Basra studies journal

The current paper deals with the reciprocal relationship between language, thought, and culture and its influence on the interpretation of the lexical items in Arabic dictionaries .in the light of Whorf-Sapir hypothesis which is based on the duality of linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. The researcher traces this reciprocal relationship in the interpretation of the lexical item 'nobility' in Al-Ain Dictionary and in the subsequent dictionaries in order to reveal the reflection of the community culture in Al Khaleel's interpretive linguistic blog in his dictionary on one hand and the transmission of the inherited cultural influence to the interpretations across generations in the subsequent dictionaries that followed Al Khaleel's example. without deviation, on the other hand.
The most prominent conclusion the present paper has arrived at is that there is a reciprocal influence between language, thought, and culture. Culture is stored in the collective mind of the members of the society and is revealed in their language just as language affects the way the members of a society think and see the word.

The researcher objectively examined the terms "veils of knowledge" in the Holy Quran from a linguistic and semantic perspective. The research is divided into two sections: the first: the linguistic and interpretive meanings of the terms "veils of knowledge" and the relationship between them; the second: the linguistic differences between the meanings of the terms "veils of knowledge." I adopted the descriptive-inductive approach to examine the views of linguists and interpreters, and the comparative approach to distinguish between the linguistic and interpretive meanings. The research reached the most important conclusions: The Quran expresses the obstacles that prevent people from finding the path of truth in various terms. These terms share a general meaning, namely "obstruction," but differ in subtle linguistic nuances, while taking into account the appropriateness of the context of the Quranic text, which is consistent with each term.

This study explores the cultural patterns in Zaid Al-Shaheed’s novel 'Sabt Ya Thulatha' . The author employs diverse narrative techniques—such as flashback, stream of consciousness, and linguistic as well as semantic shifts—to depict events with great precision. The title underscores the centrality of time: Sabt, associated with pessimism due to its relation to Judaism, and Thulatha, marking the tragic bombing of the pedestrian bridge in Samawah, which left indelible scars in the city’s collective memory. The narrative intertwines this catastrophe with the personal tragedy of Najat, whose rape symbolizes the violation of the Iraqi people’s rights across history and reflects the disintegration of social and familial bonds. Through this, Al-Shaheed succeeds in evoking the reader’s sympathy and presenting the novel as a living testimony to Iraq’s suffering under oppression and injustice Sources.

Khor Abdullah has been one of the most internationally disputed issues between Iraq and Kuwait since the 1990s. Due to its political, Geopolitics, economic, and historical significance. This study focuses on determining the ownership and sovereignty over the khor based on British correspondence between residents and political agents in the Arabian Gulf, the Government of India, and the British Foreign Office, along with their affiliated departments, during the period from 1905 to 1940, a timeframe defined by documents from the British archives in London.
The documentary study revealed that sovereignty over Khor Abdullah went through two distinct phases, with World War I (1914-1918) serving as the dividing line between them. Given its influence in the Arabian Gulf, the British government held decisive authority, acting in accordance with its interests and pursuit of regional stability. The issue of the maritime boundary between Iraq and Kuwait remained unresolved and was repeatedly exploited by Britain as a means of exerting pressure on either country whenever it served its strategic objectives

This study explores the contributions of Hungarian orientalist Ignaz Goldziher to Qur'anic studies by analyzing his methodology, interpretations, and influence on Western scholarship. It focuses on his historical and linguistic approach to the Qur'an and highlights his reliance on philological and historical-critical methods to investigate the origin and development of the text. The research also examines the intellectual and religious backgrounds—such as Jewish traditions and Protestant theology—that shaped his critical perspective. By comparing Goldziher’s writings with classical and modern Islamic sources, the study reveals methodological inconsistencies and epistemological biases in his work. Ultimately, it calls for a nuanced critique of Orientalist discourse that goes beyond mere acceptance or rejection, emphasizing the need for scholarly approaches that interrogate the epistemic and ideological frameworks of such studies.

The Zanj War was the main event that demonstrated the role of Al-Balalia and Sa\'diya on the political stage in political history during the second Abbasid era, which began after the killing of Al-Mutawakkil in the year 247 AH / 861 AD. At that time, the country entered the battlefield of military chaos, and the Turkish princes and soldiers took control of the administrative and political aspects of the Abbasid Caliphate, and thus separatist tendencies appeared. Among some of the princes, chaos abounded and strife broke out. The city of Basra was one of the stations where strife emerged between two large parties of soldiers, Al-Balaliyah and Al-Saadiyya. During the research, we reviewed the origins of these two groups and the problems that arose between them, which was the gateway through which the Zanj leader entered to exploit the conflict between them and control Basra. The Zanj incitement to revolt against the Abbasid state has become clearAl-Balaliyyah and Al-Saadiyyah during that era and their harmony in defending Basra, despite the differences between them. However, the lack of military plans and the failure of the Abbasid state to supply soldiers prevented the achievement of victories. Consequently, the Zanj invaded the city, invaded it, and annihilated its military garrisons represented by the Bilaliyahs and Saadiyyahs, a role that was not highlighted by researchers, and we have relied on it. We use the descriptive and analytical approach in explaining and interpreting some events. We divided the research into a number of main headings that flow into the content of its idea and field, which revolves around an important period of Abbasid history.

The religious and social diversity in Basra during the twentieth century allowed for the emergence of prominent figures such as Hajj Jita، whose identity combined a foreign background with an authentic Iraqi–Basri character. He contributed sincerely to the building of society، demonstrating that national wealth، when bound by religious and ethical values، can become a powerful instrument for development and public service. This was embodied in his numerous projects، which often preceded the state’s own institutions in areas such as education، healthcare، and social welfare.
Hajj Jina exemplified the principle that charitable work is not a sin even when met with suspicion by adversaries or exploited by oppressive systems seeking to undermine their benefactors. His experience presents a recurring lesson in history: genuine patriotism and devotion، even when operating under fragile or hostile conditions، can still leave an enduring legacy. Ultimately، his martyrdom transformed him into an eternal symbol embedded in the memory of Basrans and Iraqis alike، remembered for his steadfast commitment to truth، principle، and altruism without expectation of return.

has This research deals with the Ottoman Safavid conflict over Iraq in general and the attempts to occupy Basra in particular in the period(1546-1775), it explains the most important campaigns launched on Iraq and Basra, and indicating the reasons that led to the two countries' quest for occupation and control, which led Iraq to be a field for their expansionist military operations.
The conflict between the two countries has continued throughout history despite the conclusion of many treaties, but this dispute did not lose any of their territories, and the only loser was the disputed territory, as Iraq became an easy morsel for both parties. Basra in particular was of great importance to the two countries, as both sought to occupy and control it several times, due to the importance of its geographical location, as it is the main port of Iraq on the Shatt al-Arab, as well as its economic importance for Iranian cities located on the border between Iraq and Iran, and thus occupied a prestigious commercial center whose importance increased in the early seventeenth century.

The first contrast was between light and darkness, winter and summer, these were natural phenomena that attracted humans. The first problem in their lives was the coexistence of good and evil, crime and virtue, and painting and disease. When those elements were personified, the forces of light became the creators of good, spiritual and earthly. While dark forces re-emerged as principles of evil, this did not mean much to the Greeks, who made human life their starting point for thinking. The Greek concept of evil in the supernatural world can best be understood by first looking at demons, in the simple sense; secondly, those creatures connected with the plan of moral punishment; Third, the nature attributed to the gods.

The coastal road of Shatt al-Arab is one of the strategic projects that will enhance the local and regional status of Shatt al-Arab, as it contains political importance, as it forms a border strip between the two republics (i. e. Iraq and Iran) with a distance of approximately (91) km. It also has great economic importance in attracting many basic activities that are practiced by the residents of the villages adjacent to it.
Its extension for a distance of (96) kilometers starting from the location of station (0,0) in the village of Abu Flus to station (96) in Ras Al-Bisha, which is the farthest point on the southern borders of Iraq in the district of Al-Faw. The possibility of extending it to the location of the presidential palaces of the former regime in Al-Barad’iya will have a positive dimension represented by it being a second bridge linking the south of Basra Governorate and its center.
This will reduce traffic congestion on the parallel road, and will also contribute to the ease of access between these two points, as it is a shortcut between them, not to mention its touristic importance, which could attract tourists from inside and outside Iraq if the river transport project is rehabilitated.

This study aims to shed light on the reality of commercial use and commercial services، and the extent to which this use responds to population growth، in addition to e-shopping in the city of Qurna. The study revealed a noticeable expansion in the area of commercial use as a result of the increase in the number of commercial establishments and their distribution between the central business district (C.B.D)، and the main and local streets. This highlights the direct effects on the patterns of buildings and streets. As for e-shopping، the study aimed to analyze its patterns and the impact of factors and personal characteristics of e-shoppers، and to identify the most requested needs، in addition to understanding the extent of its impact locally and regionally. This study relied on the field survey method and included a questionnaire distributed to (1312) families in (17) residential neighborhoods، in addition to (300) people from expatriates. The study concluded that the percentage of males in e-shopping increased by (54%)، with the majority of shoppers in the age group (20-30) years. The group with a monthly income of between (500-600 thousand) also recorded the highest percentage، as well as the secondary education group. The highest percentage (37%) was achieved among online shoppers.

The present study aims at revealing the extent of environmental deterioration (particularly hydrological) to which Shatt al-Arab downstream area was subjected after the conclusion of the Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran in 1975.
The 1975 Algiers Accord focused on the demarcation of river boundaries and freedom of international navigation downstream without considering the importance of sustaining the flow of fresh water, protecting the aquatic environment from pollution and ensuring it for future generations. In light of the severe environmental deterioration in the downstream area and its negative repercussions on various aspects of life in Basrah, and based on the change in international law, which stipulates those agreements related to international rivers should include a principle that emphasizes the need to maintain waterways and sustain the flow of fresh water and preserve it for future generations. Therefore, it is possible to demand a reassessment of the terms of the Algiers Accord and amendments to suit the human changes and the great nature that the region has been exposed to after about half a century of its conclusion.

Southern Iraq\'s Al-Zubair area encounters geological obstacles when it comes to researching and comprehending ancient rivers and their impact on the creation of the ancient city of Basra (Al-Zubair currently). This includes significant locations like Safwan, Umm Qasr, Khor Al-Zubair, and Al-Burjisiya.The study aims to discover and comprehend ancient water sources in the area and how they influenced the region\'s natural and cultural evolution over time. Through the utilization of remote sensing methods with satellite imagery, ancient rivers in the research area are identified.Satellites like LandSat, managed by NASA, were utilized. Capturing detailed satellite images of the surface landscape with the Landsat 8 satellite. The images underwent processing and analysis using the ArcGIS software, known as a dominant tool for extracting precise geological data from aerial and satellite images.Satellite images and historical sources have confirmed the existence of ancient rivers like the Euphrates and Abu Al-Khasib in the Khor Al-Zubair river branches area.Around 3,750 years ago, tectonic activity in the Khor Al-Zubair area caused significant changes in land formation and altered the path of the Euphrates River. It is believed by scientists that it also impacted the Abu Al-Khasib River, causing Khor Al-Zubair to change from an estuary into a linear lake.The research demonstrated the existence of the historic Euphrates River and the ancient Abu Al-Khasib River in the area, along with various other watercourses. These discoveries improve our comprehension of historical sources and accounts of ancient Basra flooding due to water sourced from.

The mechanisms of the semantic system's operation in the theatrical actor's performance are among the basic pillars on which the theater relies to convey meanings and contents to the audience. The actor is not limited to speaking dialogue or moving on the stage, but rather uses a wide range of symbols, sensory and physical signals that contribute to building meaning and generating connotations. This semantic system depends on several integrated elements, including facial expressions, body movement, tone of voice, and the use of theatrical space, so that each element interacts with the other to create a complex and integrated interpretive experience. In addition to this, the cultural and social context may play a pivotal role in shaping the audience's understanding of these connotations, as the relationship between the actor and the recipient becomes interactive and depends on the personal and collective interpretation of theatrical symbols. Through the above, the research included four chapters. The first chapter represented the methodological framework that included the research problem, its goal, and its limits, and the definition and identification of terms. The second chapter was the theoretical framework, which included two topics: the first: the mechanisms of the actor’s work in modern global methods, and the second topic: the mechanisms of the system’s work in global representational methods, then what resulted from the theoretical framework of indicators. The third chapter, the research procedures, included the research community, its method, its tool, and its sample, then the sample analysis. The fourth chapter included the most important results and conclusions, then the recommendations and suggestions. The research was then concluded with a list of sources and references.

The current study aimed at evaluating the curriculum of the courses of curriculum designs and general teaching methods in the Institutes of Fine Arts from the students perspective. The researcher adopted a descriptive research method to achieve the objective of the study. The researcher developed a research tool (i. e. a questionnaire) consisting of 30 items distributed across six domains : objectives، content, teaching methods، educational tools، educational activities، and assessment. After verifying the validity and reliability of the research tool، it was administered to a sample of second year students from the Institutes of Fine Arts in Basra Governorat, totaling 193 male and female students. The researcher used pearsons correlation coefficient , weighted mean، and percentage weight as appropriate statistical methods for the research procedures. Several Finding related to the evaluation of the General Teaching Methods subject curriculum were reached. The researcher presented and interpreted the results, and based on the finding of the study, Several conclusions، recommendations، and Suggestions were made.