JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

This paper reported synthesis a new ligand derived from (chalcone- azo)
(DIDMN) which identified by available analytical and spectroscopic means such
as (1H-NMR, UV-Visible, FTIR, Mass spectrum and C.H.N), and mixed with
(1,10-phen.), The mixture coordinated with (Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pd)(II) in
mole ratio (1:1:1) (L:M:L), All complexes have been characterized by (UVVisible, FTIR, Mass spectrum,
1H-NMR and C.H.N, Magnetic Susceptibility and
Molar conductivity), An octahedral geometry was suggested for all complexes,
Except Pd(II) complex was square planner, The studying of biological activity
appeared the inhibition ability of Pd(II) complex against breast cancer cells type
(MCF-7) and also the antibacterial activity of (Hg, Cd) (II) complexes was
studied on two types of pathogenic bacteria

A new series of heterocyclic derivatives of nicotinic and mefenamic acids was obtained by
reacting the hydrazine of nicotinic and mefenamic acids with p-nitrophenyl isocyanate, Omercaptobenzoic acid. The derivatives hydrazone was obtained by reacting a new azo compound
containing a free acytal group with nicotinic and mefenamic acids hydrazide and the reaction was
monitored by TLC technique. The chemical structures of the intermediate and the final
compounds were characterized by measuring melting points, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and FT-IR.
Antibacterial studies of some of the compounds were performed. The impact of the biological
activity of these compounds was examined against two bacteria types, (Staphylococcus aureus)
and (Acinetobacter baumannii).

Since water pollution constitutes a large part of the pollutants spread on the surface
of the earth, pollution is unfortunately the most deadly silent weapon in the world
today, especially in light of technological progress. Many efforts have been made
to get rid of these pollutants. This study aimed to purify water from pollutants and
determine the ideal conditions to improve the adsorption process of eosin yellow
dye on the surface of activated carbon derived from walnut shells. Several studies
have found that different acidity functions, contact times (512 min for dye), and
temperatures (ranging from 298 to 328 K) all played an important role. The
adsorption curves were also studied as they apply to Temkin and studying the
kinetics of the reaction, and the second-order reaction was reached through the R2
value, which was the highest theoretical value by studying the dye in the optimized
geometries in the basic case B3LYP and the basis sets 6-311G using density
functional theory (DFT). The theoretical features discovered through density
functional theory (DFT) simulations such as the HOMO-LUMO value can be used
to identify the active sites. The aim of the theoretical study was to know the
energy properties of the dye.

A sequence of five-membered molecules was developed from the drug
sulfamethoxazole. The initial stage was the production of compound [S1], which
was generated by mixing terephthalaldehyde with cysteine to make a thiazolidine
compound using a sublimation technique. The second stage was the production of
compound [S2] by the combining of sulfamethoxazole with the previously
generated compound [S1]. In the third stage, the compound [S3] was produced by
mixing compound [S2] with thionyl chloride. The last step was the synthesis of
imidazoline-based derivatives via the interaction of amino acids with 3. These
were validated by evaluating the physical characteristics (melting point and Rf
values, FT-IR spectra, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra). All of these derivatives
were examined on various bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus). The efficiency of these
derivatives is substantially better than that of the same quantity of
sulfamethoxazole that is active, (S2, S6, S7).

This research,included prepare of some new derivatives of the thiazolidinone
,diazetidne and evaluation of their biological effectiveness.The first step includes formation of
new azo compound,from diazotizing a primary aromatic amine from 2-amino-5-
mercaptothiazole with sodium nitrite in HCl, followed by a reaction coupling reaction with 2-
hydroxyl naphthaldehyde. The product is then reacted with (thiosemicarbazide) or (4-amino-
5- fluoro-1H-pyrmidine-2-one)to form a Schiff base derivative B1 and B3, which B1 reacts
with α-chloroethylacetate by[2+3] cycloadition to yield a thiazolidinone derivative and B3
reacts with (4-bromophenlisocyante) or (4-nitrophenylisothiocyante) by[2+2] cycloadition to
yield diazetidine-2-on and diazetidine-2-thione . Their structures have been characterized by
FT-IR, 13C-NMR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial activity of the
prepared compounds were studied against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)
and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii).Furthermore,some new derivatives
were evaluated as antiofungals .against Yeast (Candida Albicans) And presenting it as a
future study of the importance of heterocyclic compounds in many medical, biological,
chemical and physical applications.

Silver (I) and Copper (II) complexes were prepared. The New complexes were
characterized using elemental analysis (C .H .N) and Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(FAAS) to determine the percentages of metal ions in their complexes, in addition to
molar conductivity using DMSO solvent at a concentration of (1X10-3M) and at
laboratory temperature. The infrared spectroscopy results showed clear changes in the
stretching bands of the factional groups in the complexes spectra compared to the ligand
spectrum, which confirms the occurrence of the coordination process between the
selected metal ions and the donor atoms in the ligand. While the results of the
ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis.) spectrum of the metal complex solutions in (DMSO)
showed clear charge transfer absorption peaks of the (M→L) type, evidence of the
occurrence of the coordination process. It was also confirmed by the results of the flame
atomic absorption spectrum and the results of the precise analysis of the elements
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, in agreement between the practical values obtained and
the theoretically calculated values for the compounds under study.
In addition to scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) spectroscopy of both copper
(II) and silver (I) Nano complexes with the new ligand to measure the Nano size of each
of them, the measurements showed that the complexes were within the Nano scale
range, i.e. less than 100 nm, with the crystalline nature of each of them being diagnosed.
The results of molar conductivity using DMSO solvent showed the presence of ionic
character of Ag (I)complex, which is evidence that the complex was charged and have
Electrolytic character with the presence of chloride ion outside the coordination sphere,
and that the tridentate ligand is neutral while the copper (II) Nano complex showed
Non-electrolytic behavior. their proposed geometrical shapes, where the octahedral
structure was proposed for the copper(II) Nano complexes and the tetrahedral structure
Nano silver (I) complexes. Their biological activity was studied against two specific
types of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Gram-positive (G +) Staph. aurous and
the other is Gram-negative Escherichia coli (G -). The sensitivity of the bacteria was
studied using the Well diffusion method, using three concentrations of (100, 1000, 500)
ppm in DMSO solvent under the same conditions. The Nano complexes showed high
positive results compared to the drug Theophylline. The complexes under study also
showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria that was greater than their
activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Both absorption and fluorescence spectra are studied and measured for“4(4-
HNBS),4-((4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-N-(pyrimidin-2-
yl)benzenesulfonamide”, Which is dissolved in DMF, DMSO, 2-butanol, 2-propanol,
1,4-dioxane, methanol, Ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate when
Dissolved in different solvents. Fluorescence and absorption spectra peaks are
Calculated and compared. The Solvation or dielectric constant effect is presented by
Using the Gáti and Szalay Relationship.

The study involved creating a new dithiocarbamate derivative ligand, which is
known for its significance in both medical and industrial fields. This was
accomplished by joining the CS2 group with the substituted Schiff base 4-((1-(4-
Chlorophenyl) imino) ethyl)aniline in basic medium to create the derivative sodium
(4-((1-(4- Chlorophenyl) imino) ethyl) phenyl) carbamodithioate. The derivative is
then reacted with the chlorides of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pt(II) and silver nitrate Ag(I),
and to create complexes of that derivative. Melting point measurements are performed
using ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and other physical properties to examine the
behavior of the derivative and the complexes made from it, as well as examining their
biological efficacy as anticancer agents .

In this research a new series of 1,3-Diazetidine-2-one derivatives were synthesized by the
reaction of 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetonitrile with terephthalaldehyde presence of
10%NaOH and absolute ethanol to form a compound alkene derivative. The alkene
intermediate then react with 4- amino antipyrine, nicotinic hydrazide respectively, to obtain
Schiff base derivatives. Then, it will be converted into Schiff base derivatives which will be
treated with 4- bromo phenyl iso cyanate and 4-methoxy phenyl iso cyanate respectively to
obtain the final products. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the
FT-IR, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR. In our conclusion, the antibacterial effects were tested with the
use of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii,

A straightforward, automatic, delicate fresh , high throughput sample and creative
spectrophotometric design for a new Merging Zone Injection system The automated_
method_ is based on the formation of red complex_ between Zn_(II) and new reagent
(4(4-(1,5 dimethyl-2-phenyl-pyrazole-3-one azo)-2-methoxy -5- propenylphenol)(DMPPAMPP) at 490 nm to measure Zn(II). The impact of several system
factors, including flow rate, reaction coil, and others, was examined. length, sample
volume, reagent volume, reagent concentration, and medium pH. The determined
linearity range , detection's limit LOD and limit of quantification was found to be
1 to 10 mg ml−1
,0.323 mg_.L−1
, and 1. _076 mg.L−1
, correspondingly
, 120 samples per hour is the sampling frequency. The technique was successfully
used to determine the amount of Zn(II) in pharmaceutical formulations. The recovery
average ranged between 90.35and 118.45%.

This work investigates how the preparation process affects the electrical
characteristics of the superconducting ceramic compound (Bi2-x(HgX)
BaCa1.85(Sb0.15)Cu3O10+δ) by partially substituting (Hg) for (Bi), where x = (0, 0.1,
0.2, 0.3, 0.4). In order to achieve the highest critical transfer temperature (High￾Tc) using the most efficient preparation technique, the study aims to investigate
the conditions and optimal approach for achieving stability. In order to produce a
conjugated material and promote an ideal progressive diffusion process among the
atoms, the samples were created under ideal conditions using the solid-state
reaction (SSR) method. We found the critical transition temperatures and energy
gap values for the samples (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) by using the Four-Probe
Technique to examine the resistance variation of the samples as a function of
temperature. The samples showed metallic characteristics and superconducting
behavior at 780° C. The SSR approach was used to create the ideal sample, which
had a composition of x = 0.4 and a critical transition temperature of Tc = 122 K. In
addition to outperforming other samples in terms of obtaining superconducting
compounds with superior transition temperatures, this sample also showed the
highest energy gap value of Eg = 0.037144 eV and a hole concentration of P(hole)
= 0.16. AFM (atomic force microscopy) was also used to examine the surfaces of
these systems. Through it, the average diameter (nm), average roughness (Ra), and
root mean square (Rg) were calculated. The results showed that the sample with
the replacement ratio (0.4) had the bast average diameter of (608.8)

This study reports on a cloud point extraction (CPE) method devised for the
thorough separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric estimation of
cadmium (Cd(II)) from solutions and food matrices using azo derivatives as
complexing agents. The research problem under study concerns the sensitive and
selective determination of Cd(II), a heavy metal recognized as toxic due to its
profound environmental and health dangers. The specific aim was to optimize and
check CPE method reproducibility for the more stable chelation complexes of
cadmium (II) 4-((4-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonamide (HQDBS)
and 3-((1H-indol-5-yl)diazenyl)quinolin-4-ol (IDQ). The optimization was performed
by testing the following fundamental parameters: pH, type and volume of surfactant
(Triton X-100), extraction temperature, and duration of heating. The maximum
absorptions (λmax) of both examined complexes of cadmium with HQDBS and IDQ
were found at 478 nm and 499 nm respectively. The spectroscopic methods and field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied to structural
characterization of the extracted complexes. The developed method was applied to
food samples and validated with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). It
was showed that the methods gave highly sensitive and good selective responses
which had a strong correlation with the FAAS results. F-test statistical calculations
showed that the differences between techniques are insignificant, thus proving the
reliability of CPE methodology expected for Cd(II) analytical chemistry. The CPE
technique is recommended for determining the presence of Cd(II) in food and
environmental samples since it is easy, economical, and less harmful to the
environment.

This research included a study of a new bead injection system design for removing
methylene blue dye using selenium nanoparticles at a wavelength of 664 nm. The
optimum conditions pH, flow rate, dye volume, and selenium nanoparticle mass were
studied and determined. Were 7 ,10 ml/min , 0.157 ml and 0.004 g respectively . The
calibration curve was prepared and the linearity range was from (0.5-25) mg/L and the
Sandell's sensitivity was = 8.695 ×
. The dispersion coefficient and repeatability
were also studied, which were 2.383 , 10 reading respectively , and it was found that the
proposed method gave good results with a recovery rate of ( 99.879 % -100.064% ).

Formazan derivatives composites were equipped concluded condensation reactions
and using altered solvents and mediums. They were derived from Mefenamic acid
and were converted to a primary amine by reacting it with semicarbazide and going
through an esterification step, where this amine was converted to Anil derivative for
coupling reaction. Preparation of Macro-Cyclic-Formazan and Macro-CyclicFormazan-Triazan, which was synthesized for the first time as a bioorganic
compounds via cyclization step with coupling reaction. The physical and chemical
properties of the synthesized compounds are provided. The compounds were
identified by FTIR, 1H.NMR and 13C.NMR spectroscopy, and evidence of the
formation of these compounds was obtained. The second part of the research
included a study of its behaviour against breast cancer as a type of cancer, where the
results showed the emergence of strong inhibition of tumour cells at a concentration
of (600 ppm) for Macro-Cyclic-Formazan-Triazan indicating the effect of
heteroatoms on the effectiveness of the compound.

To determination of sulfanilamide (SNA) as a pure and pharmaceutical forms by
easy, fast, and sensitive method. A liquid ion association complex of SNA
formation by NiCl4
-2
in the presence of nonionic surfactants TritonX-114 and
mixture of (TritonX-114+Tween80) to form cloud point layer. The highest
absorption at 277nm with both surfactants. The optimum conditions effect on the
separation method was studied: concentration of HCl (0.8M), temperature (75℃),
heating time (15min), the concentration of Ni (II) was 100μg.mL
-1
, and (0.5mL) of
both surfactants. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of
10-100μg.mL
-1with LOD of (0.984 μg.mL
-1
) and LOQ of (2.98 μg.mL
-1
) with
TritonX-114 and LOD of (0.9936μg.mL
-1
) and LOQ of (3.011μg.mL
-1
) with
mixture (TritonX-114+Tween80). SNA spectrophotometric determination was
carried out by CPE and compared with HPLC. The results showed no significant
differences between the two methods.

Background: Tissue damage is a common and characteristic feature of
autoimmune diseases. Tissue damage has been significantly associated with blood
vessels, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF- A) it has great
importance of angiogenesis in organs, tissues, and glands. aimed the current study to
measure the levels of VEGF- A and its relationship to clinical manifestations of thyroid
tissue damage and follicle enlargement in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's
disease (HI). Evaluated demographic factors (Age, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic
pressure) for the two study groups and functional thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T4, T3,
FT4, FT3) Also assessing the levels of diagnostic antibodies to the disease (Anti-TPO,
Anti-TG), The current study was conducted on 30 Iraqi female patients in Najaf
Governorate in Iraq diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and 30 healthy women. The
ages of the study groups ranged from 25 to 50 years. methods used electro
chemiluminescence immune assay ECLIA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Sandwich -ELISA, (Competitive- ELISA) in determining the levels of Study criteria.
The findings indicated that the Hashimoto's group's BMI was higher than that of the
health group., while the levels of functional hormones T3, FT3, FT4 decreased, the
study also showed an increase in levels of (TSH, Anti-TPO, Anti-TG), the study showed
VEGF-A levels in the serum of women in the HI group were significantly higher than
those in the health group. The study revealed the involvement of VEGF-A in the tissue
damage that occurs to the thyroid gland in the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's

High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A
connection between genetic variations and the incidence of type 2 diabetes has been
shown by several studies conducted in various nations, while others are unable to
detect a noticeable outcome. In Iraq, diabetes has become an epidemic in the past
ten years, paralleling the global rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The goal
of our research was to examine the relationship between T2DM disease in Iraqi
patients and the polymorphism of the HNF4A SNP rs2144908. A group of 100
healthy control individuals and a group of 100 T2DM patients participated in a case￾control study. Using specially created primers for this research, the RT-PCR
technique was utilized. The findings of the assessment of biochemical parameters
showed a marked rise in the codominant, dominant, overdominant, and additive
genotype models between the two groups. In codominant characteristics, it indicates
that for GG, GA, and AA, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, and VLDL have shown values,
while in dominant for GG vs. GA + AA, the insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, TG,
LDL, and VLDL have shown significant values. As we Know this is the first study
in Iraq deal with this gene with T2DM, so the study indicated that the development
of T2DM is significantly influenced by HNF4A rs2144908 G/A in Iraqi patients.

New azo reagent 2-[Benz Thiazol azo]-1 –Dopamine , The reagent was
Prepared through a coupled reaction and characterized using spectroscopic methods,
including (FTIR) and (UV. –Vis.) is spectroscopy , as well as proton nuclear
Magnetic resonance ( HNMR).to verify its chemical identity .This reagent was used
to estimate Zinc( II ) ion through the formation of a doubly charged complex,
Which was extracted and identified using cloud point extraction(CPE) technique ,
Optimization conditions and factors affecting is study that effected on extraction
Efficiency E%. The measured of spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of at λ max
=515 nm for Zn+2 complex . The conditions for complex formation and extraction
Using (CPE)technique were studied and optimized , and the optimum pH is found
=9 , critical volume the Triton X-100 concentration is at 0.5 mL, heating time is 85
C˚. Thermodynamic study of parameters to CPE are also calculated ,and their values
Were as follows ΔH =0. 243874 KJ ,ΔG=-0. 181914134 KJ and ΔS =50.8821 J
Indicating that the reaction is endothermic (LOD=6.4486x10-6
µg mL-1
) and LOQ=
6.4486x10-5
µg mL-1
, with( Molar absorptivity Ɛ=286.88L.mol-1
,cm-1
. The
Stoichiometry of the ]Zn+2(BTAD)[ showed that the ratio of M:L obtained are (1:1).
at optimum conditions , the analysis 10 mL of sample yielded pre concentration
Factor and enrichment factor of (200 and65.92366) respectively, while the
Sandal's sensitivity(4.1x10-6
µg cm-2
).Standard calibration curve was linearity at
Range between 0.05-1ppm, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9933. The RSD% of
Repeated measurements by a concentration of determinations at (90) µg 10mL−1 is
74.11%this developed method was applied to estimate Zinc concentration in
Different samples and compered whit FAAS for samples and use t-test to compered
The results accept Nell hypothesis and this method can be depend at confidence
Limit 95%.

The new heterocyclic azo ligand, (E)-2-amino-3-(2-((2-hydroxy-4-
nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, was synthesized by the
reaction of histidine with 5-nitro-2-amino phenol. Various analytical methods,
including mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, CHN elemental analysis, and UV-vis
spectroscopy, facilitated the characterization of a recently developed azo ligand. This
ligand served as the basis for synthesizing a set of coordination compounds with
Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Au(III) ions, which were subsequently
examined using several of the same techniques. Measurements of magnetic
susceptibility and molar conductivity were also conducted. The data from electronic
spectra and magnetic properties indicate an “octahedral structure” for the entire
compounds excluding Au(III) compound, which adopts a “square planar geometry.”
All complexes exhibit non-electrolyte properties, with the exception of the Au(III)
complex, which displays electrolyte properties. The behavior of the new azo ligand is
a tridentate, according to the results overall. The complex Au(III) anticancer
properties are very efficacious. The Au-complex destroys leukemia cells while not
affecting healthy cells. This compound holds promise as a fresh therapeutic option for
tackling leukemia cancer, with plans brewing to explore its impact on additional
cancer varieties down the road.

A new organic reagent [3-((2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-5nitrobenzene-1,2-
diol] (CHPDND) was prepared and characterized by (IR, HNMR, 13C-NMR, C.H.N)
used for spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution. The
maximum wavelength of organic reagent λmax=410nm and for its complex with Pb(II)
was 395nm. The study includes all optimal parameters for Pb(II) ions extraction as
chelation complex by cloud point method such as pHex, temperature in addition to
calculate thermodynamic data ΔHex, ΔGex, and ΔSex, heating time, surfactant volume,
etc. Slope analysis method used for determine the probable structure of Pb(II)-
(CHPDND) complex was 1:1. Applied method for spectrophotometric determination of
Pb(II) in some environmental samples with LOD=0.219mg/L and LOQ=0.664mg/L and
the results compared with AAS as standard method.

Benzoin is prepared by the condensation of two aldehyde molecules in the presence
of potassium cyanide as a catalyst. The carbonyl group of the benzoin reacts with the
primary amine groups of the phenylhydrazine derivative to give a hydrozone derivative
(Schiff base). Sodium thiocyanide reacts with the imine group by ( 2+3 ) addition
reaction in acidic media to produce a five-ring heterocyclic derivative of 1,2,4-
triazolidine-3-thione Derivative. The product have biological activity with Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus. , The course of interaction was followed up with TLC, and the
compounds prepared were diagnosed with infrared radiation spectrum FTIR and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrum 1H-NMR.

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In this study, click chemistry is used to synthesize heterocyclic
derivatives from the medication sulphadoxine. To create the (S) derivative,
sulphadoxine initially interacted with sodium nitrate, sodium hydrochloric acid,
and sodium azide (1).,then P-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 3-bromo-1-propyne
reacted in the second stage to form the (A) derivative, which then reacted with
various aromatic ketones to create many additional chalcons derivatives (A3-A5).
These chalcons then reacted with the (S) derivative to create the triazole
derivatives (E3-E5). These structures were found using TLC, FT-IR,
1H-NMR,13CNMR and the study of Molecular docking of some derivatives.

The research involved the preparation of mono- and bis-tetrazole ring
derivatives from the 4,4-thio-dianiline compound as a substrate. These derivatives were
prepared using two methods. The first method was a multicomponent reaction, where
4,4-thiodianiline reacted with sodium azide and triethyl orthoformate in glacial acetic
acid as a solvent with reflux. The second method involved converting 4,4- 4,4-
thiodianiline to an organic azide derivative by reacting diazanium salt with inorganic
azide, followed by reacting the organic azide with phenyl isothiocyanate. In addition, a
chloroacetamide derivative containing a tetrazole ring was prepared using an SN2
reaction. The characterization of these compounds was conducted by measuring their
melting points and using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Compound C3, which contains a tetrazole ring group with a free aromatic primary amine
group, was selected for investigation as an antioxidant compared to Ascorbic acid.

Background: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems and
medical research. Broadly speaking, tumors can be classified into two main
categories: solid tumors and hematologic (liquid) malignancies. While hematologic
cancers-such as leukemia and lymphoma-primarily affect the blood and bone
marrow, solid tumors are characterized by the abnormal growth of tissue in the
form of a mass or lump within a specific organ or body site. Solid tumors
encompass a wide range of cancers, including those of the breast, lung, prostate,
colon, liver, brain, and many others. These malignancies account for a substantial
portion of global cancer cases and deaths, highlighting the urgent need for
continued research, early detection, and effective treatment strategies. Patients
and Healthy Control a total of 60 individuals were enrolled in the current study,
divided into two main groups: The first group (patients): included 30 patients
diagnosed with various types of solid malignant tumors, ranging in age from 27 to
77 years. The second group (healthy controls): included 30 healthy individuals,
serving as a control group, ranging in age from 26 to 66 years. Kits and
technique: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to determine the level
ofGalectin-13and Integrinin the serum samples of the study individuals.
Results:the results showed a significant decrease in Galectin-13 levels in the study
patients both before (p=0.022) and after receiving treatment (p=0.050) compared to
the control group,On the other hand, the results of the current study indicate no
significant changes (p=0.707) in Galectin-13 levels in solid tumor patients before
receiving chemotherapy and after completing the doses specified by the
specialists.Statistical analysis using an ANOVA test revealed a significant increase
in Integrin levels in samples from patients with solid tumors before treatment
compared to healthy individuals (p=0.012), while the results indicated that levels of
this protein did not decrease significantly after chemotherapy (p=0.389). The study
indicated that Integrin levels in patients with solid cancers after chemotherapy
declined to levels close to those recorded in the healthy group, with no statistical
differences recorded when comparing these two groups (p=0.090),The study
showed that the highest sensitivity(97%) Galectin-13 and Integrin. The results
showed that the combined sensitivity reached its maximum (100%) Galectin-13
and Integrin , while the highest specificity (91%) was recorded for integrins.
Conclusions: Galectin-13 and Integrin are excellent tools for diagnosing malignant
solid tumors. Integrin are an effective follow-up function for cancerous tumor
detection

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most
common causes of chronic liver disease in Western countries, most likely related to
the increased incidence of obesity, metabolic illnesses, and exposure to certain
environmental chemicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to forecast the
severity and course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients who
were in the early stages of the disease., Cathepsins are the most prevalent lysosomal
proteases, mostly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments, where they play a
key role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immunological
responses, among a variety of other function., Evaluated demographic factors (Age,
BMI, ) for the two study groups and insulin ,blood glucose and HOMA IR and lipid
profile and liver function test and albumin Also assessing the levels of Cathespin L
level, The current study was conducted on 60 Iraqi patients in Najaf Governorate,
Iraq, diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in addition to 30
healthy individuals. The age of study groups ranged from 20 to 60 years. Methods:
The Cobas C111 device and the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) were used to determine the levels of study criteria. Results indicated that
the body mass index (BMI) of the fatty liver disease that of the healthy group, while
HDL and albumin levels decreased. The study also showed group was higher than an
increase in LDL and vLDL cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and ALT. The study
showed that Cathespin L levels in the serum of patients were significantly higher than
those in the healthy group.

This study involved the preparation of a new nanopolymer with outstanding
environmental properties and high stability. The polymer was manufactured through a
copolymerization process involving hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. The
starting materials used were acrylic acid (AA), methyl cellulose (MC), and polylactic
acid (PLA).To achieve the nanopolymerization, a free-radical photopolymerization
method was employed. This process involved the polymerization of methyl cellulose,
acrylic acid, and polylactic acid, with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA) as a cross￾linking agent and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone as a photoinitiator.The resulting
nanopolymer combines the properties of the starting materials, demonstrating its high
environmental friendliness and structural stability. This makes it a promising candidate
for applications requiring high-performance and sustainable materials. The nanopolymer
was characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and TEM techniques. The swelling
ratio of this polymer was measured as a type of gel polymer. The study applied the
nanopolymer to the spectroscopic determination of lead(II) ions. The optimal conditions
for the determination process were determined, such as determining the wavelength of
maximum absorption. A spectroscopic reference method was used to calculate the
remaining ion using a new standard method for estimating the ion is characterized by the
use of the reagent (2-[(6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl) azo]-4-methoxyphenol) 6-
MBTAMP at a wavelength of 670 nm, pH 7, reagent volume of 0.5 ml, and ion volume
of 2 ml. A standard calibration curve for the lead(II) complex was also prepared before
adsorption. Studying the best conditions for the adsorption process and estimating the
effect of pH, shaking time, mass of the adsorbed surface, and volume of the ion solution
on the adsorption process. A calibration curve was also prepared after the adsorption
process to estimate the remaining lead(II) ions. Linearity range was 0.5 to 10 mg.L-1
,
and Sandell's sensitivity was 0.1666 µg.cm
-2
, molar absorptivity( Ƹ ) was
1.2432×103
L.mol-1
.cm
-1
.