Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

The use of pesticides in agriculture and pest control practices has led to environmental contamination, posing serious health threats to both
humans and animals. This research aims to analyse the extent to which pesticides impose on the immune system function, focusing on their
immunotoxic impacts. Pesticides have negative immunotoxic effects by hindering various stages of immune responses through immune
suppression, allergic activity, autoimmune provocation and inflammatory stimulation. Furthermore, they may alter cytokine levelsthat increase
the susceptibility to infections or chronic ailments. Besides these impacts, pesticide residues are found in food products of animal origin such
as milk, meat and even internal organs, which raises concern beyond the direct immunotoxic effect. The chronic exposure to these substances
may contribute to immune system deficits, endocrine disruption and possible cancer in animals and humans. In conclusion, pesticides are
crucial for achieving increased productivity in farming, but endanger the health of humans and animals and weaken immune system function.
As well as immunotoxic impacts due to prolonged exposure, it disables the activities of immune cells and inflicts non‑functional toxicity
through dependence on food containing animal product

The Physalis angulata extract has various therapeutic potentials and antioxidant properties, making it a promising candidate in supportive
therapies to reduce the side effects of cytotoxic drugs. This study aimed the protective effects of P. angulata against cisplatin (CSP)‑induced
hepatootoxicity. Forty adult rats were divided into five equal groups (n = 8) and randomly distributed: Group 1 (control group): Rats were
given water and food ad libitum daily for 30 days. Group 2 (CSP group) was administered CSP (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) once on the 7th days
from the experiment. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (CSP plus P. angulata groups): Rats were injected with the same previous dose of CSP (5 mg/kg)
intraperitoneally on the 7th day of the experiment, followed by oral administration of the extract at a dose of (150 mg/kg), (250 mg/kg),
or (350 mg/kg), respectively, daily for 30 days. Twenty‑four hours after the last dose, samples of both blood and tissues were collected for
various laboratory tests (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) and light microscopic examinations were
performed. CSP administration significantly increased of liver weight, ALT level, and AST. Histology changes, CSP caused vasodilation,
and congestion with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatment with P. angulata restored the levels of hepatic biochemical markers toward
normality and histological architecture of hepatic tissues.