journal of Basic Sciences

The research material was devoted to explaining the status of the position of Chief Justice in a specific period of time، which is the rule of the Qalawun family، starting with Al-Mansur Qalawun and his sons after him. The study came to clarify the emergence of the position and a brief mention of the historical background of its existence and its creation، pointing to its importance in religious and political life، and mentioning the tasks assigned to it from public issues. Despite the corruption that was rampant in the joints of the Mamluk administrative structure، we found that the position of Chief Justice was at a degree of integrity and neutrality far from the whims of the Sultan and the desires of senior statesmen. We mentioned a number of the most famous Chief Justices who were an example of the strength of the judicial personality and the rejection of injustice and deviation for more than a hundred years، so that some of them sometimes when they see in themselves the inability to express or reject an unfair decision، we see them isolate themselves as an expression of their rejection. We found that the Chief Justice was respected by the ruling authorities and the general public، as he was the second person after the Sultan in terms of administrative status. It is appointed exclusively by the Sultan، and is the highest position in the judicial institution. It also has religious and spiritual influence on everyone.

This research presents an analytical study of Badiuzzaman Said Nursi's exegesis of the Holy Quran, as articulated in his work Isharat al-I'jaz fi Mazann al-Ijaz (Signs of Miraculousness in the Abodes of Conciseness). The study aims to elucidate Nursi's innovative approach to employing rhetorical devices—specifically simile, metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche—to highlight the aesthetic dimensions of the Quranic text and connect them with doctrinal and educational meanings. This research demonstrates that Nursi did not view rhetoric merely as a stylistic embellishment; rather, he regarded it as a crucial tool for rendering abstract concepts accessible, evoking emotional resonance, and simultaneously achieving intellectual persuasion and emotional suggestion.
The study adopts a textual analytical methodology, drawing upon interpretive models from Isharat al-I'jaz. It meticulously analyzes Nursi's applications of rhetorical figures across four primary sections: simile and representation, metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. The analysis reveals that Nursi presented a comprehensive perspective that seamlessly integrates rhetorical and theological dimensions, transforming rhetorical devices into instruments for solidifying faith and cultivating spiritual awareness.

We can briefly describe this research as an attempt to explore the important structures that make the novel a historical fiction. We examine the most important factors that make it a novel of this type, its distinguishing features, and the most important techniques used by the novelist in his creative work. This leads us to define historical fiction, its most important characteristics, and how we can distinguish between historical fiction in the novel and the historical novel. Therefore, we find in the novel "A Small Death" by the novelist Muhammad Hasan Alwan an important model in this regard, as the writer was able to escape the strict grip of history into the world of narrative through historical fiction.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a training program based on temporal stories in developing temporal awareness among kindergarten children. The study sample consisted of (60) children, aged (5–6) years, from the second level in Al-Nasaem and Al-Aqhawane kindergartens affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Al-Karkh First. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group that received the proposed training program, and a control group that continued with regular conditions without the program. The researcher adopted the experimental method and used a temporal awareness scale (developed by the researcher), which consisted of (20) items distributed across four main dimensions. The results revealed a significant positive effect of temporal stories in enhancing temporal awareness among kindergarten children, confirming the importance of the training program in achieving the intended objectives.

This study examines the scenes of magic in the Qur’anic story of Prophet Musa (peace be upon him) from a phonetic perspective, focusing on sounds and syllables. The scenes under investigation are distributed across four Surahs: Al-A‘raf, Yunus, Ta-Ha, and Ash-Shu‘ara’. The aim of the study is to uncover the phonetic dimensions of the Qur’anic text—dimensions that contribute to the construction of its semantic and psychological impact. The research adopts a linguistic-phonetic analysis method, recording and analyzing the frequency and qualities of sounds, including voicing and voicelessness, plosives, fricatives, and liquids, and highlighting their influence on the phonetic context. It also includes counting syllables and identifying the reasons behind the dominance of certain syllable types over others, as well as the effect of such prevalence on the phonetic structure and rhythm within the scenes. The study concludes that the phonetic structure in these magic scenes works alongside other linguistic components to realize meaning in a way that achieves both psychological and aesthetic impact—reflecting the profound depth of the Qur’an’s phonetic miracle.

The current research aims to identify the academic subjective well-being among university students, as well as to know the statistically significant differences in the variable of academic subjective well-being among university students according to the variables (male - female) and specialization (scientific and humanities). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researchers followed the descriptive approach of correlational studies. They also chose the sample of the current research community using the random stratified method with an appropriate distribution. The size of the current research population reached (400) male and female students from the university students, then they were randomly selected from the community, which numbered (15,364) male and female students. The measurement of the current research variable, the researchers built a scale of academic subjective well-being according to the scientific criteria for constructing psychological scales and adopted the theory of (self-determination (2000): as it reached its paragraphs (22) paragraphs in its final morning
:. The research results showed the following
1. Wasit University students enjoy academic self-esteem.
2-There are no statistically significant differences depending on the variables of gender (male - female) and specialization (scientific- human(
Based on the results reached by the current research, the researchers developed a number of recommendations and suggestions that they mentioned in Chapter Four.

The so-called Islamic-style kingdoms suffered from the encroachments of the Abyssinians, who sought to liberate Abyssinia from Islamic presence and weaken the surrounding Islamic states so that they could reach the western coasts of the Red Sea, which were of great economic importance as a route for international trade, both in the past and the present. Due to the Abyssinian pressures on the Islamic kingdoms and the persecution they inflicted, some of their princes attempted to unify their efforts to resist the Abyssinians. Among these emirates emerged the Emirate of Adal and its leader Imam Mahfouz, then Imam Ahmed bin Ibrahim, nicknamed Al-Asar, who played a major role in unifying the emirate and restoring its strength, and contacting the Ottomans, who had a presence in the Red Sea after their control of Egypt in 1517 AD. They did not hesitate to provide support to this emirate. The Abyssinians had sought the help of the Portuguese in the coastal emirates, and the victories they achieved were thanks to them. The Ottomans tried hard to cut off the communication route between them and the Portuguese, and they succeeded in doing so.

The current study aimed to investigate the following: 1- Regret Aversion Bias at divorced women. 2- Psychological Alienation at divorced women. 3- The nature of the relationship between Regret Aversion Bias and its relationship to Psychological Alienation at divorced women.
In order to attain the aforementioned goals, the researcher has, By administering the two scales to a sample of 50 divorced women, The sample was selected purposively , The current study has came up with the following results:
1- The study sample has a significant Regret Aversion Bias 2- The study sample has a significant Psychological Alienation 3- There is a direct statistically significant correlation between Regret Aversion Bias and Psychological Alienation.
In light of the results, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

The concept of citizenship is one of the most prominent emerging concepts that Western discourses focus on and that Arab educational discourse often adopts without correcting, reconstructing, or adapting it to our environment and its impact on the family, society, and especially women. This research addresses the problem by asking: What is citizenship, what is its role in social transformations, and what is its impact on women? Its objectives are: to identify how to reconstruct and adapt the concept of citizenship as a conceptual model; to understand citizenship, social transformations, and trends in women's roles; and to conclude that citizenship is a fundamental right acquired by individuals in their homelands and is a crucial pillar in the relationship between the individual and their state. The state has the right to expect individuals to fulfill the duties imposed by citizenship through affiliation and belonging, and the state has the right to expect loyalty and defense from them.

What stands out to the student of pronouns in the ancient Arabic dialects—especially in comparison with Standard Arabic—is what the grammarians recorded of dialectal phenomena that deviate from common, regular Arab usage, equally striking is the clear mixing in pronominal usage whereby one pronoun is placed where another should stand, such as using a nominative pronoun in positions requiring the accusative or genitive, and conversely using accusative/genitive pronouns where the nominative is expected, added to this is the multiplicity of pronominal forms across Arabic dialects and the differing schools of usage among the Arabs, to delimit the topic, this study traces the forms of object (accusative) and genitive pronouns in the early dialects, shows their development and exchange of syntactic positions, and follows them to the settled forms in Standard Arabic, it concludes that Standard Arabic represents a selective and stabilized state of pronouns that were originally multiform, and that this development is best understood within the broader context of inter-dialectal interaction and contact among diverse speech communities, which produced linguistic variations that enriched Arabic’s grammatical structure.

From its inception, the Arabic language has held a distinguished position among human languages, thanks to its immense expressive power and astonishing ability to generate meanings and shape concepts into captivating images. Perhaps the most telling indicator of this uniqueness is that the ancient Arab's speech, both poetry and prose, flowed naturally, emanating from his innate nature. His expressions were imbued with sincerity, charged with the warmth of feeling, and free from any artifice that might weaken their impact or dim their brilliance. For them, emotion translated itself directly into captivating artistic language, born from an instinct honed by Bedouin life and its purity and closeness to nature. Within this intellectual and rhetorical context, the name of Bashar ibn Burd stands out. He was not only a poet but also one of the leading orators of his time, combining encyclopedic knowledge with refined artistic taste. Based on this stature, this research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the aesthetics of figurative language in his poetry and to reveal the artistic and semantic dimensions that have made his imagery a source of admiration for critics, both past and present. The study demonstrates that Bashar ibn Burd excelled in portraying women in a way that makes them move before the reader like living beings, pulsating with intricate details. He captures their outward features, grasps the threads of their emotions, and vividly describes their movements and stillness, relying on complex imagination and precise selection of similes, so that women in his poems appear almost embodied before the reader's eyes, despite his blindness. Undoubtedly, the most prominent indicator of his poetic power is his masterful use of rhetorical devices, especially simile and metaphor. He knew how to carefully select the two elements of a simile, highlighting the meaning and forming a complete, multi-dimensional image for the imagination. He also demonstrated mastery of metaphor, one of the most subtle rhetorical devices, through which he evoked images with profound psychological depth, imbuing abstract meanings with a striking sensory quality that astonished the reader and captivated their emotions. Thus, Bashar ibn Burd stands as a prominent example of a poet who, despite his blindness, was able to construct a luminous poetic world, its colors harmonious, its images interconnected, and its meanings vibrant, offering the reader a refined art form.

Industry is witnessing rapid development due to the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is currently one of the most prevalent technologies. The field of AI has recently evolved due to key driving factors, including the widespread and accelerating use of the internet and other forms of digital communication. The relationship between industry and AI has become essential in reshaping the global industrial landscape, as AI technologies provide more advanced analytical and predictive tools. Leveraging this relationship could bring about a qualitative shift in industry.
The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of AI in industry. AI is expected to be the driver of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a revolution toward smart manufacturing in the future, whose outcomes will impact all countries, including developing countries, Pointing out the most important challenges facing the development of artificial intelligence in industry.

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of the Earth's surface, showing the various elevations of the terrain. It is used in geographic information systems (GIS) to create three-dimensional maps, analyze terrain, calculate slope and area, and other applications. The digital representation represents elevations using a grid of cells (pixels), where each cell contains a numerical value representing the elevation of the ground surface at that point. The slopes of Diyala Governorate vary in height above sea level, with the total area of the governorate being 17,685 km2. The digital elevation model (DEM) focuses on representing the "bare" ground surface (without trees, buildings, or any other structures), making it useful in studying natural terrain. Arc Cls 10.2 is used in cartography. A contour line (often called a contour line) connects points of equal elevation above a given level, such as sea level. A contour map is a map shown by contour lines, for example, a topographic map, which shows valleys, hills, and the steepness or smoothness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. The gradient of a function is always perpendicular to the contour lines. When the lines are close together, the magnitude of the gradient is large, i.e., the contrast is sharp. A level set is a generalization of the contour line for functions of any number of variables.

This study aims to analyze the spatial and temporal changes in land cover in Diyala Governorate during the period from 1997 to 2024, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies as effective tools for environmental monitoring and spatial analysis. Satellite images from Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI were processed and classified using ERDAS Imagine 8.4 and ArcGIS 10.8 software to identify six main land cover categories: seasonal and permanent agricultural lands, sparsely vegetated lands, desertified areas, uncultivated lands, human settlements, and water bodies. The results revealed significant changes in land cover between 1997, 2007, and 2024. Agricultural lands decreased from 42.7% to 25.6%, while desertified areas expanded from 18.7% to 38.7%, and human settlements increased from 0.04% to 0.9%. These transformations reflect the combined influence of human and climatic factors, including unplanned urban expansion, water resource degradation, and the decline of sustainable land management. The study concludes that the integration of RS and GIS techniques provides an efficient approach to detect and interpret environmental and spatial transformations, offering a valuable tool for planning and sustainable land management in Diyala Governorate.

This study examines the phenomenon of phonological radiance in the poem “Al-Muntaṭaf” by the Iraqi poet Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid, considering it a linguistic–phonological feature that contributes directly to shaping the semantic and emotional structure of the text. The research aims to uncover the mechanisms of phonological intensification by tracing the functional distribution of sounds and their characteristics—particularly voicing and devoicing—and analyzing their direct impact on directing the emotional meaning.
The study adopts the descriptive–analytical approach, supported by statistical observation and functional phonological interpretation, in order to demonstrate the structural role of sounds in constructing meaning. In the applied section, the research analyzes sound-related phenomena such as repetition, alliteration, antithesis, and intonation. The findings reveal that phonological radiance in the poem forms a coherent and intentional sound system rather than an ornamental stylistic device; voiced sounds function as anchors of certainty and stability (as in “al-ḥamdu lillāh”), while devoicing and phonological contrast (as in “shaghaf / anshaghaf”) are employed to convey emotional conflict and fluctuation.
The study concludes that phonological radiance in “Al-Muntaṭaf” constitutes a functional and aesthetic sonic component that demonstrates the capacity of phonological structure to transmit emotion and reinforce semantic depth with direct effectiveness.

The judiciary is one of the most important pillars of the Islamic state and one of the basic pillars upon which the authority relies in consolidating rule, achieving justice and maintaining public order.The judiciary played a very important role in the emergence of states, especially the Umayyad state. In this context, this research highlights the effective role that the judiciary played in strengthening the Umayyad rule by studying a model that was the reason for the beginning of the emergence of its kingdom.He is Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, who held judicial and administrative positions during the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and his influence continued at the beginning of the Umayyad era, as his judicial role represented an important axis for strengthening the pillars of the rule of this new state, especially during the transitional phase from the Rightly-Guided Caliphate to the Umayyad system, which began in the shadow of complex circumstances in which he had a major role in its emergence.
The study is presented in an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion, followed by a list of sources and references. The first chapter covers the personal life of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, including his name, title, and nickname, his birth, upbringing, death, and conversion to Islam. The second chapter covers the judiciary, both in language and terminology, during the era of the Prophet and during the era of the Caliphs. The third section covered arbitration and the influence of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari on it, and included two topics: the first was titled The Battle of Siffin: Cause and Results, while the second topic covered arbitration and the fate of the nation.

This research aims to design and develop landslide hazard maps for the Aqrah District using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Satellite imagery from Landsat-8 and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the year 2025 were utilized to build a comprehensive spatial database. The study employed the Weighted Overlay analysis method and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify areas at risk. To enhance spatial representation, various classified maps were developed, including Raster Classified Maps, Hexagonal Maps, and Puzzle Maps. The results indicated that areas with low susceptibility to landslides were the most widespread at 34%, followed by very low susceptibility at 26%, moderate at 17%, high at 15%, and very high at 9%. Cognitive and statistical testing of the developed maps demonstrated that hexagonal maps provided the highest accuracy and efficiency in representing landslide hazards due to their visual clarity and functional compatibility with the GIS environment, making them a valuable tool for risk management and sustainable spatial planning.

Baghdad was a prosperous city and an important cultural and scientific center before the collapse of its rule at the hands of the Mongols in 656 AH, as the Abbasids made it the capital of Islamic civilization, and it witnessed during their reign a development in the construction of intellectual institutions such as schools, mosques, mosques, and linkages, and the role of science, which played an important role in preserving the Islamic heritage, such as the preservation of the Prophet\'s hadith, sciences, and various arts, and the role of the Holy Qur\'an, which became an important place in the intellectual and cultural map in Baghdad, in addition to the interest It was an important station for all scholars to move to Baghdad and work in its intellectual and civilizational environment, in order to provide success factors and the appropriate environment for creativity, development and authorship.

This study sheds light on the close connection between Classical Arabic and the colloquial varieties, emphasizing that Arabic dialects are not separate languages but rather part of the continuous historical development of Arabic. It also highlights the value of the Arabic lexicographical heritage in understanding our current linguistic reality.
The research affirms the necessity of referring to classical Arabic dictionaries to properly understand contemporary dialects, demonstrating that colloquial Arabic is not an “inferior” language, but a natural extension of Classical Arabic shaped by historical transformations. Ibn Sidah’s Al-Mukhassas (d. 458 AH) serves as a unique linguistic reference that reflects the richness of Arabic and its interaction with the spoken varieties across centuries. This work is of great importance for uncovering the classical origins of colloquial vocabulary, as it functions as a living record of linguistic changes and semantic and phonological developments.
This study traces the classical roots of selected contemporary colloquial words used in southern Iraq, based on the material presented by Ibn Sidah in Al-Mukhassas. It also analyzes the mechanisms that facilitated the transition from Classical Arabic to the colloquial forms—whether through phonological changes such as substitution or deletion, or through semantic shifts such as broadening or narrowing of meaning. The research further seeks to highlight the role of classical dictionaries in understanding the strong link between Classical and colloquial Arabic, refuting the widespread notion that the colloquial varieties are entirely separate from the standard language.
Positioned within the broader scope of academic studies aiming to connect linguistic heritage with modern research, this study reaffirms that the colloquial varieties are not “hybrid languages,” but natural continuations of Classical Arabic shaped by historical and social factors. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reconstructs the relationship between the linguistic heritage preserved in Al-Mukhassas and the contemporary linguistic reality, opening new horizons for understanding the dynamism and evolution of the Arabic language.

The study aimed to (identify “The Effect of Teaching According to the Karin Educational Model on Developing Social Competence among Female Students in Chemistry.” *To achieve this objective, the researchers formulated three null hypotheses. The research was limited to tenth-grade science* stream female students during the first semester of the academic year (2024-2025) at (Sarwaran Secondary) school for Girls. Which was intentionally&selected. The researchers adopted the experimental design with two groups: an&experimental group and a control group, using pre- and post-tests to measure the variable of social competence. The sample consisted of (62) students, randomly distributed into two sections: section (B) and Section (D). Section (B), The experimental group, included (31) *students who were taught chemistry according to the Karin Educational Model, while Section (D), The control) group, also included (31) students who taught using the traditional method. Equivalence between the two groups was ensured in the*variable of (Age in months, IQ Score, Parents’ educational level, and social competence). The researchers developed a scale for&measuring the social competence, and its face validity was verified by presenting it to a panel of experts, its reliability was$confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha formula, with a total reliability coefficient of (0.846). Data&were analyzed using statistical methods through SPSS Software, and the results revealed the following:
• There was a statistically significant&difference at the (0.05) level between the pre- and post-test means in social competence for the experimental group, in favor of the post-test.
• There was no statistically significant difference&at the (0.05) level between the pre- and post-test means in social competence for the control group.
• There was a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the&post-test means of the experimental and control groups in social competence, in favor of the experimental group.

In this research, a composite material was developed using unsaturated polyester resin as the base matrix and zinc oxide (ZnO) as a reinforcing agent. The study focused on evaluating key mechanical properties, including hardness, compressive strength, and impact resistance. To investigate the effect of filler concentration, samples were prepared with different ZnO weight fractions ranging from (1- 10)%. The results showed that the optimal improvement in mechanical performance occurred at a 6 wt % ZnO content of. In addition, the influence of processing temperature was examined by curing the composite samples at four different temperatures: 7°C, 25°C, 80°C, and 150°C. At 25°C, the composites demonstrated notable enhancements in impact resistance, compressive strength, and hardness, accompanied by a reduction in Young’s modulus. At other processing temperatures (7°C, 80°C, and 150°C), the mechanical properties exhibited varying trends, with some increasing while others decreased. Furthermore, it was observed that thermal conductivity increased with rising temperatures and decreased at lower temperatures. These findings suggest that both filler content and processing temperature significantly influence the mechanical and thermal behavior of ZnO-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites.

Funeral customs are among the most significant practices that reflect religious and spiritual beliefs in human life. This study aims to compare funeral traditions in Judaism، Christianity، and Islam by highlighting similarities and differences in rituals، from the moment of death to burial and mourning ceremonies.
In Judaism، the emphasis is placed on ritual purity through washing the body and burying it quickly in a simple grave، avoiding any delay or display of luxury. In Christianity، practices vary across denominations، but they often include prayers، liturgy، and seeking mercy for the deceased. Coffins are widely used، along with religious symbols such as the cross and hymns. In Islam، rituals are marked by simplicity، focusing on washing، shrouding، funeral prayer، and burial facing the qibla، while stressing supplication and forgiveness for the deceased، with rejection of excessive displays.
The comparison reveals that although these three religions differ in theology and ritual details، they converge in their perception of burial as a return to earth and a transition to another life. They also emphasize respect for the deceased، maintaining purity and human dignity. Furthermore، funeral rites reflect a strong social dimension، serving as occasions for solidarity and condolences within the community.
Thus، despite their diverse forms، funeral customs remain a mirror of humanity’s understanding of death and the afterlife.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic illness caused by both environmental and genetic factors. It is characterised by high blood sugar levels due to several factors, most notably a malfunctioning pancreas or a defect that prevents insulin from working properly and leads to complications. Symptoms of the disease can be treated with diet and oral medications.
The current study aims to estimate the age and sex of patients, identify the most vulnerable group based on age and sex, and examine its relationship to complications of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NDDM), establishing statistical correlations in Al-Aziziyah city.
The results of type 2 diabetes patients (T2D) were collected from patients attending the consulting department at Aziziyah General Hospital and included (110) samples of both sexes (34 males and 76 females). They were compared with each other in terms of age and gender.
The results indicated that the patient group had a higher percentage of females at risk; the incidence of T2D has escalated to 69%, more prevalent than that of the chronic illness in males, who accounted for 31%. The study also showed that patients aged 66–75 were the most vulnerable and 32.5% more likely to develop T2D in Aziziyah City.

Language is not just an antiquated manner of human contact, but a very powerful expression, persuasion, and existential art essence. Language includes a very broad spectrum of capabilities with the assistance of which people can transmit the message. In this case, syntax acts as the pivotal and primary instrument, using which people interconnect word formation on multiple levels. The study discusses the contribution of syntax to poetry stylistic decision-making through comparison of Ezra Pound\'s \"In a Station of the Metro\" and Nazik Al-Malaika\'s \"The Cholera.\" As a structural feature, syntax has an impact on tone, rhythm, imagery, and emotional meaning of a poem and thus becomes a vital element in the creative process of a poet. The study takes into account the manner in which English and Arabic literary tradition employ syntax in varied means that influence reader impression and affective response. The results demonstrate that, beyond their grammatical function, syntactic structures function as cultural and affective markers that mirror poets’ worldviews and emotional intensities. Across multiple linguistic backgrounds, the comparison of English and Arabic poetry points toward a new model of interpretative procedures in stylistics, including both analytical accuracy and affective depth.

The quantification of uncertainty in scientific modeling is fundamentally divided between the classical (frequentist) and Bayesian paradigms, compelling practitioners to adopt an either/or approach that often discards valuable information. This paper introduces a novel, unified mathematical framework that synthesizes the inferential outputs of both paradigms. Leveraging the likelihood function as a common foundation, the framework employs a linear pooling operator to combine the classical confidence distribution and the Bayesian posterior distribution into a single, more comprehensive representation of uncertainty, the primary output is a \"Unified Uncertainty Interval\" (UUI), which inherits both the long-run frequency guarantees of confidence intervals and the intuitive, belief-based interpretation of credible intervals. Case studies involving binomial proportion estimation, particularly under conditions of prior-data conflict, demonstrate that the UUI provides a robust and balanced measure of uncertainty, the framework offers a pragmatic solution to bridge the gap between classical and Bayesian approaches, providing a richer, more nuanced tool for decision-making under uncertainty and moving beyond paradigmatic dogmatism towards a more holistic inferential practice.

Language is a fundamental pillar in building society. It is the vessel of culture, the tool of communication, and the medium of interaction. Hence, the research problem arises in questioning how language contributes to establishing human and social communication and the nature of its relationship with culture, in addition to linguistic distinctions, which produces cultural diversity. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in revealing the dialectical relationship between language and culture from a sociological perspective and demonstrating the role of language in shaping affiliations and identities. The researcher used the qualitative approach to analyze the facts, and the research reached the most important conclusions: linguistic pluralism and cultural symbols can be a source of cultural richness and social diversity if recognized and supported in educational and administrative policies. However, they may lead to social conflicts if associated with marginalization and exclusion. Language is not merely a means of communication; it is a cultural symbol that reflects the values, beliefs, and social structure of society. Language and cultural symbols are closely linked to the reproduction of social hierarchy and the distinction between different groups within society.

The research aimed to identify (evaluating the performance of students of the Arabic language department in the College of Basic Education at Sumer University from the point of view of specialized professors)، and the researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method، and the researcher built the study tool represented by the teaching skills scale and included (30) skills distributed in five areas، namely (lesson planning، lesson implementation، teaching methods، professional characteristics of the teacher، evaluation)، where the current research population consisted of all professors in the faculties of basic education، the Arabic Language Department، and the study sample consisted of (45) specialist professors in the Arabic Language Department، College of Basic Education، Sumer University، including (20) males and (25) females. The results of the study showed that the degree of evaluation of the performance of students applied in the Arabic Language Department from the point of view of the specialized professors came with an average rating، with an arithmetic mean of (2.09)، where the field of lesson planning came in first place with a arithmetic mean of (2.32)، and in second place was the professional characteristics of the teacher with a arithmetic mean of (2.15). The third place is the field of evaluation، with a mean of (2.07)، the fourth place is educational methods، with a mean of (1.99)، and the last place is the field of lesson implementation، with a mean of (1.92). The research results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) in evaluating the performance of applied students from the point of view of specialized professors due to the impact of gender (males - females) as well as academic achievement (Masters - PhD). In light of the results that were reached، the researcher presented conclusions and some recommendations and proposals.