process of evaluating the novel’s discourse as a written message that speaks is in itself a productive discourse, as it is limited by the edges of the writing self, the first other, and the founder of linguistic systems as the second other and the other recipient who is considered a third party, and every discourse between the self and itself and the other is another, and the process of induction is embodied in the style of reception and the openness of reading and its displacement according to the cognitive and psychological perceptions that characterize the text.
Hind Al-Ameed: An Iraqi media personality and writer, born on July 16, 1982. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Maintenance and Programming Engineering. In the administrative field, she has managed some cultural and media institutions. In the literary field, she has two short story collections entitled (Violet in the Madness of a Writer, and Dragunov), in addition to a poetry collection (Letters of a Thirty-Year-Old Woman). Her novels are: (The Resurrection of a Devil, Farah, and Eve’s Apple).

tanawalat hadhih aldirasat qasayid alshaaeir nizar qabaani alati qalaha fi al\\'andalus , hadhih albilad alati zl yatadhakaruha \\'iinima hala w \\'iirtahil , w saeadah ealaa dhalik eamaluh alwazifiu \\'iidh eamil dblwmasyaan fi sifarat suria fi \\'iisbania fadlan ean albued al\\'iijtimaeii lildimashqiiyn almutadafiq nahw al\\'andalus , fakhraj lana qasayid mubashiratan tatahadath ean almadi aleariq , w aljamiil lilearab , w almuslimin fi hadhih aljazirat , mmzwjaan bialwajae , w alkhaybat bishakl sarih , w akhraa yulmah biha fi diwanih dun an takun mustaqilatan bihadi dhatiha , w diwan alshaaeir hafil bihadhayn alnaweayn , wakan lilsiyasat al\\'athar alfaeil fi \\'iizhariha waistihdariha , fadlan ean tanawul hadhih al\\'ashear min aljanib altahlilii adh jaraa alkashf ean thymaty altasrih waltalmih fi tilk alqasayid

Wasit is one of the most prominent Iraqi cities as an important center of government in the Arab and Islamic state, where it later witnessed a remarkable development in all aspects of its life. A number of its sons have emerged and held high positions, and they had effective contributions, efforts, and a clear imprint on society. They were helped in this by several factors that made them scientific, religious, political, administrative, and economic figures, etc. They devoted all their efforts to serving the Abbasid state. Thus, a good number of its sons appeared in the field of ministry, such as the Al-Wahb, Mukhallad, and Al-Mudabbir families, etc.; where they progressed in administrative positions and their fame spread, and they later became the dominant force in politics and government. Based on this, we decided that the title of our study would be "The Wasit Ministers and Their Role in Administrative and Political Life 132-447 AH / 749-1055 AD" to shed light on the most important group in the Arab and Islamic state, namely the ministers, and discuss how they reached the seat of power? What are the most prominent factors that helped them assume this position? Then we will highlight their most prominent and important efforts in public life? Did they have special privileges or not? All these questions and others will be discussed in this study. We relied on a group of historical sources that formed the backbone of this research. In this study, we used the inductive and analytical approach. We divided our research into three sections, headed by an introduction that explained the importance of the research, then the first section, which studied the most prominent factors and reasons that contributed to their assumption of the position of minister. As for the second section, it studied the efforts of the Wasit ministers in administrative and political life until the year 447 AH / 1055 AD. As for the third section, it studied the position of the Abbasid Caliphate towards the Wasit ministers during that period. We concluded it with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions.

Climate change and its impact on climatic phenomena and elements, as well as the imbalances in the ecosystem resulting from these changes, have become the talk of the world, which calls for studying and tracking the observed changes, and even the expectations and predictions in the events of the ecosystem on the globe. Therefore, the aim of the research is to predict the amounts of rainfall for the period (2020-2050), based on the amounts of rainfall observed at Al-Kut station for the baseline period for prediction (1985-2019) based on the radiative forcing scenarios (RCP) and climate models (CMIP5) published by the IPCC Working Group on Global Climate Change. This is done by employing the downscaling technique (statistical downscaling) SDSM, to obtain climate and environmental change forecasts. The results of the study showed that the amounts of rainfall at Al-Kut station increase significantly according to the change scenarios, and that the highest expected monthly amounts fall within the RCP4.5 scenario compared to the rest of the scenarios. In addition, the winter season recorded the highest amounts of expected rain for the period 2020-2050, compared to With a base period of 1985-2019.

This study examines one of the most important principles of grammatical art, namely listening to the Lamiyat al-Af'al (Lamiyat al-Af'al), and compares two important commentators on the Lamiyat al-Af'al, namely al-Baja'i (d. 744 AH) and al-Tilimsani (d. 871 AH). It examines the evidence they relied on for listening to the Lamiyat al-Af'al. This evidence is divided between citations from the Holy Qur'an, the Prophetic Hadith, and the poetry and prose of the Arabs. The study follows a descriptive and analytical approach to identify points of similarity and difference between the two commentators, and each of their approaches to utilizing evidence of the art.

The research addressed the impact of geomorphological features on tourism in Bazian District, which is administratively affiliated to Sulaymaniyah Governorate, located in northeastern Iraq. It is located astronomically between longitudes (11'18°45 and "48'56°44) east and between latitudes (27'44°35 and "19'27°35) north. The area of the study area is (364 km2). The research focused on studying and analyzing the geomorphological characteristics of Bazian District, and determining the extent of its potential for investment in the development of natural tourism. The district is characterized by the diversity of its terrain, including mountains, valleys, caves, rock formations, rivers, springs, and a variety of soil and natural plants. In addition, its climate is characterized by a semi-arid Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by a moderate climate in the summer and a cold, rainy winter. It is characterized by high rates of rainfall with fluctuations in snowfall in the winter, which makes it a suitable environment for environmental and mountain tourism activities. The research relied on the analytical and field approach, and used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to draw and analyze topographic and geomorphological maps, in addition to conducting a field survey and documenting a number of sites of tourist value. The results showed that the district possesses significant natural geomorphological potential, but its investment faces challenges related to infrastructure, weak community awareness, and the absence of tourism plans. Accordingly, the research recommends expanding tourism development in a sophisticated manner, according to the study. The research also recommends conducting comprehensive studies on the importance of geomorphological tourism in Bazian district and the necessity of integrating geomorphology into tourism planning and providing governmental and community support for the development of natural tourism sites, in line with the principles of sustainable tourism and environmental conservation

Praise be to Allah who revealed His Sharia as a mercy to the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the one whom Allah sent as a guide, a renewed, a bearer of glad tidings, and a warner, our master Muhammad, and upon his family and companions. Islamic Sharia is distinguished by its flexibility and capacity to encompass new issues, which makes jurisprudential renewal a necessity to keep pace with contemporary challenges. The importance of this becomes evident in modern medical issues such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and maxillofacial surgeries, where medicine intersects with jurisprudence and the objectives of Sharia. The problem of this research lies in how to activate the principle of regulated renewal to address these issues, in accordance with controls that preserve the stability of fundamentals and the flexibility of branches. Its significance stems from the urgent need for contemporary fatwas that respect human dignity and respond to rapid scientific developments. The research aims to clarify the concept of renewal in Islamic jurisprudence, its conditions and regulations, to analyze medical fatwas in its light, and to apply its principles to selected contemporary cases, while proposing practical guidelines for jurists. The study adopts an inductive, analytical, and comparative methodology by examining scriptural texts, scholars’ opinions, and the decisions of fiqh academies, while limiting the scope to two applied models: IVF and reconstructive surgeries of the face and jaws, in order to fill a gap that previous studies have not addressed comprehensively.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using the direct presentation strategy in achieving and developing creative thinking among middle school students in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education The research sample consisted of (64) first-year intermediate students who were randomly distributed into two groups The experimental group, which includes (31) students, was taught using the direct presentation strategy The control group included (33) students who studied in the traditional way The researcher prepared two tests, one for achievement and the other for creative thinking The research results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the study members due to the strategy used in achievement and developing creative thinking. It is in favor of students who studied using the direct presentation strategy compared to students who studied in the traditional method.

Hunting scenes created in the Sassanian era (226-637 AD) on gold and silver vessels are considered among the oldest works of art. Describing and interpreting symbolic and coded hunting images, which contain encrypted messages and information, can reveal different aspects of the political, social and religious life of this period. We will try as much as possible to study and analyze the symbolic concepts of hunting scenes in the Sassanian era in general, by relying on analyzing the components and elements used in these scenes and analyzing them scientifically in order to decode them as much as possible.

This study seeks to explore the discourse of crisis in Adonis’s poetry through an analysis of the cultural representation of the binary of destruction and construction in his collection Songs of Mihyar the Damascene, which is considered one of the most significant works in the history of Arab modernism. The collection constitutes a distinctive model for embodying the contemporary Arab civilizational crisis, where Adonis employs the persona of Mihyar al-Dimashqi as a poetic mask to represent the conflict of the self with tradition on the one hand, and with a crisis-ridden cultural reality on the other. The study adopts the cultural criticism approach, supported by textual and semiotic analysis, to investigate how poetic symbols (ruin, ashes, fire, versus light, rebirth, writing) operate in representing the dialectics of crisis. The findings reveal that Adonis does not employ the mask merely as a rhetorical device but as a cultural structure that transcends time and history, reshaping identity within a poetic space that reflects the Arab cultural crisis. Moreover, the study demonstrates that destruction in Adonis’s discourse is not an end in itself, but rather a necessary condition for construction, and that his poetry combines both the aesthetic dimension (the deconstruction of language and rhythm) and the intellectual dimension (the reconfiguration of the relationship between tradition and modernity). This research contributes to enriching the field of cultural criticism in modern Arabic poetry and underscores the role of poetry in questioning established norms and producing alternative visions of identity and meaning.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus isolates as therapeutic organisms, the role of probiotics bacteria, and their impact on the body's systems, particularly the digestive system. It also explored the effects of probiotics in reducing fatal heart disease, suppressing and suppressing cancers, the immune system, the urinary system, women's health, and mental health. It also explored their health benefits, including strengthening the immune system, inhibiting the growth of pathogens, preventing diarrhea resulting from various medical conditions, preventing cancer, reducing inflammatory bowel movements, and improving the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Lactobacillus includes a group of lactic acid bacteria that produce reuterin in the digestive tract, which inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli With the increasing use of probiotics to treat and prevent gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, there is an urgent need to understand how these microbes work and how they affect human health .

This paper investigates the application of the Bernoulli operational matrices (BOM) method for solving second-order singular nonlinear differential equations. Unlike traditional implementations of operational matrices with Chebyshev, Legendre, or Bernstein polynomials, this work emphasizes the efficiency of the Bernoulli basis in achieving high accuracy with relatively few expansion terms. The proposed approach expands the solution in shifted Bernoulli polynomials and uses corresponding operational matrices of differentiation, integration, and product operations to reduce the problem to a system of algebraic equations.
The method was implemented in Python and tested on benchmark models such as the Lane–Emden equation. Numerical experiments show that with only N=14 basis functions, the BOM achieves a maximum error of order 〖10〗^(-9), closely matching reference solutions. The convergence analysis confirms the spectral accuracy of the method, with errors decreasing rapidly as N increases. A comparison with Chebyshev collocation highlights that the Bernoulli approach reaches the same accuracy with fewer basis terms and lower computational effort.
These results establish the Bernoulli operational matrices method as a reliable and computationally efficient tool for singular nonlinear models. Future extensions may include fractional-order systems and higher-dimensional applications

Dynamic systems arise in a variety of domains, including economics, physics, biology, and engineering, In addition to random phenomena. As a result, stochastic differential equations are an important mathematical tool for modeling dynamic systems in various fields. In this study, we examined the linear (transformation) reduction method, which transforms some non-linear stochastic differential equations(SDEs) into linear ones using Ito's integrated formula, and subsequently identified the analytical solution. We utilized the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the parameters, reflecting the realistic data of the HIV prevalence rate in the Arab world from 1990 - 2022. We study the time series of Human Immunodeficiency Virus )HIV( prevalence in the Arab world from 1990 - 2022, utilizing non-linear models such as SDE models . Maple software was used to compare the outcomes.

The current study involved the morphological identification of an aquatic beetle species (Dytiscidae: Coleoptera) collected from various aquatic habitats in Thi Qar Governorate. The specimens were identified as Cybister tripunctatus, a widely distributed predatory aquatic beetle. Molecular analysis further confirmed this identification, with mtCOX1 gene sequences from PCR-amplified DNA showing a 98% match with GenBank entries. These sequences were submitted to GenBank under a new accession number to serve as a future reference. This represents the first study in Thi Qar Governorate to integrate both morphological and molecular approaches for identifying this species.

Accurate prediction and interpretability of functional time series is important in areas where response is based on running data such as energy systems, health care, and finance. Although deep learning models have achieved impressive results in time-series prediction tasks, they generally do not come with ways to properly quantify predictive uncertainty, which significantly diminishes their robustness in real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel uncertainty-aware deep learning framework for functional time series prediction. We investigate three uncertainty estimation methods: Monte Carlo Dropout, Deep Ensembles, and Quantile Regression embedded to LSTM as well as Transformer models. Functional data are worked via discretized curves and prediction through sequence-to-sequence models. Experimental results on a real-world electricity consumption data show that the uncertainty-aware models are efficient not only in terms of predictive accuracy
but also provide calibrated confidence intervals. Deep ensembles combined with Transformer backbones achieve the best trade-off between accuracy and uncertainty sharpness. Visualizations, including animated and interactive plots, reveal how uncertainty evolves over time and enhances interpretability. These results support the adoption of uncertainty-aware functional forecasting in high-stakes applications where trust and robustness are essential.

Language transcends mere communication; it serves as a mirror of identity and social affiliation. In fact, language and identity are intertwined, as it is through language that we convey our essence. Thus, it plays a profound role in shaping our identities. This paper seeks to explore the intricate relationship between these two concepts in the epic poem Beren and Lúthien by J.R.R. Tolkien. To achieve this, Gee's (1999) framework for discourse analysis will be employed as a methodological tool. The researchers aim to address the following inquiries: In what ways does language influence identity? How does Tolkien depict the identities of his characters within his narrative? How does the language employed in the narrative disclose the ethnic identities of the characters? The study has come to the conclusions that through the provided linguistic choices identity is shaped in multiple ways. Throughout the narration, to delineate the unique identities of his characters, Tolkien employs a vibrant metaphorical language filled with diverse figurative expressions. The word choice endows the characters with distinct ethnic identities that are evident in both verse and prose version of the epic. This racial discrimination is clearly observable in some aspects of the story reflecting various societal background in Tolkien's world. The epic tale of Beren and Lúthien is regarded as one of the most exquisite works attributed to Tolkien. It encompasses numerous universal themes commonly found in ancient epics, including heroism, love, sacrifice, and death. These motifs contribute to the reverence of this legendarium within the literary and linguistic realms, owing to its abundant linguistic and literary expressions.

In this paper, we use Chebyshev polynomials to create a spectral collocation method that can be used to numerically solve the two-dimensional time-fractional heat equation with the Caputo derivative. Our method is different from traditional ones because it uses the high accuracy of global spectral discretization in space along with the shifted Grünwald–Letnikov approximation in time. The suggested scheme works on irregular computational domains by using coordinate transformations to map the geometry onto a standard domain. We look at how the method converges, how stable it is, and how fast it works. We test the scheme on a number of benchmark problems in both standard and irregular domains, such as a right trapezoid and a pipe-like shape. Numerical tests show that the spectral method achieves exponential convergence for smooth solutions, and it is more accurate than other methods of discretization. The numerical experiments were conducted using MATLAB R2023a on a Windows 11 system equipped with an Intel Core i5 processor and 16 GB of RAM.

This study investigates bragging speech act in Iraqi Arabic dialect. It aims to identify the types and strategies of bragging employed by Iraqi Arabs when performing this speech act. An open-ended Discourse Completion Task was employed to collect the data comprising six situations with varying social status of the bragger (lower, equal, and higher) and social distance (familiar and close). Fifty male students participated in this study, aged 22-23, and speaking Arabic as their native language. This study followed descriptive statistical approach to analyse the data. The participants' responses were coded into semantic formulas according to Blum-Kulka and Olshtain's (1984) categorisation, then the coded semantics formulas classified into direct and indirect bragging followed by Dayter (2016). This study showed that bragging speech act among Iraqi Arabs was seen as a face-enhancing act that save the face of both the speaker and the hearer. The findings indicated that Iraqi Arabs preferred direct bragging rather than indirect ones across the six situations. The study also showed that Iraqi Arabs employed seven types of bragging and 35 types of strategies. The seven types included personal and professional, identity and affiliation, social, material, religious, social/linguistic intelligence, and mitigated bragging. However, Iraqi Arabs' preference for these seven types of bragging varied according to the three levels of social status and the two levels of social distance. Similarly, Iraqi Arabs also varied their tendencies for types of strategies of bragging across the six situations. They preferred referring blessings in a situation with close-social-distance and lower-status interlocutors, while in bragging by familiar, lower-status interlocutors, they favoured downplaying achievement. In addition, when the bragger was in equal status and close social distance, mentioning religious deeds was the most dominant. However, demonstrating intelligence and expertise was the prominent when bragging performed by familiar, equal-status bragger. Notably, Iraqi Arabs maintained their dominant use of demonstrating intelligence and expertise when the bragger was close, higher-status interlocutor. Finally, when the bragger was of higher status with familiar social distance, Iraqi Arabs employed performing conspicuous consumption as the most preferred strategy. It hoped that present study provides useful insights into how speech acts, like bragging, are performed in Iraqi Arab culture. Consequently, by learning these strategies, misunderstanding and misinterpretation can be reduced more effectively between Iraqi Arabs and learners of Arabic as a second or foreign language.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited disorder that affects how the body processes the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe), a component found in many protein-rich foods. The condition stems from a deficiency or complete inactivity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which normally converts Phe into another amino acid, tyrosine. Without sufficient PAH activity, Phe accumulates in the body to toxic levels, leading to serious and often irreversible damage to the brain and nervous system. This can result in intellectual disabilities and other neurological complications if not managed early. In an effort to better understand the genetic mutations associated with PKU in the local population, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 15 patients from Basrah, Iraq. Blood samples were taken from each participant, and DNA was extracted for analysis. The study focused on sequencing both the exons and introns (regions within and surrounding the coding areas) of the PAH gene using Sanger sequencing, which remains a gold-standard method for detecting point mutations. The analysis revealed several recurring mutations. The most frequent was c.782G>A located in exon 7, found in 40% of the patients. This was followed by c.1066-11G>A in intron 10 (33.3%), c.168+5G>C in intron 2 (13.5%), and c.926C>A in exon 9 (13.5%). Each of these mutations could potentially interfere with the normal function of the PAH enzyme, contributing to the metabolic dysfunction observed in these patients. The findings highlight the genetic diversity of PKU mutations even within a relatively small sample group. This suggests a need for broader genetic studies across Iraq’s different ethnic groups to further explore the relationship between specific genetic mutations and clinical outcomes. Such research could be crucial in refining approaches to early diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling for families affected by PKU.