Iraqi Journal of Science

Synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds containing four five-membered rings
together was the main goal of this work. The new derivatives of [tetrakis (1,2,4-
triazole /1,3,4-thiadiazole /1,3,4-oxadiazole][bis-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)]
dioxymethylene A7-A18 were synthesized by the reaction of [bis-(dimethyl 5-ylisophthalate)]
dioxymethylene compound A1 which was previously prepared from
the reaction of 1,2-dibromomethan and dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate, then treated
with hydrazine hydrate to yield the corresponding acid hydrazide A2. In the next
step, compound A2 was refluxed with 4-substituted isothiocyanate to give
substituted thiosemicarbazides A3-A6. The treatment of the latter compounds in
basic medium of 2M of NaOH afforded 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives A7-A10. Whereas
the reaction of the same compounds with concentrated sulfuric acid gave 1,3,4-
thiadiazoles A11-A14. Furthermore, the new derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole A15-
A18 were obtained by the reaction of thiosemicarbazides and tosyl chloride in
presence of pyridine. (C. H. N.) elemental analysis, FT-IR, and 1HNMR techniques
were used to characterize the chemical structure of some of the new synthesized
compounds which also exhibited an important biological activity.

Cervical infections are common problems among women, specially of
reproductive age, in Iraq ,and are one of numerous risk factors for cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer .
The aim of this study was to investigate the causative agents of cervicitis and their
association with cytopathological changes among 67 cases of women, aged from 16
to 60 years, who attended the National Cancer Research Center / University of
Baghdad, Iraq , during the period from April to December 2018 .
The age group 36-40 had the highest percentage of cervical infections 13/16
(81.3%) while the age group 56-60 had the lowest percentage 2/6 (33.3%).
Specific microbial inflammations were found in 51/67(76.1%) of the cases, as
detected by microbiological examinations, while 49/67(73.13%) were of nonspecific
inflammations. The main causative agent of cervical infections was
Candida albicans: 36/67(53.7%) fallowed by : Neisseria gonorhoeae 5/67(7.5%) ,
enteric bacteria 6/67( 8.9%) and Trichomonas vaginalis 4/67(5.9%),.
The cyto-diagnosis , as detected by using pap smears examination, revealed
some cases 6/67(8.9%) of suggestive of human papillomavirus HPV(Koilocytotic
Atypia) with ASCUS (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance )
mixed with monillia infections and only two of these cases showed CIN1 (Cervical
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ) 2/67( 2.98%).
The other cytopathological finding was atypical dysplasia of endocervical
epithelial cell which showed in cases 18/36(50%) of monillia infections, 2/4(50%)
of Trichomonas infections,3/6(50%) of enteric infections and in 4/5(80%) of
Neisseria infections .While atypical Metaplasia found in cases 6/36(16.7%) of
monillia infections ,1/6(16.7) of enteric infections and 1/5(20%) of Neisseria
infections. There was only 1/36(2.8%) of AGUS (Atypical Glandular Cells of
Undetermined Significance) found in case of monillia infections. Benign looking of
cervical cells , as resulted in pap smear tests , mostly found in cases of Trichomonas
infections 2/4(50%) , while showed in 2/6(33.3%) of enteric infections and
in11/36(30.6%) of monillia infections. There were no benign looking cells of
cervical in cases of Neisseria infections. Meanwhile, no women had
adenocarcinoma according to Bethesda classification during this study.
Although there was no incidence of cervical malignant cells seen in our study and
only few cases showed CIN1(premalignant disease of the cervix), cytological
screening should gain much popularity and should be accessible to all in order to
prevent such serious pathological problems.
In Iraq, more attention should be paid for the important causation of cervicitis in
women suffering from it because inflammatory and atypical changes on cervical
cytology among women tested often indicate the presence of a sexually acquired
infection.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized by a green method using the peels of Persimmon extract as the reducing agent , magnesium nitrate, and NaOH. This method is eco-friendly and non-toxic. In this study, an ultrasound device was used to reduce the particle size, with the impact on the energy gap was set at the beginning at 5.39 eV and then turned to 4.10 eV. The morphological analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the grain size for MgO NPs was 67.70 nm which became 42.33 nm after the use of the ultrasound. The shape of the particles was almost spherical and became cylindrical. In addition the Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed that the average particle size was reduced and the spherical shape was changed into cylindrical flakes. The antibacterial activity of MgO Nps was measured against both gram positive and negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively) for both the synthesized and the scaled-down particles by the ultrasonic. MgO NPs showed an efficacy at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 μg/ml, with the better effect being observed after the ultrasonic treatment of the MgO NPs.

This study sheds light on various drugs of plant origin which have shown action
on thyroid and its functioning as well as on the various factors associated with
thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the activity of
the aqueous extracts of Fucus vesiculosus, Coleus forskohlii, Curcuma longa L.,
Rosmarinus officinalis L., Camellia sinensis L. and Melissa officinalis L. in
regulation of thyroid hormones in serum taken from rats. Fifty-seven female albino
rats were divided into 19 groups, each group with 3 rats, and treated orally with an
aqueous plant extract in three different doses, except the control group which was
treated with normal saline only. Also, a histological study was conducted on the
thyroid gland after short-term treatment with different doses of these extracts. The
results demonstrated that 5mg/kg of Curcuma longa was the most powerful extract
which increased T3 level in a rats serum by 25% compared with the control
treatment. Also, the most effective dose which increased T4 level was 1000mg/kg of
Coleus forskohlii, which increased the hormone level by 7% compared with the
control. Meanwhile, 1000mg/kg of Coleus forskohlii was the effective extract which
reduced TSH level by 61% compared with the control. While, the extract of
Rosmarinus officinalis 220mg/kg reduced T3 and T4 levels in the serum of rats by
56% and 17% respectively. However, oral administration with Camellia sinensis
1.25mg/kg increased TSH level by 10% compared with the control. The obtained
data demonstrated that Curcuma longa and Coleus forskohlii, at low doses, can be
very effective for completely treating hypothyroidism in rats.The findings of this
study propose that the extracts may have the property to regulate thyroid levels in
rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a form of metabolic disorder where patients are incapable to organize glucose metabolism. The most common types are Type I and Type II, constituting about 10% and 90% of cases, respectively. The cause of type I diabetes, which usually spreads in children and adolescents, is the disability of the endocrine system to produce insulin. On the other hand, The most common type of diabetes, type II diabetes, is often presented in adults. It is usually presented as a collection of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. This work was done to estimate the count of microbiota in diabetics to find an appraoch for detection and follow-up treatment. The count of two types of bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium was determined using qPCR based on the standard curve that was created from the serial decimal dilution of samples containing an unknown number of bacteria taken from probiotic capsules. The main results of this study show that the Lactobacillus count was affected by diabetes types, where a decrease was observed in the mean value in the case of diabetes type I group (32978.13) compared with the control group (610680.26). The mean value in diabetes type II was close to that of the control group (682199.27). While, the count of the Bifidobacterium showed a significant reduction in the mean value in both type I and type II diabetes groups (7521.70, 51880.82, respectively), compared with the control group (63405999.00).

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a wide-spectrum anti-tumor agent. The oncolytic selectivity of NDV, a family of Paramyxoviridae, depends on the differential type of inducing different death pathways. This work was conducted to further understand the oncolytic effect of LaSota strain. A mouse breast cancer model (Murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line AMN3) was used in this study. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) viability assay tested different NDV multiplicity of infection (MOI) values on mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells incubated for 72 hours post-infection. The IC50 values and anti-tumor activity of LaSota strain against AMN3 cell line were determined. Following Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain, we examined the morphological modifications of IC50 along with 10 MOI values of NDV. The induction of NDV apoptosis in AMN3 cells was investigated using the technique of staining acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO / PI). Immunocytochemistry assay was performed using anti-NDV mAbs and caspases 8 and 9 to study NDV replication and apoptosis induction mechanisms. The lentogenic LaSota NDV strain, a live vaccine, demonstrated the oncolytic effect on mammary cancer cells of the AMN3 mouse and showed that LaSota strain triggered a dose-dependent increase in infected cells’ apoptosis relative to untreated mammary cancer cells. The immunocytochemistry study showed that NDV infected cells were positive for virus infection and that caspase9 in mouse mammary cancer cells after LaSota strain infection was significantly enhanced compared to caspase 8. In conclusions, NDV LaSota strain had oncolytic effects by destroying tumor cells and triggering the intrinsic apoptosis pathways in mouse mammary cancer cells. However, the mechanisms of the in vivo anti-tumor activity need to be better understood.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces an extracellular biofilm matrix that consists of nucleic acids, exopolysaccharides, lipid vesicles, and proteins. Alginate, Psl and Pel are three exopolysaccharides that constitute the main components in biofilm matrix, with many biological functions attributed to them, especially concerning the protection of the bacterial cell from antimicrobial agents and immune responses. A total of 25 gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa selected isolates were enrolled in this study. Biofilm development was observed in 96% of the isolates. In addition, the present results clarified the presence of pelA and pslA in all the studied isolates. The expression of these genes was very low. Even though all biofilms were affected by gentamicin, the results of fold change showed a wide variation. In conclusion, all P. aeruginosa isolates carried psl and pel regardless of the intensity of the biofilm. A strongly positive correlation with gentamicin minimum inhibitory concentration was noticed.

The current work was undertaken to obtain the crude extract of PPO and laccase enzyme from the leaves of Malva parviflora. All leaves were washed with tap water, then the extraction was performed to acquire the crude extract’s enzymes. One gram of Malva parviflora leaves was homogenized in various volumes of distilled water (1:10, 1:5, and 1:2 w: v). The results showed that polyphenol oxidase and laccase with a ratio of 1:10 (w:v) gave the highest specific activity of 112.3 with 0.394 U/mg proteins. In addition, Malva parviflora leaves were homogenized with several types of buffers with two concentration (0.2 and 0.1 M) for PPO and laccase extrac-tion. These buffers were potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and so-dium acetate (pH 6.0). The results showed that sodium acetate (0.2 M, pH 6) was the best extraction buffer for PPO and laccase with specific activity values of 206.8 and 1.8 U/mg, respectively. Different times for PPO and laccase extraction were deter-mined and the better time was found to be after five minutes, with specific activity values of 251.9 and 1.876 U/mg, respectively, while after 2 and 10 minutes the spe-cific activity values of the enzymes were significantly decreased. Decolorization ef-ficiency of different dyes by the enzyme mixture (PPO and laccase) was determined. It was found that nine dyes (Neutral red, Toluidin blue, Safranin, Crystal violet, Methylene blue, Blood, Phenol red, Henna, and Acridine orange) were altered in their absorbance after incubation with the enzyme mixture for a limited time period.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition of an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of the myocardium. It typically occurs when there is an imbalance between supply and demand of myocardial oxygen. The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is atherosclerotic disease of an epicardial coronary artery or arteries which is sufficient to cause a regional reduction in myocardial blood flow and inadequate perfusion of the myocardium supplied by the involved coronary artery. Fifty CAD subjects (23 females and 27 males) were enrolled in this study in addition to thirty healthy control subjects (13 female and 17 male). This study aimed to measure the serum levels of interleukin IL- 33, C- reactive protein and troponin in CAD and their association with lipid profile by using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). T results showed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was statistically high while differences in cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were statistically non-significant between CAD patients and controls. Moreover, the serum level of IL-33 and CRP were statistically higher in patients than controls, while troponin levels were not significantly different. In addition, the present study demonstrates that IL-33, CRP, and Troponin were not associated with lipid profile. The relationship of IL-33 with CRP and troponin was non-significant.

In this study, a preliminary economic feasibility study of the project of wind
power at the site of Al-Shehabi (Wasit-Iraq) was conducted using measured wind
data at altitudes of 10, 30, 50 and 52 m per 10 minutes. For the purpose of
comparison, data from NASA were used at the same location at 50 m height. The
lowest unit cost of electricity from wind energy was found to be 0.028 $/Kwh and
0.0399 $/Kwh by using the standard methodologies of Levelized Cost of Energy
(LCOE) equation and Net Present Value (NPV) procedure, respectively.
Furthermore, RETScreen software was used to perform the economic prefeasibility
study of a proposed wind farm. The study concludes that this site is economically
feasible if a wind farm with 5.0 MW of ten wind turbines (EWT DW54) was
established, with an NPV of $11,309,956, after-tax IRR of 24.7%, a simple payback
period of 6.1 years, and a capacity factor of 38.34%. Finally, this wind farm
development will result in a reduction in greenhouse gases of 31876 tCO2 per year.
The sensitivity and risk analysis were performed and guarantee the safety of
specified financial input parameters values.

In this work, SnO2 and (SnO2)1-x(ZnO)x composite thin films with different ZnO
atomic ratios (x=0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were prepared by pulsed laser deposition
technique on clean glass substrates at room temperature without any treatment. The
deposited thin films were characterized by x-ray diffraction atomic force microscope
and UV-visible spectrophotometer to study the effect of the ZnO atomic ratio on
their structural, morphological and optical properties. It was found that the
crystallinety and the crystalline size vary according to ZnO atomic ratio. The surface
appeared as longitudinal structures which was convert to spherical shapes with
increasing ZnO atomic ratio. The optical transmission and energy gap increased with
increasing ZnO atomic ratio.

Laser ablation of a silver target immersed in distilled water using Nd:YAG laser
with a fundamental wavelength of 1064nm was carried out to fabricate silver
nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with different laser energy in the presence and absence of
magnetic field. UV-Visible spectrum showed that the nanoparticles are almost
spherical in shape. The number of Ag NPs increased by increasing laser energy
while their particle size was reduced by increasing laser energy without magnetic
field. In the presence of magnetic field, the size of Ag NPs increased slightly by
increasing laser energy. According to AFM results, the presence of magnetic field
did not affect the average diameter of Ag NPs. The presence of a magnetic field
causes a change in grain size of Ag NPs with increasing laser energy. While XRD
data illustrated that the magnetic field causes an increase in the crystallite size of
Ag NPs.

In this study, the effect of increasing pump pulse energy and delay time on the
energy conversion efficiency of the Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) crystal at
room temperature was investigated. It was found that the higher the pump pulse the
greater the efficiency at a certain value of the delay time. Moreover, at the delay
time 3.524ns, we found that the efficiency of the conversion of energy increases
from 0.0112 to 0.0159. We also observed that the lower delay time between the
pump and the probe pulses leads to increase the rate of energy conversion efficiency
of the KTP crystal, where the reaches up to 3, which is higher than the value
recorded in the absence of a pump pulse. The highest value of the rate of energy
conversion efficiency recorded in this study was 0.0159. This work was achieved at
room temperature.

Stable isotopic technique and hydrochemistry was used in studying the water
resources interaction of near Haditha Reservoir area, western Iraq. Throughout the
study area, 14 groundwater samples (Bashina, Zwachi springs and Wells), 8 surface
water samples from the study area, and 7 spring samples were analyzed for 2H and
18O stable isotopes and hydrochemical analysis. In this study, the temperature,
altitude and continental effects on the isotopic composition of rain water in Iraq
were studied. The climate of the study area is classified as semi-arid to arid region.
The results show a variation in the isotopic values of Haditha reservoir and
Euphrates river. This variation is due to the effect of the low surface area and the
low velocity of water of Haditha Reservoir on the amount of evaporation, compared
with the high velocity and the large surface area of Euphrates river. There was a
variation in the isotopic values between Bishina and Zwachi springs, due to two
factors that appear to modify the isotopic signatures of the springs, namely the lack
of hydraulic connection between the springs of Bishina and Zwachi, meaning that
they recharge from different sources. The changes in oxygen isotope composition of
the groundwater between a deep reservoir and the springs (Bishina) may be caused
by the dilution with near surface waters (Haditha reservoir) with different oxygen
isotope compositions. The variation in the isotopic content in the studied area
indicated that there are various origins of springs recharge and a different
interactions of the multiple sources of springs with the mutli-depths of springs
water.

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization that occurred in Al- Muthanna
province in southeastern Iraq during the last decade, pollutants such as heavy metals
were emitted into the environment and became a serious threat to human health.
Environmental pollution could be caused by different types of pollutants, which
come from different sources.
This study aims to assess the environmental magnetism efficiency for heavy
metal pollution assessment using the magnetic susceptibility technique which
became a more rapid and cost-effective compared to conventional methods.
Increasing heavy metal contents in soils causes an increase in the magnetic mineral
concentration. The study area is located in Al- Muthanna province, southeast of Iraq,
and contains three cement plants, an oil refinery, bricks factories, and power plants.
Fifty topsoil and subsoil samples (0-50 cm depth) were collected from five sites; Al-
Jinoob cement plant (one site), Samawa oil refinery (two sites) and Al- Muthanna
cement plant (two sites). In this study, magnetic properties of samples in vertical
sections and levels of heavy metal elements; of selected samples from regions with
different geological settings were compared. The heavy metals analysis included
chromium (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb),
which could give indications of heavy metal pollution in soil. The highest magnetic
susceptibility value (65.23 x10-8 m3kg-1) was recorded in Al-Muthanna cement plant
(TSL-4) and the highest Cu concentration (602.57 ppm) was also recorded in Al-
Muthanna cement plant (TSL-5-3). The results of magnetic properties show the
dominance of coarse magnetite, which is supposed to have originated from
pedogenic particles in natural soils, causing the positive correlation between
magnetic susceptibility (χ) and anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM).
According to the results of frequency dependent susceptibility ratio (κfd%), the
magnetic particles showed an admixture of multi-domain and pseudo-single domain
behaviour. Magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal analyses results indicated
emissions from nearby industrial plants. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was carried out
for heavy metal analyses which supported our results. Results of this study
demonstrate the suitability of applying magnetic techniques for assessing
environmental situations.

Ten soil samples were collected from Ishaqi project area, Salah Al-Dean
Governorate, and analysed for chemical elements (Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, K2O Na2O,
Co, Zn, Cu, and Pb) to detect the pollution in the study soil using the indices of geoaccumulation
(I-geo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI),
The results of I-geo indicate that the soil of Ishaqi project area is unpolluted with Pb,
Co and slightly polluted with Zn and Cu. The results of CF for Zn, Cu, and Co
showed class 2 of moderate contamination and class 1 of low contamination in some
samples while those for Pb demonstrated class 1 –of low contamination. The
Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for Co, Zn, Cu, and Pb showed class 2 of local
pollution.

Disequilibrium compaction, sometimes referred to as under compaction, has been
identified as a major mechanism of abnormal pore pressure buildup in sedimentary
basins. This is attributed to the interplay between the rate at which sediments are
deposited and the rate at which fluids associated with the sediments are expelled
with respect to burial depth. The purpose of this research is to analyze the
mechanisms associated with abnormal pore pressure regime in the sedimentary
formation. The study area “Jay field” is an offshore Niger Delta susceptible to
abnormal pore pressure regime in the Agbada –Akata formations of the basin. Well
log analysis and cross plots were applied to determine the under compacted zone in
the formation since compaction increases with burial depth. It was observed that
porosity and permeability of the deeper depth (3700 m to end of Well) are higher
than those of the shallow part (3000 – 3700 m). This is against what is expected
from normal compacted sediment, demonstrating disequilibrium compaction in
deposition. Furthermore, it reveals that sedimentation rate was high, making it
unable for the sediments to expunge its fluid as expected. Density and acoustic wave
increase with depth in normal compaction trend. However, the reverse that was
identified in the mapped interval is attributed to disequilibrium compaction,
unloading, clay diagenesis, and fluid expansion. The cross plot divulges sediments at
the deeper depth had lower density and acoustic wave value with increased porosity
when compared to those at shallow depth. This forms the basis that the sediments
from this mapped interval experienced disequilibrium and unloading traceable to
clay diagenesis during and after deposition, respectively.

In this paper we introduce the notions of t-stable extending and strongly t-stable
extending modules. We investigate properties and characterizations of each of these
concepts. It is shown that a direct sum of t-stable extending modules is t-stable
extending while with certain conditions a direct sum of strongly t-stable extending is
strongly t-stable extending. Also, it is proved that under certain condition, a stable
submodule of t-stable extending (strongly t-stable extending) inherits the property.

In this paper, the homotopy perturbation method is presented for solving the
second kind linear mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations. Then, Aitken
method is used to accelerate the convergence. In this method, a series will be
constructed whose sum is the solution of the considered integral equation.
Convergence of the constructed series is discussed, and its proof is given; the error
estimation is also obtained. For more illustration, the method is applied on several
examples and programs, which are written in MATLAB (R2015a) to compute the
results. The absolute errors are computed to clarify the efficiency of the method.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the application of weyl module and
resolution in the case skew- shapes (6, 5) / (1, 0) and (6, 5) / (2, 0) by using
contracting homotopy and the place polarization.

In this paper, we show that each soft topological group is a strong small soft loop
transfer space at the identity element. This indicates that the soft quasitopological
fundamental group of a soft connected and locally soft path connected space, is a
soft topological group.

In this work , we study different chaotic properties of the product space on a onestep
shift of a finite type, as well as other spaces. We prove that the product
is Lyapunove ???? –unstable if and only if at least one or is Lyapunove ???? –
unstable. Also, we show that and locally everywhere onto (l.e.o) if and
only if is locally everywhere onto (l.e.o) .

The work in this paper focuses on solving numerically and analytically a nonlinear social epidemic model that represents an initial value problem of ordinary differential equations. A recent moking habit model from Spain is applied and studied here. The accuracy and convergence of the numerical and approximation results are investigated for various methods; for example, Adomian decomposition, variation iteration, Finite difference and Runge-Kutta. The discussion of the present results has been tabulated and graphed. Finally, the comparison between the analytic and numerical solutions from the period 2006-2009 has been obtained by absolute and difference measure error.

In this paper, we consider a two-phase Stefan problem in one-dimensional space for parabolic heat equation with non-homogenous Dirichlet boundary condition. This problem contains a free boundary depending on time. Therefore, the shape of the problem is changing with time. To overcome this issue, we use a simple transformation to convert the free-boundary problem to a fixed-boundary problem. However, this transformation yields a complex and nonlinear parabolic equation. The resulting equation is solved by the finite difference method with Crank-Nicolson scheme which is unconditionally stable and second-order of accuracy in space and time. The numerical results show an excellent accuracy and stable solutions for two test examples.

The main objective of this paper is to calculate the perturbations of tide effect on LEO's satellites . In order to achieve this goal, the changes in the orbital elements which include the semi major axis (a) eccentricity (e) inclination , right ascension of ascending nodes ( ), and fifth element argument of perigee ( ) must be employed. In the absence of perturbations, these element remain constant. The results show that the effect of tidal perturbation on the orbital elements depends on the inclination of the satellite orbit. The variation in the ratio ⁄ decreases with increasing the inclination of satellite, while it increases with increasing the time.