Hammurabi journal for studies

Republic of China in 1949, constitutional development has undergone two major phases. The first phase spans the period from 1949 to 1976, while the second phase extends from 1976 onward, representing the most critical juncture in China’s constitutional evolution. This latter phase was inaugurated by the promulgation of the 1982 Constitution and followed by a series of significant constitutional amendments that have continued to shape the legal and institutional foundations of the Chinese state.

Since the outbreak of the January 25, 2011 revolution, civil-military relations in Egypt have witnessed profound transformations, reflecting the shifting dynamics of both conflict and cooperation between the military establishment and civilian actors.

The topic of rivalry between China and India in South Asia region on many political, economic and security] issues is of scientific and practical significance, as it discusses a topic that no region in Asia can be immune from, because of the capabilities and resources of both China and India that make them control the course of the new Asian regional environment.

This study explores the profound shifts in Russia’s foreign policy orientations toward its neighboring states in the aftermath of the 2022 Russia–Ukraine war. This period marked a decisive departure from a strategy of cautious engagement and diplomatic balancing toward a more assertive and confrontational posture, firmly anchored in the imperatives of national security and regional hegemony. The conflict created a new geopolitical reality that compelled Moscow to recalibrate its strategic priorities and redefine its stance toward neighboring countries—whether those remaining within its traditional sphere of influence or those seeking integration into a Western-led order antagonistic to Russia.

States operating within their respective regional environments are confronted with a range of diverse threats, broadly classified into symmetrical threats arising from states’ pursuit of their supreme national interests—such as arms races and interstate rivalries aimed at attaining regional leadership and dominance. Such aspirations are often pursued to secure an influential global role within the broader strategic international system, relying on both conventional and unconventional military capabilities. However, the possession of such power can itself constitute a source of threat, frequently triggering border disputes and competing territorial claims over strategically significant areas.

This research addresses the role of the United Nations in preserving food security in conflict zones, emphasizing that food security is a cornerstone of human security and is severely affected by armed conflicts. The study explores the mechanisms of UN intervention, with a particular focus on the efforts of the World Food Programme (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in providing emergency relief, supporting agriculture, and ensuring humanitarian coordination. The research also reviews the international legal framework prohibiting the use of starvation as a method of warfare, especially UN Security Council Resolution 2417. However, UN interventions face numerous challenges, including politicization, funding shortages, and lack of accountability. The study recommends expanding partnerships with local actors, enhancing mechanisms of accountability, and integrating food security within the framework of sustainable development.

After 2011, Iraq faced a complex transition period, marked by political, security, and social challenges that hampered peacebuilding efforts. The US military withdrawal and internal conflicts, exacerbated by the ISIS incursions after 2014, led to significant security and infrastructure collapses, resulting in widespread displacement and deepening sectarian divisions. This underscores the need for post-war peacebuilding strategies focused on national reconciliation, reconstruction, collective identity, and institutional reform to achieve lasting stability and civil peace..

This study examines the challenges of cyber deterrence within China’s security strategy, as one of the most significant transformations in its security doctrine in the twenty-first century. The objective of the research is to analyze the instruments of cyber deterrence employed by China—such as technological capabilities, organizational structures, legal frameworks, and digital diplomacy—while clarifying the relationship between cyber deterrence and China’s foreign policy. The study particularly focuses on the legal, technical, and domestic challenges that influence the effectiveness of this deterrence. The findings indicate that cyber deterrence has become a central tool in China’s national and foreign security policies. However, it continues to face obstacles related to the complexity of attribution, overlapping institutional roles, and the absence of a binding international legal framework governing state behavior in cyberspace. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of China’s cyber deterrence at both the domestic and international levels.

Operation “Al-Aqsa Flood” represented a significant turning point in the Arab–Zionist conflict due to its complex nature and multifaceted strategic and political dimensions. The secrecy surrounding the operation, along with the element of surprise in both planning and execution, profoundly shook Israel’s military and intelligence establishments, prompting a comprehensive reassessment of their operational and security frameworks.
At the international level, the operation renewed global attention to the Palestinian

Iraq occupies a strategically vital position at the heart of the Middle East, functioning as a bridge between Asia and Europe through the Arabian Gulf. This geographical placement renders Iraq a pivotal hub for regional and international trade and transportation.

Iraq faces severe water challenges as a result of climate change, including declining rainfall rates, rising temperatures, and increasing levels of drought and desertification. These challenges necessitate effective strategies for sustainable water resource management, which can be achieved through the adoption of modern technological advancements in environmental governance. This study focuses on the role of digital transformation and smart technologies in enhancing the efficiency of water management. Applications of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing, and big data analytics can significantly improve the monitoring of water sources, forecasting of drought waves, and development of smart irrigation systems that minimize water waste.

Intellectual security is considered one of the most significant concepts that has strongly emerged in contemporary Islamic thought، due to its direct connection with the stability of societies and the preservation of their civilizational and religious identity. The need to deepen the study of this concept has become more urgent in light of the intellectual، cultural، and media challenges facing the Islamic nation، which have given rise to several critical issues such as intellectual and religious deviation، the spread of misconceptions about Islam.