JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

(Praise be to God the house of the book, and the path of the cloud, and the teacher of science and literature, creator of people from dust, the faithful believers Aziz Wahab, and prayers and peace on the best of the blessings and repent and all the gods and friends and followers to the Day of Resurrection and after:
Surat al-Sajdah is the last of the surahs that were opened with the slanted letters (Alm) as sisters of the wall, such as Al-Baqarah, Al-Imran, Al-Ankaboot, Al-Room, Luqman and these letters refer to the miracle of the Great Qur'an and that it is from God, and not a slander from the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and no lie from the other, And whoever is opposed to that, let him come to us with a hadeeth like him or with a surah or with a letter like him ?! And they have them! The verse basically revolves around the purposes of four: the purpose of revelation and the truth of the Prophet peace be upon him. The destination of Divinity was described and the purpose of Baath and destiny. And the purpose of the Day of Resurrection displays the scene of believers and polytheists.
Surat Al-Sajdah carried many kinds of faces of the Quranic miracle, so we touch in Surat Al-Sajdah and faces of psychological miracle.
In Surat al-Sajdah, the meaning of psychological miracles was mentioned, and the books that I spoke about were mentioned with the rooting of the issue of psychological miracle and whether it is within the object of the Quranic miracle, where we spoke about the views of senior scientists on this subject.

In my research tagged (political opposition and the extent to which Islamic jurisprudence accepts it), I dealt with the definition of opposition, as Ashraf Mustafa Tawfik defined it: it is a manifestation of governance that is divided between two parties, one of whom is in power (the government) and the other is outside power (the opposition). That is, the opposition expresses the forces that are not supportive of the government and that stand against or reject it, then it shows the nature of the political opposition in political thought, as it shows the patterns of political systems according to their dealing with the political opposition and according to the restrictions that these regimes place on freedom of expression and political organization, into three Patterns: First: Systems that severely restrict opportunities for freedom and expression, and place severe restrictions on political preferences. Second: Systems that place limited restrictions on the right to political organization and on political preferences and available opportunities, and allow individuals the right to express their opposition to the government, which are pluralistic systems. Third: Mixed systems between freedom and restriction, some of which tend to systems of domination and others tend to pluralism, that is, they put a middle line between hegemony and political pluralism. Rather, it is a means based on two basic pillars: the demand for reform and supervision. If reform is achieved and the people of the solution and the contract agree that it exists, there is nothing left for the opposition at that time except monitoring. Then I mentioned the jurisprudential adaptation of political opposition in Islam, then I mentioned peaceful opposition and opposition by force in Islam and its controls, then I mentioned applications of political opposition through the ages in Islam, and then the conclusion where I explained that the opposition that the Islamic regime encourages is the one that aims to achieve public interests For the Islamic nation, the Islamic political system is not bound by any other system, does not imitate a specific system, and does not reject any method that achieves the desired interest. Then references and index.

Sudan witnessed great suffering, represented by its instability until its independence was declared in 1956. Sudan faced unstable internal conditions, the most important of which is the problem of the south and its great danger to the unity of the country. The highlight in this study was the Arab dimension in the policy of the second coup government in Sudan and the importance of this dimension In the Sudanese foreign policy, particularly in the (Tripoli Charter), the internal challenges that Sudan faced, as well as the external variables that made Sudan's foreign policy contradictory and ambiguous.

The role of administrative development in administrating television institutions in Kurdistan region: Field research on satellite channels NRT and Kurd sat News

This research is considered a filed research that examines administrative development and its role in developing the administration of television institutions in Kurdistan region. To achieve the goals of the research, the researcher has chosen two Kurdish satellite channels, NRT and Kurd sat News.

The followings are the main goals of the research:
1. Knowing about the organizational structure of the two channels, NRT and Kurd sat News
2. Knowing about the managerial practices in the two television institutions.
3. Knowing about the level of administrative development in the mentioned television institutions.
4. Diagnose the main organizational and administrative problems which negatively affect the performance of media institutions and become barriers in front of their vitality.
5. Knowing about the role of training in achieving the goals of the above-mentioned satellite channels.
This research systematically depends on survey descriptive theory, and for this purpose survey forms are prepared as data collection tools. The forms are distributed in random samples amongst 50 employees at (NRT and Kurd sat news) TV networks.

Furthermore, as written in the introduction, the theoretical part of the research is provided in the research structure. Also, definitions of the terms related to the research are pointed out. Later, information analysis are shown and provided in the survey form. Finally, propositions, recommendations, and references are provided.

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The most important achieved results from this research are:

1. The research shows that the level of administrative development in television institutions in Kurdistan region is medium and passes through more development, and this could be proved by the tools and machines provided in those institutions, using new technology, assigning the employees according to their specialization and competency, democratic leadership, incentive system, speed access of instructions, and sense of job satisfaction.

2. The vast majority of participants in the questionnaire are satisfied with the organizational structure of the satellite television institutions. The organizational structure includes role defining, work plan, and employees problem solving.

3. The result of the research shows that the role of training in achieving the goals of the television institutions is in a high level, and those institutions care about training and developing theirs employees’ skills.

4. The majority of participants are satisfied with administrative practices in the television institutions.

5. The main organizational and administrative problems in those television institutions that negatively affect their performance are financial and administrative corruption, underpayment, and external intervention in those institutions’ affairs.