Rafidain journal of science

The research was an attempt to isolate and study the active proteinous compounds from the aqueous extract of unripe banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), using different biochemical techniques. One major compound was isolated using gel filtration chromatography for the precipitate produced by ammonium sulphate treatment. The comparative molecular weight of the isolated proteinous compound was found to be 12566 Dalton. The study also included the effect of the aqueous extract and the proteinous compound in two doses (75, 100 mg/kg body weight) on certain blood constituents in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, the blood glucose level was significantly decreased by crude aqueous extract and proteinous compound in both doses (75, 100 mg/kg body weight) compared with control group. In addition, the proteinous compound in a dose (100 g/kg body weight) showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol and total lipids level. In diabetic rats, the proteinous compound in a dose of (100mg/kg body weight) showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, cholesterol and total lipids levels.

A series of substituted chalcones (1-6) were synthesized and used to prepare some new five membered heterocyclic compounds (pyrazolines) (7-12) by their condensation with phenylhydrazine, and six membered heterocyclic compounds (pyrimidinones)
(13-18) by their condensation with urea.
All reactions were carried out under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) technique, employing tributylbenzylammonium bromide (TBBAB) as a catalyst in 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide in benzene (liquid-liquid system) .The structures of products were identified by physical and spectroscopic methods.

The square wave voltammetric (SWV) behavior of eight substituted N-benzylidene anilines (I-VIII) C6H5-CH=N-C6H4R Where R=H,p-CH3,m-CH3,p-OCH3,m-OCH3,p-Cl,p-Br,and p-I respectively have been studied in Dimethyl sulphoxide (non aqueous medium) in presence of LiClO4( as supporting electrolyte). All these compounds show a well defined one reduction peak with the exception of p-Br and p-I which show two reduction peaks appeared at potential Ep= -1.854,-1.894, -1.826, -1.916, -1.832 and -1.732 vs. Ag/AgCl,KCl for compounds I-VI, respectively .The peaks obtained are recommended for trace determination of these compounds . Regression analysis on the standard curve for all compounds studied indicate a linear relationship between peak current and concentration over the range 3.8 x 10-6 – 1.5 x 10-4 M with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.99.

The recalibrated Thackston and Krenkel (TK) equation, which was originally derived for natural reaeration of streams and rivers, is used here for the evaluation of artificial reaeration of water. As many as 180 experiments were conducted in order to provide the data needed for this study. A laboratory – scale open channel was used for the experimental part of this study. Artificial roughness was provided by attaching crushed stones to the channel bed. Each of the three sets of experiments involved was performed using different size of bed stone, namely; 12.70 mm, 22.75 mm and 34,60 mm. The bed slopes used at each set of experiments were (0.005, 0.004, 0.003, 0.002, 0.001 and 0.0005 ), respectively.
An average calibration constant (C) of (218 × 10– 6) was obtained for TK equation for artificial reaeration. In terms of Froude number (F), the calibration constant (C) was found to have a value of (249 × 10– 6 F0.22). The analysis of the data obtained reveals that the reaeration coefficient (k2) is a function of channel bed slope. The higher values of the ratio (u* / h) were obtained at the lower values of shear velocities (u*) and flow depth (h). At each slope in each set of experiments the relationship between (k2) and (u* / h) was found to be of power function

Some substituted N-methylene-2-(3,1-benzoxazonyl-4-one) amide (3a-c) were prepared from reaction of acetic anhydride with N-acyl anthranilic acid (2a-c) was synthesized from anthranilic acid with acyl glycinyl chloride. Treatment of (3a-c) with POCl3 gave imidazolo-[1,5-a]-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one (4a-c).
Quinazoline derivatives (6a-c) were prepared by reaction of methyl anthranilate with imidoyl chloride, the resulting esters were then converted to the hydrazides (7a-c). The synthesized compounds were identificated by IR and UV spectra

Metal complexes of the general formula [M(L)2]X {where M is Cr(III) and Fe(III) and L, N- (cinnamalidene) leucine or N- (cinnamalidene) phenylalanine is a Schiff base formed by condensation of cinnamaldehyde (Cinn) with amino acid, L-Leucine (Leu) or L-Phenylalanine (Phe); X = Cl- or NO3-}, have been prepared and characterized by analytical, spectral, magnetic and conductance measurements. IR spectra showed that the nitrogen of the azomethine group, carbonyl oxygen and the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the amino acid take part in cardination. Magnetic measurements and electronic spectral studies suggested an octahedral structures for all complexes. Conductance measurements showed a 1:1 electrolytic nature of the complexes.

The polarographic behavior of doxycyline has been studied in phosphate buffer at different pH (2-9). The compound shows four reduction peaks at pH 2-4 , three reduction peaks are observed at pH 5&6 and only two reduction peaks at pH 7-9.
The best well-defined two peaks observed at pH 7.0, appearing at-1.09 V and -1.26 V versus Ag/AgCl, sat.KCl are used in this study for microdetermination of doxycycline. The lowest experimental determination limit is 1.85 x 10-7 M . The method is successfully applied to the determination of doxycycline in vivo (serum and urine)

Salicylideneanilines in CCl4 form 1:1 charge transfer complexes with Eu(fod)3, indicated by the observation of a new longer wavelength band (~435 nm).
Equilibrium constant values (K) for the complexes were obtained by applying Benesi-Hildebrand equation at different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters ∆H, ∆S and ∆G of the complex formation were determined at these temperatures

This research investigates the relationships between cloudiness and different meteorological factors in Mosul City during the period (1980-2000).
The result indicate that there is a significant variation of cloudiness during the period of study where the value of the coefficient variation (CV) is ranged between
(15-81)%.
The results also showed that there is a clear oscillation of cloudiness during the months of the year.
The correlation coefficient (R) between cloudiness and the other meteorological elements (solar radiation, sunshine hours, relative humidity, air temperature and rainfall) are: (R= -0.82, R= -0.93, R= 0.97, R= -0.96, R= 0.92) respectively.

Substitution mechanism have great effects on superconducting properties of HTSC. In this research a method is proposed to calculate the electrostatic energy for the high temperature superconductor in case of single and double ion simultaneous substitution with different oxidation state and studying the effect of changes in this energy by this substitution. For YBCO the substitution of Ca ion (+2e) instead Y ion (+3e ) decreases the electrostatic energy, and this effect increases with increasing concentration of Ca. Whereas the substitution of Pr ion (+4e) instead Y ion (+3e ) increases the electrostatic energy, and this effect increases with increasing concentration of Pr. The simultaneous substitution of the ion Pr (+4e) for concentration ( 0,05, 0.1,0.15 and 0.2 ) with increasing the concentration of Ca from (0 to 0.1) for each Pr concentration shows increase in the electrostatic energy, but shows decrease with increasing Ca.The decrease of the electrostatic energy is due is due to increase the free hole which leads to increase the transition temperature Tc whereas the increase of the electrostatic energy is due to decrease in the free hole which leads to decrease Tc .

The effect of silica filler percent on breakdown voltage(VBD) and some mechanical properties (Tensile strength (T.S),Ultimate elongation (E%)and Equilibrium swelling (Q%)) of Styrene–Butadiene rubber filled with (20,40,60,80,100) phr (part per hundred rubber) of silica have been investigated. It was found that breakdown voltage and tensile strength were increased, while ultimate elongation and equilibrium swelling were decreased with increasing of silica filler percent. The effect of thermal aging on these properties was investigated. It was found that breakdown voltage, equilibrium swelling and ultimate elongation were slightly decreased while tensile strength was increased with aging time. The largest effect during aging appeared on samples with smaller filler loading. The same tests have been done for all samples after2 years (i.e Natural aging). It was found that breakdown voltage, ultimate elongation and tensile strength were slightly decreased while equilibrium swelling was increased compared to thermal aging results, although that the effect of both agings is the same on each property for samples with different silica filler percents.

Thin films of (CdS – CdTe ) have been fabricated on glass substrates using vacuum thermal evaporation technique. The effect of substrate temperature on the electrical characteristics for the fabricated structure at (4000 0A ) thickness with 2 0A / sec deposition rate have been investigated.
The substrate temperature was very important parameter on the fabricated films , and a good adhesion film obtained at (170 0C). Resistivity of the films decreased as the substrate temperature increased up to (170 0C) and then started increasing gradually at temperatures above 170 0C. Also, has been observed that the resistivity decreased with increasing the biasing voltage.
The linear relation for ( I –V ) characteristics at different substrate temperatures has been obtained for fabricated films

This study included detection the content of callus and seedlings of
Nigella sativa L. IAA (Indole-3-acetic Acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid) of Auxins, BA (Benzyl Adenine) and kinetin of the cytokinines, the pure extraction of callus and seedlings were prepared by the use of 80 % Ethanol, diagnosis of plant growth regulators was carried out by using thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) which proved that Rf values of spots separated from callus were (0.97 / 0.62 / 0.96) which were nearly to that Rf values of the spots of standards of IAA, 2,4-D and BA which were (0.95 / 0.67 / 0.96) respectively. Also the results showed that the Rf values of spots separated from seedling extract were (0.94 / 0.78 / 0.95) which were nearly that Rf of IAA, BA and kinetin (0.95 / 0.74 / 0.96) respectively.
colorimetric method depended on salkoweski reagent was used for estimation of IAA in callus and seedling extracts of Nigella sativa, the results showed that seedling content of IAA almost reached to 20 Mg/g fresh weight, while callus extract gives 11 Mg/g fresh weight

The experiment was conducted on green house to investigate the addition effect of fresh leaves of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) and Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) on seed germination and growth of four species of the ornamental plants ( Dimorphothica aurantiaca L., Chrysanthemum carinatum L., Calendula officialis L. and Gaillardia pulchella L.).
The results showed that the effects of fresh leaves of Eucalyptus and Orange which added to the soil (Separately) caused the reduction in the percentage of seed germination of the plants. As for growth a decrease in plants planted in soils containing fresh Eucalyptus leaves, while an increase in plants planted in soils containing Orange leaves.
The results also showed different in the responses of the ornamental plants species to the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus and Orange leaves added to the soil, it appeared that Dimorphothica aurantiaca L. and Chrysanthemum carinatum L. were more sensitive to the allelopathic effect for these trees, while Calendula officialis L. and Gaillardia pulchella L. were less sensitive for these trees.

The present work aimed at investigating two genetic aspects of the antifungal Griseofulvin (GRF) in the ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus amstelodami.The first was its ability to act as a mutagen and the second was its ability to act as a photosensitizer for the DNA to be mutated by the non-mutagenic near UV(NUV). To this end, four sublethal or subinhibitory concentrations (500, 1000, 1250, 1500 g/ml) of the antifungal were tested for their ability to induce forward mutations resist to the toxic base analogue 8-azaguanine(azg) in conidia of this fungus.Within the experimental conditions specified in the present work,non of these two endpoints was fulfilled

The present study involved the poisonous effect of an aqueous extract of Nerium oleander leaves and Melia azedarach fruits on Trichomonas vaginalis, growing on Diamond’s medium (TYM) enriched with 10% of inactivated human plasma.
The results indicated that these extracts have poisonous effect on T. vaginalis. The uses of concentrations 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5 mg/ml for leaves extract of N. oleander and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.75, 2 mg/ml for fruits extract of M. azedarach, caused gradual inhibition of trichomonad numbers proportioned with the increase of concentration during different growth periods 24-48-72 hours.
The high concentrations 2.5 mg/ml for leaves extract of N. oleander and 2 mg/ml for fruits extract of M. azedarach caused inhibition of the trichomonads growth at rates 66.6% and 68.8% respectively during 72 hours of growth.
It was observed that these extracts have an effect on number of generation which decreased during different growth periods between 0.26±0.12 to 1.57±0.22 and 0.4± 0.08 to 1.53±0.13 generation in contrast with control 1.84±0.14 to 3.17±0.04 for N. oleander and 1.48±0.13 to 3.22±0.06 for M.azedarach_when high concentrations of N. oleander leaves and M. azedarach fruits extracts were used respectively. It was also observed that these extracts had an effect on generation time which increased with increasing of concentrations used during different growth periods.
The IC50 concentrations for extracts were determined which were 2 and 1.75 mg/ml for N. oleander and M. azedarach, respectively, during 72 hours of growth.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to find the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sunflower residue added to soil of )local and Syrian caltivar ( in the four growth stages )seedling, elongation, flowering and maturity (at three concentrations )2.5,1.5, 0.5 %( w.w in germination and growth of wheat and sunflower cultivars. The result showed that aqueous extracts of sunflower )Syrian( caused the reduction in germination percentage, plumule and radical growth of sun flower and wheat.
The statistical analysis of the results showed a significant difference between wheat and sunflower in sensitivity to the effect of aqueous extracts of sunflower residue (Amrabee) wheat cultivar and (local) cultivar of sunflower gave best germination and growth rates

The result of this study showed that there is decrease in the level of glutathione in the liver, kidney and heart tissues of infected mice by Trichomonas vaginalis after comparison with the control group at the at a level of (P ≤ 0.5).
This maybe gave an indicator to the oxidative harm injury or to decrease in the glutathione synthesis or building in body, which give indicator to that the infection by Trichomonas vaginalis affected negatively on the level of tissue glutathione in experimentally infected mice by this parasite.
The present study detected the level of glutathione in the tissues of infected mice by Trichomonas vaginalis to study the ability of this parasite to effect in the glutathione tissues of these mice which maybe is the one co- factor that increase the virulence of the parasite.

The present study is concerned with histological structure and histochemical composition of hydatid cyst layers of Echinococcus granulous from liver and lungs of naturally infected human being.
Through histological techniques the laminated layer appeared as series of contiguous laminations emerging from germinal layer like U shape such a result is rarely obtained. A comparative study also deals with a histochemical components of both layers of the cyst including neutral carbohydrates glucose, glycoprotein, proteins , lipids , deoxyribonucleic acid and calcium.
The histochemical study of the cyst layers laminated and germinal, has revealed that they consist of complex compounds lik neutral mucopolysaccharids, glucose , glycoproteins, glycolipids and 1, 2 glycols materials, in addition to the more hyaluronic acid, sulphated and carboxylated mucopolysaccharirs with various concentrations in both laminated and germinal layers, with proteins, particularly bound proteins were also observed. It is noticed that the germinal layer contained lipids particularly lipoproteins and phospholipids and calcium more than the laminated layer. It was also observed that the laminated layer lacks glycogen. On the other hand, the germinal layer contains glycogen, as well ascalcareous corpuscles and deoxyridonucleic acid

The study includes the isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria which are considered as members of normal flora of the human mouth. These include the Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp. on Mitis Salvarus Agar medium. Identification of these bacteria was performed depending on morphological and biochemical crieteria and the following species were identified: Lactobacillus casie, Lact. brevis, Lact. acidophilus, Lact .salivarius, Lact. fermenti, Streptococcus mitis, Str. salivarius, The study includes also the effect of the aqueous extract of Salvadora persica on the isolated bacteria which showed antiseptic effect on all species under the study.

In this work the ability of (Alfalfa) Medicago sativa extract in preparing of culture for microorganism growing was estimated, results shows that the wet plant extract was most efficient than dried plant and the (Alfalfa) medium was suitable for growing the different type of gram negative and positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus shows best growing, the growth of all types of bacteria was best at local medium in comparison with foreign medium (Nutrient agar) and it was found that the weight 60g/L of wet plant was suitable in medium preparation.

This study was conducted to show the ability of some isolates of bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces spp. and the combination between the three bacterial isolates to biodegrade Kirkuk crude oil. The results indicated that the combination were higher activity on crude oil and reached more than 82%. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa shown biodegradation percent more than 65% on crude oil, But Bacillus subtilis was more than 68% crude oil. The ability of Actinomyces spp. to biodegrade crude oil show more than 45%.
When depending by use analysis through Gas-Chromatography and Infra-Red Spectrum furthermore the viable count as another scientific indicators has been added to confirm the occurrence of biodegradation. The results showed that the viable count of the isolates increased with the time of incubation period at 28 days on crude oil, which that confirms the ability of isolates of strains in this study for a highly used of the component of this crude oil in growth

This study was conducted to prepare cold and boiled aqueous extracts of Pyrus malus fruits, and thens to isolate extracts of alkaloid, flavonoids and glycosides for this plant. The study also comprised the sisolation and study the proteinous compounds, one of the techniques used to isolation was the gel filtration technique which was isolated two compounds A (166226) Dalton, B (2925) Dalton from the cold proteinous precipitate and two compounds A (34609) Dalton, B (719) Dalton from the boiled proteinous precipitate. The effects of these extracts and compounds previously mentioned above were studied on serum glucose, total cholesterol, total lipids, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, also glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver, kidney and heart tissues in mice exposed to oxidative stress. These extracts were administrated intraperitoneally.
After one week from the treatment the results were indicated that the cold and boiled crude aqueous, non proteinous extracts, proteinous precipitate and proteinouse compounds (B) which were isolated from it at the doses of 500,500,490.35, 491.66, 9.65,8.34,5.07,3.836) mg/kg body weights ,also the alkaloids, flavonoids at the doses of (0.52,0.31) mg/kg body weights were caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum glucose, total cholesterol, total lipids, LDL-C levels and MDA level in liver, kidney and heart tissues, with an associated significant increase (p<0.05) in serum HDL-C level and GSH level in liver, kidney and heart tissues in mice exposed to oxidative stress. Finally we suggested most of extracted isolated from fruits of apple (especially the extract of flavonoids) have antioxidant in mice exposed to oxidative stress

A comprehensive and short term method has been employed to determine the radioactive contamination from natural sources. So, the natural gamma ray spectrum analysis technique using HPGe have been used to measure the emitted gamma lines from the radioactive isotopes. The specific activity of 238U, 232Th series as well as 40K was determined in the studied samples, which are consisted of eleven types of marble used as building material

ABSTRACT
In this research a theoretical method was introduced to calculate the efficiency of GaAs solar cell, with a window layer (which epitaxially grown to prevent the surface recombination process caused by surface defects) which contains Al and the effect of variation of Al concentration on the efficiency of the solar cell, where we consider the window layer as a forth layer in the energy band diagram for the photovoltaic cell. Because of the lack of information about the necessary and essential variables for calculating the efficiency like absorption coefficient, effective mass of carriers, refractive index, ...etc. This variable was calculated by numerical methods using the few existing experimental information's. Absorption coefficient, refractive index, permittivity, coefficient and diffusion lengths and relaxation times for Al concentrations (0 – 45 %) and for the effective wavelengths were calculated and used to find the efficiency at the former Al concentrations.