Iraqi Journal of Science

The present study included the use of the approximate semi-experimental
method, the time-independent density function theory (unrestricted), the timedependent
density function theory, and Hartree-Fock method to calculate the
reaction pathway of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac with its common ionic
carriers (sodium and potassium). The basis sets used were STO-3G, 3-21G, 6-31G,
and 6-311G. The drug was studied with two new proposed carrier ions (lithium and
calcium) which were compared with common carriers. The calculations included the
optimized geometrical structure and some physical properties such as standard heat
of formation, dipole moment, total energies, and analytical spectra of IR, UV-VIS
and 1H NMR. The biological and toxicological activities and the nonlinear optical
(NLO) properties were also studied theoretically for the drug and for its proposed
and common carriers. All calculations were performed using Gaussian-09 program.
The results of the proposed carriers were compared with the common carriers in
terms of activation energies, transition states, and products. This study is considered
as a step to develop diclofenac prodrugs and find new carriers for diclofenac. The
proposed lithium showed a good result and a potential for use as a drug carrier. The
results also showed the convergence of the values of the common carriers (Na, K)
and those of the proposed carrier (Ca), with their preference over it.

The aquatic Heptageniidae family of Ava-sheen branch (Greater Zab Tributary)
in Duhok Governorate/ Iraq was studied. Samples were collected using Surber
stream sampler to study their diagnostic morphological characteristics and molecular
phylogenetic profile using a nuclear gene 16s ribosomal RNA. The morphological
and molecular identification supported that the three species, Epeorus longimanus,
Heptagenia elegantula and Ephemerella cornutus belong to Heptageniidae family,
while the molecular results also confirmed the monophyletic origin of these three
genera.

This study was carried out to isolate opportunistic hydrocarbons oil-degrading
bacteria and develop a consortium or a mixture of bacteria with high biodegradation
capabilities which can be used in biological treatment units of the contaminated
water before release. The biological processes in general are environmentally
friendly and cost effective, as they are easy to design and apply; as such they are
more appropriate to the public.
The location of the study was in Al-Dora refinery sludge holes area. The samples
were collected for three seasons (winter, spring and summer) each consisted of three
months. The sludge samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical
parameters. Temperature values of the sludge were at maximum in summer season,
reaching 32˚C, whereas they were at minimum in winter (24 ˚C). The values of
sludge pH were at maximum in summer (9.70) and minimum in winter (9.20).
Turbidity levels were 382 NTU in spring and 353 NUT in winter. Biological oxygen
demand (BOD5) was at maximum in summer (760) and (690 mg/l) in winter. The
maximum dissolved oxygen (DO) value of 5.20 mg/l was recorded in winter, while
the minimum was 3.80 mg/l recorded in summer. The maximum electrical
conductivity (EC) was 17130 μs/cm recorded in summer, while the minimum was
16150 μs/cm recorded in winter. The maximum total dissolved solids (TDS) values
were 10335 mg/l recorded in summer, while the minimum (10015 mg/l) was
recorded in winter. The maximum total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) value (431
mg/l) was recorded in summer, while the minimum (367 mg/l) was recorded in
spring. Finally, the maximum salinity value (9.90%) was recorded in spring, while
the minimum (9.30%) was recorded in winter. Also, hydrocarbon compounds in
sludge samples were measured using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
(GC-MS), and the result showed that they were composed of 31 hydrocarbon
compounds.In the present work, nineteen sludge degrading bacterial strains were
isolated from the soil near Al-Dora refinery hole by primary and secondary
screenings using a modified mineral salt medium supplemented with 1% (v/v)
sludge as a carbon source. The most efficient two sludge degraded isolates identified
by VITIK 2 compact were Kocuria rosea and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The tow
isolates and there mixture showed best growth at 30°C for 12 days, as shown by the
measurement of the optical density of the liquid culture and the final oil
concentration by spectrophotometer.
The bacterial isolates in liquid media with 2% (v/v) sludge showed best growth
and the maximum biodegradation percentage after 12-day incubation period, as
determined by gas chromatographic (GC). The degradation values were 68.9, 93.8
and 95.5% for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Kocuria rosea and the mixture of the tow
isolates, respectively. In optimum conditions of pH 7, 40°C, 12 days incubation, the
mixed bacterial consortium showed maximum sludge degradation.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most prevalent cutaneous parasitic
protozoan infections in Iraq; characterized by a chronic infection and granulomatous
disease that invades the skin. Type 1 immune was predominates in CL patients with
exacerbated production of pro-inflammatory cytokine, therefore this study aimed to
evaluate serum level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and monokine induce by
interferon gamma (MIG/CXCl9) as a useful markers of disease development in
patients during different stage of infection (<1 month .. early , 1-6 month.. chronic
and >6 months.. late). The result showed that there was an early effort to eliminate
the parasite proliferation which illustrated by a high significant increase of both
IFN-γ and MIG during the early stage of infection, but this response was downregulated
during the chronic stage of infection, which observed by low levels of both
studied cytokine and monokine, nevertheless this down-regulation was transient
where the levels to increase returns during the late stage of infection. The evaluation
of IFN-γ and MIG considered as a biological markers of disease activity in each
stage of infection.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum levels of clusterin (CLU) in type 2 diabetics with and without cardiovascular disease and to explore possible correlations with insulin resistance and related progression of cardiovascular disease in Iraqi men.
Methods: Sixty-three T2DM patients, including forty-two with cardiovascular disease (CVD), were divided into three subgroups; twenty-one with myocardial infraction (MI), twenty-one with other CVD, and twenty-one without any cardiac complication. In addition, a group of twenty-one men served as healthy controls (HCs) for comparison purposes. The four groups were analyzed for parameters that included fasting serum glucose (FSG), lipid profile, fasting serum insulin (FSI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cardiac Troponin-I (cTn-I), CK-MB, and some other biochemical variables. Results: Our results showed that the serum CLU levels were higher in T2DM with MI than the other groups of patients, while the levels were significantly elevated in the entire T2DM group as compared to the control group. Serum levels of CLU showed significantly positive correlations with cTn-I and CK-MB (r= 0.658 p < 0.01and r = 0.575, p < 0.01 , respectively), whereas the correlation with HDL-C was negative. However, the other parameters exhibited weak correlations with serum CLU levels. Conclusions: CLU participates in the event of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance in Iraqi males with T2DM and may be used as predictor for CVD development in T2DM patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a permanent loss of kidney function which is
diagnosed when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is under 60 ml\min\1.73m2 for
more than three months. The present study was conducted at Kidney Transplant and
Dialysis Center in the Medical City in Baghdad from October 2018 to April 2019.
Sixty CKD patients with an age ranged of 40 to 65 years and 25 healthy subjects
were involved in this study. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the levels of
kidney function parameters and thyroid hormones. The levels of urea, creatinine and
uric acid showed highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) increases in CKD patient in
comparison with the control group, while the values of GFR and creatinine
clearance showed highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) decreases. The results of thyroid
hormones showed highly significant (p < 0.01) decreases in the levels of T3 and T4
along with a highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the level of TSH in the
patients.

This research attempts to find the association between single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) of IL2+166 gene (rs2069763) and type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) in a sample of Iraqi patients. A total of 44 patients and 55 apparently
healthy volunteers were genotyped for the SNP using polymerase chain reaction test.
Three genotypes (GG, GT, and TT) corresponding to two alleles (G and T) were
found to have SNP. Both study groups’ genotypes had a good agreement for the
analysis of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The results revealed increased frequencies
between the observed and expected GG and TT genotypes and IL2+166 SNP T allele
in T2DM patients (40.9 vs. 40.0 %; OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.47 - 2.31), whereas the
values in the control group were 11.4 vs. 9.1 %; OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 0.35 - 4.68.
Nevertheless, both variations did not reach a significant level. In the Iraqi
population, the IL2+166 SNP was not associated with T2DM and, therefore, no
association with its etiopathogensis was found.

Genotoxic effects of crude bacteriocin extracted from Citrobacter freundii were
detected on albino mice bone marrow cells in vivo, using micronucleus (MN) and
comet assay. The mice were administered intraperitoneally with 37.5, 75, 150 and
300 mg/kg of the extract for 24 hours. C. freundii was isolated from patients
suffering from urinary tract infections (UTI). The bacteriocin producing isolates
were determined using cup assayand the most efficient bacteriocin producers were
selected. Bacteriocin was extracted from the efficient isolates via the induction with
Mitomycin-C (2 mg/ml). Bacteriocin activity (320 U/ml) was determined by well
diffusion method, while the protein concentration (2900μg/ml) was estimated by
Lowery method. The results showed an acute dose-dependent toxic effect of the
crude bacteriocin ; The higher doses (150 and 300 mg/kg) caused a significant
increase (P≤0.05) in the micronuclei frequency in the bone marrow cells (4.62 and
5.37%, respectively (. Furthermore, DNA damage increased significantly (P≤0.05)
and proportionally to higher bacteriocin doses (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg), as
demonstrated by increased values of tail length (145.18, 267.73 and 295.08 %,(
%DNA in tail (8.05, 13.87 and 14.31 %(, and olive tail moment (13.25, 22.72 and
25.85 % , respectively.

This study was designed to highlight the role of Epstein Barr viruses (EBV) as
a possible causative effect in multiple sclerosis (MS) through testing the viral load
along with both biochemical and immunological parameters in female MS patients.
We also aimed at finding the effects of different types of treatment line on the
various study aspects. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) revealed first an increased level of EBV EBNA1IgG IL-17A (96.13±27.60
pg/ml) in sera of female MS patients (0.05±0.01 U/ml, n=50) compared with the
control group (n=40). We confirmed this result using real-time polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) which also showed a significantly higher EBV load in MS
patients (22.61±12.72 copies/ml) as compared to the control. This was associated
with an increased level of IL-17A (96.13±27.60 pg/ml) in the patients, while levels
of both melatonin hormone (0.63±0.19 pg/ml) and vitamin D3 (29.90±12.41 ng/ml)
showed a significant decrease as compared to the normal values of the control
group. Analysis of the relation between each of the studied parameters with the level
of disability in the patients, as reflected by the expanded disability status score
(EDSS), revealed no significant differences between the two categories of EDSS ˂3
and ≥3 patients in terms of EBV EBNA1IgG levels, whereas they were slightly
different in terms of IL-17A and vitamin D3 (p <0.001). With respect to differences
between the treatment lines, the results from the showed analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test showed no significant differences in all the tested parameters
between patients treated with the first line (Rebif, Avonex, Betaferon) and secondline
(Gilenya, Tysabri). However, the only significant difference in comparison to
the control group was found in levels of IL-17.
It could be concluded that EBV has a crucial role in the initiation and targeting
MS disease, leading to increasing levels of IL-17A, and decrease serum levels of
melatonin hormone for female patients.

Medical imaging is a technique that has been used for diagnosis and treatment of
a large number of diseases. Therefore it has become necessary to conduct a good
image processing to extract the finest desired result and information. In this study,
genetic algorithm (GA)-based clustering technique (K-means and Fuzzy C Means
(FCM)) were used to segment thyroid Computed Tomography (CT) images to an
extraction thyroid tumor. Traditional GA, K-means and FCM algorithms were
applied separately on the original images and on the enhanced image with
Anisotropic Diffusion Filter (ADF). The resulting cluster centers from K-means and
FCM were used as the initial population in GA for the implementation of GAKMean
and GAFCM. Jaccard index was used to study resemblance, dissimilarity,
distance between two sets of images, and effect of ADF on enhancing the CT
images. The results showed that ADF increases the segmentation accuracy, where
the value of Jaccard index of similarity between the ground truth image and
segmented image was increased for all segmentation algorithms, in particular for
FCM and GAFCM where similarity percent was up to 88%.

In this work, the external switching dynamics of a Fabry-Perot etalon are studied
via optical bistability system simulation. The simulated set-up of this investigation
consists of two laser beams; the first beam is continuous (CW) which is considered
as a biasing beam and capable of holding the bistable system for a certain range,
which we are interested in, from a point that is very close self-switching to a point
where the switching is unachievable. The second beam is modulated by passing the
first beam through an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) to produce pulses with a
minimum rise time and is used as an external source (coherent switching). In this
work, we obtained the optical bistable loops by applying absorption coefficient (α) =
20cm-1, e sample etalon thickness (D) = 110μm, forward mirror reflectivity (Rf) =
0.6, and backward mirror reflectivity (Rb) = 0.95. The steady state characteristic of
an initial detuning of the cavity (φ0) = 0.8 was studied at the conditions of no
external input pulse intensity (M(t) = 0) and switching that takes place at Is(ON)=
0.57mW and Is(OFF) = 0.4mW.

In this paper Zener diode was designed by mixing three mixing ratios of Ag2O(1-
x)ZnO(x), where x is 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1, that are deposited on a p-type porous silicon
using laser induced plasma technique at room temperature (RT). The results of the
Zener diode showed a decrease in knee and Zener voltage when the mixing ratio of
Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure was increased. Nanofilms of 200nm thickness were
prepared from pure ZnO and Ag2O as well as Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) with three maxing
ratios and deposited on glass slides at RT to analyze the structure and optical
properties. The structures of Ag2O and Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) showed high absorbance in
the visible region with redshift in spectra when the mixing ratio was increased, while
ZnO had a high absorbance in the ultraviolet region. It is concluded that when the
value of x increases the energy gap value for the Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure decreases

In this paper Zener diode was designed by mixing three mixing ratios of Ag2O(1-
x)ZnO(x), where x is 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1, that are deposited on a p-type porous silicon
using laser induced plasma technique at room temperature (RT). The results of the
Zener diode showed a decrease in knee and Zener voltage when the mixing ratio of
Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure was increased. Nanofilms of 200nm thickness were
prepared from pure ZnO and Ag2O as well as Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) with three maxing
ratios and deposited on glass slides at RT to analyze the structure and optical
properties. The structures of Ag2O and Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) showed high absorbance in
the visible region with redshift in spectra when the mixing ratio was increased, while
ZnO had a high absorbance in the ultraviolet region. It is concluded that when the
value of x increases the energy gap value for the Ag2O(1-x)ZnO(x) structure decreases

In this paper, a comparison between horizontal and vertical OFET of Poly (3-
Hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an active semiconductor layer (p-type) was studied by
using two different gate insulators (ZrO2 and PVA). The electrical performance
output (Id-Vd) and transfer (Id-Vg) characteristics were investigated using the
gradual-channel approximation model. The device shows a typical output curve of a
field-effect transistor (FET). The analysis of electrical characterization was
performed in order to investigate the source-drain voltage (Vd) dependent current
and the effects of gate dielectric on the electrical performance of the OFET. This
work also considered the effects of the capacitance semiconductor on the
performance OFETs. The values of current, as calculated using MATLAB
simulation, exhibited an increase with increasing source-drain voltage. Also, the
organic transistor modeling software was used to evaluate the transconductance
calculated. The best results for the vertical OFET were achieved using the gate
insulators of ZrO2.

The main objective of this study is to develop a rate of penetration (ROP) model
for Khasib formation in Ahdab oil field and determine the drilling parameters
controlling the prediction of ROP values by using artificial neural network (ANN).
An Interactive Petrophysical software was used to convert the raw dataset of
transit time (LAS Readings) from parts of meter-to-meter reading with depth. The
IBM SPSS statistics software version 22 was used to create an interconnection
between the drilling variables and the rate of penetration, detection of outliers of
input parameters, and regression modeling. While a JMP Version 11 software from
SAS Institute Inc. was used for artificial neural modeling.
The proposed artificial neural network method depends on obtaining the input
data from drilling mud logging data and wireline logging data. The data then
analyzes it to create an interconnection between the drilling variables and the rate of
penetration.
The proposed ANN model consists of an input layer, hidden layer and outputs
layer, while it applies the tangent function (TanH) as a learning and training
algorithm in the hidden layer. Finally, the predicted values of ROP are compared
with the measured values. The proposed ANN model is more efficient than the
multiple regression analysis in predicting ROP. The obtained coefficient of
determination (R2) values using the ANN technique are 0.93 and 0.91 for training
and validation sets, respectively. This study presents a new model for predicting
ROP values in comparison with other conventional drilling measurements.

This study includes a palynological and organic geochemical evaluation of Nahr
Umr, Zubair, and Yamama Formations in the Subba field, Southern Iraq,
represented by three wells (Su-14, Su-9 and Su-8). The determination of quantity
organic matter showed that the rocks of Nahr Umr Formation had a total organic
carbon of 4.76%, indicating very good production of hydrocarbons where type (II)
kerogen was dominant, but the rocks were thermally immature. Zubair Formation
had a total organic carbon of 1.91% to 2.26%, indicating good to very good
production of hydrocarbons where kerogen of types (I) and (II/III) were dominant,
with low thermal maturity. Yamama Formation showed a total organic carbon of
1.68%, revealing good production of hydrocarbons where type (I) kerogen was
dominant, with low thermal maturity. Facies analysis of Nahr Umr, Zubair and
Yamama Formations demonstrated the presence of two facies, namely the distal
dysoxic-Oxic shelf and the distal suboxic-Anoxic basin. It is clear that the
environment of rock deposition is a marine environment, which is far from the coast.

In this paper, we provide some types of - -spaces, namely, - ( )-
(respectively, - ( )- , - ( )- and - ( )-) spaces for minimal structure
spaces which are denoted by ( -spaces). Some properties and examples are given.
The relationships between a number of types of - -spaces and the other existing
types of weaker and stronger forms of -spaces are investigated. Finally, new types
of open (respectively, closed) functions of -spaces are introduced and some of
their properties are studied.

Despite ample research on soft linear spaces, there are many other concepts that
can be studied. We introduced in this paper several new concepts related to the soft
operators, such as the invertible operator. We investigated some properties of this
kind of operators and defined the spectrum of soft linear operator along with a
number of concepts related with this definition; the concepts of eigenvalue,
eigenvector, eigenspace are defined. Finally the spectrum of the soft linear operator
was divided into three disjoint parts.

In this paper, the concept of - - - - set (resp., - - -
- , - - - - and - - - - ) was introduced
by using the concept of in and
. Some properties and examples with illustrative tables and an applied
example were presented.

Let R be a Γ-ring and G be an RΓ-module. A proper RΓ-submodule S of G is said
to be semiprime RΓ-submodule if for any ideal I of a Γ-ring R and for any RΓ-
submodule A of G such that (I )2 A  S or I I A S which implies that
I A S . The purpose of this paper is to introduce interesting results of
semiprime RΓ-submodule of RΓ-module which represents a generalization of
semiprime submodules.

Copulas are very efficient functions in the field of statistics and specially in
statistical inference. They are fundamental tools in the study of dependence
structures and deriving their properties. These reasons motivated us to examine and
show various types of copula functions and their families. Also, we separately
explain each method that is used to construct each copula in detail with different
examples. There are various outcomes that show the copulas and their densities with
respect to the joint distribution functions. The aim is to make copulas available to
new researchers and readers who are interested in the modern phenomenon of
statistical inferences.

The purpose of this paper is to study the application of Weyl module’s resolution
in the case of two rows which will be specified in the partitions (7, 7) and (7, 7) / (1,
0), using the homological Weyl (i.e. the contracting homotopy and place
polarization).

A prey-predator model with Michael Mentence type of predator harvesting and
infectious disease in prey is studied. The existence, uniqueness and boundedness of
the solution of the model are investigated. The dynamical behavior of the system is
studied locally as well as globally. The persistence conditions of the system are
established. Local bifurcation near each of the equilibrium points is investigated.
Finally, numerical simulations are given to show our obtained analytical results.

In this paper, we introduce and study the notions of fuzzy quotient module, fuzzy
(simple, semisimple) module and fuzzy maximal submodule.
Also, we give many basic properties about these notions.

The aims of this paper is investigating the spread of AIDS both within-host,
through the contact between healthy cells with free virus inside the body, and
between-host, through sexual contact among individuals and external sources of
infectious. The outbreak of AIDS is described by a mathematical model consisting
of two stages. The first stage describes the within-host spread of AIDS and is
represented by the first three equations. While the second stage describes the
between-host spread of AIDS and represented by the last four equations. The
existence, uniqueness and boundedness of the solution of the model are discussed
and all possible equilibrium points are determined. The local asymptotic stability
(LAS) of the model is studied, while suitable Lyapunov functions are used to
investigate the global asymptotic stability (GAS) of the model. Optimal control
strategy is used to control the outbreak of AIDS. Finally, a numerical simulation is
carried out to confirm the analytical results and understand the effects of varying the
parameters on the spread of disease.

Given the high importance of attendance for university students, upon which the
possibility of keeping or losing their places in the course is based, it is essential to
replace the inefficient manual method of attendance recording with a more efficient
one. To handle this problem, technology must be introduced into this process. This
paper aims to propose an automatic attendance system based on passive Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID), fog, and cloud computing technologies (AASCF).
The system has three sides. The first one, which is the Client-side; works on
collecting the attendance data then sending a copy from it. The second side, which is
the Server-side, works on calculating an absence ratio of all the students during the
course. The third side is the Fog-server. Data sent by the client-side reaches to the
Fog-server which, in turn, sends data to the cloud at the end of the of working time
at the university. This paper also reviews the state-of-the-art automatic attendance
systems and shows the merits and demerits for each approach by providing a
checklist comparison. Unlike the previous works, the proposed system protects data
from wasting and ensures its arrival to the cloud even in cases of connection losing
or device crashing, which is the contribution of this paper.

Human action recognition has gained popularity because of its wide applicability,
such as in patient monitoring systems, surveillance systems, and a wide diversity of
systems that contain interactions between people and electrical devices, including
human computer interfaces. The proposed method includes sequential stages of
object segmentation, feature extraction, action detection and then action recognition.
Effective results of human actions using different features of unconstrained videos
was a challenging task due to camera motion, cluttered background, occlusions,
complexity of human movements, and variety of same actions performed by distinct
subjects. Thus, the proposed method overcomes such problems by using the fusion
of features concept for the development of a powerful human action descriptor. This
descriptor is modified to create a visual word vocabulary (or codebook) which yields
a Bag-of-Words representation. The True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Positive
Rate (FPR) measures gave a true indication about the proposed HAR system. The
computed Accuracy (Ar) and the Error (misclassification) Rate (Er) reveal the
effectiveness of the system with the used dataset.

Identifying people by their ear has recently received import attention in the
literature. The accurate segmentation of the ear region is vital in order to make
successful person identification decisions. This paper presents an effective approach
for ear region segmentation from color ear images. Firstly, the RGB color model
was converted to the HSV color model. Secondly, thresholding was utilized to
segment the ear region. Finally, the morphological operations were applied to
remove small islands and fill the gaps. The proposed method was tested on a
database which consisted of 105 ear images taken from the right sides of 105
subjects. The experimental results of the proposed approach on a variety of ear
images revealed that this approach is efficient in segmenting ear images under
various environments and it gave a detection rate of 98.61% for ear segmentation.

In this review paper, several studies and researches were surveyed for assisting
future researchers to identify available techniques in the field of classification of
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. SAR images are becoming increasingly
important in a variety of remote sensing applications due to the ability of SAR
sensors to operate in all types of weather conditions, including day and night remote
sensing for long ranges and coverage areas. Its properties of vast planning, search,
rescue, mine detection, and target identification make it very attractive for
surveillance and observation missions of Earth resources. With the increasing
popularity and availability of these images, the need for machines has emerged to
enhance the ability to identify and interpret these images effectively. This is due to
the fact that SAR image processing requires the formation of an image from the
measured radar scatter returns, followed by a treatment to discover and define the
image's composition. After reviewing several previous studies that succeeded in
achieving a classification of SAR images for specific goals, it became obvious that
they could be generalized to all types of SAR images. The most prominent use of
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) was successful in extracting features from
the images and training the neural network to analyze and classify them into classes
according to these features. The dataset used in this model was obtained from the
Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) database,
which consists of a set of SAR images of military vehicles, for which the application
of the CNN approach achieved a final accuracy of 97.91% on ten different classes.

The purpose of this study is to deal with dust and interstellar molecular and
atomic gas owing to obtaining a proportion of cold gas to dust and to understand the
characteristics of the molecular gas in extragalactic data selected from the Herschel
SPIRE/ FTS archive. The physical properties of a sample of 65 extragalactic spectra
characterized by the activity of star formation were discussed in this work.
Statistical analyses, using STATISTICA program, were made for the content of cold
gas (MHI, MH2), dust mass (Mdust), cold temperature of dust (Td) and luminosities in
Far-infrared to CO line radiations, while coefficients of partial correlation within
those characteristics were established. The results showed that the molecular
hydrogen mass (MH2) is strongly correlated with the HI or the total gas mass
corresponding to the Far-infrared emission (LFIR) resulting from dust in the galaxies
molecular clouds. The results also indicated that these kinds of galaxies have large
molecular mass as well as high star formation efficiency per unit mass.