Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was carried out in the winter season (2024-2025) at the Second Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University. This study sought to investigate the impact of genetic components and varying quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers on some characteristics of wheat. The experiment examined two variables: varying applications of organic and mineral fertilizers, specifically: 100% of the recommended mineral fertilizer, half the recommended mineral fertilizer NPK combined with half the recommended organic fertilizer, ¾ of the recommended mineral fertilizer paired with ¼ of the recommended organic fertilizer, and ¾ of the recommended organic fertilizer alongside ¼ of the recommended mineral fertilizer which is symbolized by F1, F2, F3 and F4 . The second variable involved genotypes of durum wheat, including EXAD 1105, EXAD 65, EXAD 1229, and Bohoth 7 which is symbolized by G1, G2, G3 and G4. The experiment utilized a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The main plots were fertilizer quantities, whereas the subplots were genotypes. The findings indicated the The G3 genotype excelled in plant height at 110.31 cm, and leaf area at 43.16 cm², The G2 genotype exhibited superior performance in achieving the greatest average chlorophyll content at 48.30%, spike length at 13.02 cm, and grain count per spike at 60.11 grains.
The F1 fertilization level exhibited superior performance, achieving the maximum average plant height of 103.90 cm and a leaf area of 43.77 cm². The F3 fertilization level excelled in producing a total of 357.58 tillers, with 350.75 tillers m-2, chlorophyll content of 49.61%, spike length of 12.83 cm, and a grain count per spike of 55.37.
The G3XF1 combination excelled in plant height at 117.83 cm, but the G2XF3 combination excelled in leaf area at 49.37 cm². The G1XF3 combination excelled in tiller count with 395.67 tillers m-2, whereas the G3XF3 combination excelled in chlorophyll content at 54.92% and spike length at 14.07 cm.

This study was conducted at the Postgraduate Laboratory / Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Muthanna, from October 12, 2024, to February 12, 2025. A total of 46 three-month-old male local goats were used in the experiment. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the beginning and end of the trial. Some of the partial tests were also conducted at the Marshes Research Center Laboratory, affiliated with Thi Qar University. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between Polymorphism of the YAP (576T>A) gene and the characteristics of local goats reared in Al-Muthanna Governorate. the results of the YAP (576T>A) polymorphism, showed no significant differences in initial body weights and body dimensions. However, there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in final body dimensions, particularly in abdominal girth and breast height, which were 67.88 cm for TA and 71.03 cm for TT genotypes. The TA genotype also had significantly higher breast height than the TT genotype. There were no significant differences in biochemical parameters. Regarding hormones, no significant differences were found except for growth hormone, where the TT genotype was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than the TA genotype. Blood traits showed no significant differences, except for hemoglobin, where the TA genotype was significantly superior (P≤0.05) to the TT genotype.

The experimentation was carried out in the greenhouse in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Department of Plant Protection through the winter and spring season of the year (2024-2025). This study aimed to induce systemic resistance in Rosa hybrida (rose plants) using biologically synthesized zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles (prepared using curcumin) as a preventive treatment against the fungal pathogen Podosphaera pannosa, the causal agent of powdery mildew. The study investigated the effects of these materials on disease severity and biochemical responses through the estimation of PAL and peroxidase enzyme activity under greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated the superior performance of biologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (Cn) at a concentration of (300) mg/L, which achieved the lowest disease severity rate of (6.21)% and enhanced systemic resistance by increasing PAL and peroxidase enzyme activity. Similarly, biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn) at (300) mg/L and curcumin extract showed significant effectiveness in reducing disease severity to (14.46)% and (13.64)%, respectively, while enhancing enzymatic activities compared to other treatments.

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from November 17, 2024 to December 21, 2024.Two hundred twenty-five, one-day-old, 42 gm, broiler chicks were used. The chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments, each with three replicates (15 chicks per replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1: Control treatment (no addition), T2, T3 and T4 were add of 2, 4 and 6 ml of aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf powder to drinking water, T5: Add of 1 gm of the antibiotic oxytetracycline to drinking water. The results indicated that a significant (P≤0.05) improvement on the relative weight and length of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum) of broiler chickens when using an aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves compared to T5 and control treatments. Significant improvement (P≤0.05) in immunological and histological parameters. The use of high levels of aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves resulted in a significant increase in the villus height, crypt depth, and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of broiler chickens from a histological perspective.

This experiment was conducted at the Poultry Field, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from November 17, 2024, to December 22, 2024. The aim was to study the effect of early dosing with the bacterial suspension Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium adolescentis on some productive traits of Ross 308 broiler. A total of 225 unsexed Ross 308 chicks, one day old, 40 gm were used. The chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments, with 45 chicks per treatment, (replicates for each). The treatments were as follows: T1: Negative control without any dosing. T2: Positive control: One-day-old chicks were dosed with saline at a dose of 0.25 ml/chick. T3: One-day-old chicks were dosed with Lactobacillus acidophilus at a dose of 0.25 ml/chick. T4: One-day-old chicks were dosed with Bifidobacterium adolescentis at a dose of 0.25 ml/chick. T5: One-day-old chicks were dosed with a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium adolescentis at a dose of 0.25 ml/chick. The results of the experiment indicated a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the immune response, represented by Delayed Type Hypersensitivity test (DTH), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), the relative weight and index of bursa gland, of the bird groups in favor of the T5 probiotic mixture treatment compared to all experimental treatments. A significant increase (P≤0.05) on some hematological parameters (albumin, globulin, and total protein), with a significant decrease (P≤0.05) on the concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, albumin, globulin, and total protein. In addition, a significant improvement (P≤0.05) on the concentrations of oxidation state indicators (malondialdehyde, glutathione, and catalase), in the T5 probiotic bacteria mixture treatment compared to the other experimental treatments.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter agricultural season (2025 2024 AD) in the Al Bathaa district, located 45 km west of Dhi Qar Governorate, to investigate the effects of two varieties (Farah Amal 7) and various planting dates (November 1, November 20, December 10, and December 30) on the growth, yield, and quality of forage of triticale. The experiment employed a split plot design within a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, where pla The statistical analysis results indicated the superiority of the Farah variety in the chlorophyll index, number of tillers, green forage production, dry forage yield, and protein percentage in both plots, specifically 44.66 and 47.16 (Spad), and 436.2 and 447.1 tillers, respectively. M 2: 10.93 and 11.17 μg h 1; 2.36 and 2.42 μg h 1; 10.25 and 9.86%. The planting dates surpassed the third date (10/12) in tiller count, yielding 458.4 and 460.8 tillers. M 2 produced green fodder yields of 11.95 and 12.36 μg h 1, and dry fodder yields of 3.05 and 3.01 μg h 1 in both harvests, respectively.

A hybrid indirect solar dryer was locally assembled and fabricated in Baghdad, Iraq. The investigation focused on three factors. The first factor was the shape of the absorber plates with three levels: a flat plate, a vertically corrugated plate, and a perforated, horizontally corrugated plate. The second factor was the type of plate coating. Two types of matte black paint were used: smooth and rough paint. The third factor was the airflow rate. Three levels of air circulation within the dryer were examined: natural convection, single fan, and three fans.
The performance of the drying system was primarily evaluated based on the change in moisture content in onion slices. Accordingly, the interactions between these three factors were studied. The results indicated that the moisture content is affected by the temperature and the amount of air entering the dryer. The fastest reduction in moisture content (shortest drying time) was recorded when using three fans with a rough coating and a vertically corrugated plate (F2P2S2), reaching (125 minutes). Furthermore, the highest extracted energy of (2221.4 J/s) was obtained with natural convection with a rough coating and a vertically corrugated plate (F0P2S2). Additionally, the highest amount of quercetin was obtained when using three fans with a rough coating and a horizontally corrugated and perforated plate (F2P2S3), reaching (78.91 mg/100g).

Water scarcity is a major constraint to agricultural productivity in semi-arid regions, where optimizing irrigation practices is essential for sustainable crop production. This study investigates the impact of deficit irrigation levels on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive growing seasons under four irrigation regimes corresponding to 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc).
Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area index, and biomass accumulation were measured at different growth stages, while grain yield and water use efficiency were determined at harvest. Results indicated that full irrigation (100% ETc) produced the highest yield, but moderate deficit irrigation at 80% ETc maintained comparable yields with significantly improved WUE. Severe water stress (60% and 40% ETc) reduced growth and yield drastically, although WUE increased due to lower water consumption. The findings suggest that applying 80% of ETc can balance productivity and water conservation, making it an optimal strategy for wheat cultivation in water-limited environments.
The study underscores the importance of adopting efficient irrigation management to enhance resilience against water shortages and ensure sustainable agricultural production in semi-arid regions. The study concludes that improving harvesting efficiency requires adjusting both harvesting speed and cutting angle within optimal limits that maximize grain yield while minimizing field and energy losses. It recommends adopting a moderate harvesting speed combined with a suitable cutting angle as a technical option that can enhance harvesting efficiency, reduce operating costs, and promote agricultural production sustainability.

This study investigated a number of chemical properties ambient for water of Al Khamisah Ditch. During the period from April to September 2024, Samples were collected through 01 sampling station. Samples collected were analyzed to find a number of variables. The variables measured include cations group (Ca, Mg and Na), anions group (Cl, SO4, and HCO3), nitrate NO3, phosphate PO4, total dissolved solids TDS, in addition to measuring pH, electrical conductivity EC and total hardness TH. Also, Sodium Adsorption Ratio SAR was calculated as the average of 4.32. The results of this study showed that average concentrations of calcium ions to Al Khamisah Ditch was 01.511 Mg.l-1, and the average concentration of magnesium ions was 2512.50 Mg.l-1 and average concentration of sodium ions was 0017511 Mg.l-1. Average concentration of sulfate ions was 3195.15 Mg.l-1, and average concentration of chloride ions was 4948.70 Mg.l-1, and the average concentration of nitrate ions was 9.62 Mg.l-1 and Phosphate ions concentration rate was 23×10-4 Mg.l-1. Average concentration of total dissolved solids was 10727.59 Mg.l-1. Average pH value of the water was 6.02 and EC was 5.62 dS.m-1.

The current study was conducted at the First Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (12 km) southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University. The study was conducted from October 5, 2024, to February 28, 2025. It aimed to demonstrate the effect of using plant extracts of thyme, fenugreek, and their mixture on cellular and biochemical blood parameters of Awassi sheep weanlings. Twenty Awassi sheep weanlings, 4-6 months old, were used in the study after a 14-day acclimatization process. The actual experiment was then implemented for three months. The results of this study showed that the use of natural plant extracts, including thyme powder, fenugreek, and their mixture, had a positive and significant effect on the productive performance of Awassi sheep weaning. The results of the study showed that the mixture treatment (thyme+ fenugreek) significantly outperformed the final weight of the treated animals.

This study investigated the morphometric and anatomical differences between local Kurdish rabbits and commercial rabbits. A total of 36 rabbits (18 Kurdish and 18 commercial, equally divided by sex) were assessed for external body measurements and internal organ weights. Results showed that there were considerable differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the two strains. Commercial rabbits had higher body weight (1.693 kg vs. 0.640 kg), body length (35.5 cm vs. 25.0 cm), and internal organs like liver, kidney, and heart, as compared to Kurdish rabbits. Reproductive characteristics in females also benefited commercial rabbits, with higher ovary and uterus weight, but Kurdish strain had longer ears as well as higher phenotypic variation indicating local adaptation and genetic diversity.The statistical inference revealed solidly positive correlations for body weight with hip size (r = 0.994) and for liver and kidney weights (r = 0.602), reflecting a connection between the external morphology and internal development. Commercial strains may be more productive and fit for intensive meat production, but Kurdish rabbits' adapting characteristics and genetic diversity emphasize their merit in maintaining biodiversity as well as in sustainable breeding.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Badir, on radish crops during the 2024 autumn season to study the effect of three factors. The first factor was the bacterial bioincoulation Pseudomonas fluorescens at two levels (no inoculation and inoculation). The second factor was three levels of phosphate rock nanoparticles (no addition, 30, and 60 kg.ha-1). The third factor consisted of three levels of composed cow manure (3, 5, and 6 t.ha-1). The treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to an R.C.B.D. design. mono bio-inoculation of P. fluorescens , mono addition of nanoparticles and mono composed organic matter, and both the double interaction (S1*O bacterial inoculum + organic matter), (S1*Rn bacterial inoculum + nanoparticles), and (O*Rn nanoparticles + composed organic matter) significantly affected plant height (cm), leaves carbohydrate content (g.100g-1 F.W), total phenol (mg EAG.100g-1 D.W), pholvedes (mg quercetin 100g-1 D.w) at 40 days post planting, and root phosphorus content (%) after 70 days from planting. The highest significant increase in the studied characteristic was observed in the triple interaction of (S1*Rn*O P. fluorescens + nanoparticles + composed organic matter), which amounted to 42 (cm), 4.15 g. 100 (g- 1 D.M), 668 (mg EAG 100 g - 1 D.M), 1011.67 (mg quercetin 100 g – 1) dry matter for a period of 40 days of planted , 0.52 p% in the root after 70 days of planted, respectively, compared to the control, which gave the lowest means in all of the above characteristic , which amounted to 30.33 (cm), 3.27( g. 100g - 1 D.M), 573.33(mg EAG 100g – 1 D.M ), 735.33(mg quercetin 100g – 1 D.M) for 40 days of planting 0.38 p % in the root at 70 days post planting.

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Basra, in 2024-2025, to estimate the effect of different quantities of seeds, and different fertilization, on the productive characteristics of the sprouted barley crop. The experiment was applied according to a factorial arrangement using a Complete Random Design (CRD) with three replications, the first factor was: two types of fertilization: a neutral chemical fertilizer NPK 20 20 20, symbolized by (F1), and humic acid (F2). The second factor involved three seed quantities: 2, 4, and 6 kg m-1. The results showed that the neutral NPK fertilizer outperformed all the studied characteristics plant height 22.22 cm,and fresh weight was 233.83 g, and dry weight 39.06 g . the third seed quantity, 6 kg m², outperformed all the studied characteristics, recording the highest total plant height of 26.90 cm, the highest fresh weight of 243.55 g, and the highest dry weight of 34.77 g . the interaction between fertilizer treatments and seed quantities, the results showed a effect on fresh weight, with treatment F1xS3 giving the highest fresh weight of 296.90 g. plate-1 compared to treatment F2xS1, which gave the lowest fresh weight of 194.80 g. plate-1.

The study was conducted on 78 Awassi ewes of three ages (2-3, 3- 4, and > 4 years) reared in private farms in central Iraq (Baghdad, Abu Ghraib District) throughout 2018 to investigate the effect of dam age and FOXO3 gene polymorphism (PCR-SSCP, exon 2) on lamb mortality before and after weaning. The results of the PCR product showed that the studied region included a single nucleotide polymorphism, and three genotypes were identified (AA, AC, and CC). The allele frequencies were 0.58 and 0.42 for A and C, respectively, and the genotype ratios were 39.75, 35.89, and 24.36% for AA, AC, and CC, respectively. Results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) of dam age on lamb mortality before weaning age, ewes with 2-3 years old were the highest lamb mortality (7.67%), and after weaning age, ewes with 2-3 years old were the highest lamb mortality (5.08%). FOXO3 genotypes affected the mortality rate significantly (P<0.05) from birth to weaning. The highest lamb mortality before the weaning rate was recorded in ewes with wild genotype (AA) and aged 2-3 years old, while the lowest mortality rate was noticed in the ewes group with mutant genotype (CC) and aged more than four years old, namely 7.65 and 3.32% respectively, and after weaning, namely 6.60 and 1.36% respectively.

An experiment was conducted in Najaf province during the 2023-2024 growing season to study the effect of potassium:sodium ion antagonism on the stomatal performance of four wheat Cultivars (Tamooz, Rasheed, Bohooth, and Iraq), Treatments of 3 dSm-1 EC,3 dSm-1 EC + 400 ppm K,6 dSm-1 EC,6 dSm-1 EC + 400 ppm, K which are symbolized as S1, S1+ K, S2, S2+ K respectively were used. Supplementation of irrigation water with potassium (S1+ K) significantly improved the upper surface of leaf stomatal length (55.96 μm), compared to treatment (S2+ K) (54.88 μm). Supplements of potassium to treatment S1 increased the width of stomata pores at the lower and upper surface of leaf by (12.01 and 9.83 μm respectively). The results showed also that the Rasheed cultivar at the upper surfaces of the leaves recorded the highest length of the stomatal apperture (48.95 μm), width (34.99 μm) and length (55.85 μm). In addition to that, at lower leaf surface, Rasheed also gave the highest width and length (48.72 and 56.03 μm, respectively). Tamooz cultivar came after Rasheed, as it recorded the longest length and width of the stomatal pores and the highest width, which reached (47.83, 9.87 and 11.48 μm, respectively) on the upper surface of the leaf.
Rasheed cultivar irrigated with (S2+K) recorded superiority over the rest of the cultivars in the upper and lower leaf surface, in the length of the stomatal apperture (54.55 and 56.11 μm, respectively), the width of the stomatal apperture (18.02 μm), the width of the stomatal (45.97 and 35.91 μm, respectively) and the length of the stomatal (61.87 and 62.68 μm, respectively).

A field experiment was conducted in Iraq - Al-Qadisiyah Governorate - Afak- Al-Thuraimah for cucumber crop in The autumn season of 2024 .The aim of studying the effect of three factors .The first factor is the fungal biological Glomas mossae at two levels (without Inoculation , with Inoculation). The second factor is three levels of nanoparticles of phosphate rock (without add , 20 and 40) kg.ha-1. The third factor is three levels of composed poultry manure (2, 3, and 4) t. ha-1. The treatments in the factorial experiment were distributed according to a completely randomized block design. Bioinoculation with mycorrhizal and the addition of nanoparticles and mono Poultry Manure , as well as the double interaction B1*O (mycorrhiza inoculation and Poultry Manure), B1*Rn (mycorrhiza inoculation + nanoparticle), and O*Rn (nanoparticles + Poultry Manure). It had a significant effect on increasing plant height (cm), leaves nitrogen content % in a period of (35) days, early yield, and total yield (kg. plastic greenhouse -1). The highest increase in these properties was in the triple interaction study (B1*Rn*O mycorrhiza inoculation + nanoparticles + organic material). Which amount to 198.91 (cm), 5.74 (%), 699 and 3720 (kg. plastic greenhouse-1) respectively, compared with the control treatment, which gave the lowest averages of 174.31 (cm), 3.95 (%), 571 and 2800 (kg. plastic greenhouse-1). This indicates the important role of the fungal bioinoculation in interacting with
phosphate rock nanoparticles and composed poultry manure in increasing the growth and production of Cucumber crop.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the winter agricultural season of 2024-2025 at the second agricultural experiment station associated with the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University, Al-Bandar station. The objective was to investigate the impact of planting dates on the growth and yield of four genetic varieties of bread wheat: AXAD 33, AXAD 59, AXAD 899, and Bohouth 22, with planting dates set for 11/15, , 11/30 ,15/12 , and 12/30. The randomised complete block design (R.C.B.D) was implemented with a split plot layout with three replicates, where the primary plots denote the planting dates and the secondary plots signify the genetic compositions. The treatments were allocated randomly across the replicates. The findings revealed that the fourth date excelled in the attribute of 50% blooming, averaging 106 days, whereas the second date (11/30) excelled in spike length, biological yield, and growth index. The harvest yielded the highest averages of 10.86 cm, 12.98 tonnes e-, and 31.62% for the respective traits, whereas the fourth date (12/30) recorded the lowest averages for spike length, vital yield, harvest index, 50% until full maturity, grain filling period, and 1000 grain weight, amounting to 10.11 cm, 8.13 tonnes e-, 19.25%, 19.20%, 1 day, 17.00 days, and 26.25 g respectively. Conversely, the first date (11/15) achieved the highest averages for 50% until full maturity, grain filling period, and 1000 grain weight, totalling 56.67 days, 59.92 days, and 57.08 g respectively, while also presenting the lowest average overall. The trait of 50% flowering was recorded at 89.00 days, with the G4 combination demonstrating superiority in the traits of 50% flowering, time to full maturity, grain filling period, and harvest index, achieving averages of 102.92 days, 40.00 days, 37.17 days, and 30.20%, respectively. The G1 combination exhibited the highest averages for spike length and thousand grain weight, measuring 11.23 cm and 43.17 g, respectively. Additionally, the G2 combination excelled in biological yield, attaining an average of 11.68 tonnes per hectare. The G1 combination exhibited the lowest average for the attributes measured (from 50% blooming to full maturity and harvest index), recording values of 35.58 days and 22.41%, respectively. Consequently, the combination G2 exhibited the lowest averages for two traits, specifically 50% flowering and grain filling period, at 96.50 days and 33.67 days, respectively. In contrast, the combination G3 recorded the lowest average for the thousand-grain weight trait at 39.75 g. Meanwhile, the combination G4 demonstrated the lowest
2
averages for two traits, namely spike length and biological yield, at 9.90 cm and 9.84 tonnes ha-1, respectively. The interaction results demonstrated the superiority of the D4G3 combination in the trait of 50% flowering, yielding an average of 114.33 days, in contrast to the D1G1 combination, which recorded the lowest average of 88.67 days for the same trait. Additionally, the D1G1 combination surpassed both D1G2 and D1G3, with no significant difference, averaging 60.00 days across the three combinations. The combination D4G1 yielded the lowest average for the specified attribute, recorded at 17.00 days. The combination D2G1 yielded the largest average spike length at 12.23 cm, whilst the combination D4G4 produced the lowest average for this feature at 8.63 cm. The combination D1G1 yielded the highest average for the thousand-grain weight trait at 60.00 g, whereas the combination D4G3 produced the lowest average at 22.67 g.

A study was conducted during the summer season of 2025 at the College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, with the aim of biologically treating groundwater. This experiment included the sequential addition of two types of bacteria and one type of fungus (Control, Providencia rettgeri, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Rhizoctonia solari) to saline groundwater, as well as adding them to squash seedlings irrigated with two types of water (saline and fresh). The bacteria were isolated from multiple locations in the College of Agriculture soil, and sites clearly affected by salinity were selected. The experiment was then carried out, which included adding treatments B1, B2, F, and C to a field planted with squash seedlings irrigated with two types of irrigation water (saline and fresh). Their role in reducing the effects of salinity, pH, and the total number of soil bacteria was monitored. The addition of Rhizoctonia solari achieved superiority, recording the lowest soil electrical conductivity using fresh and saline water, reaching 79.7 and 184.7 ds m-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded the highest electrical conductivity, reaching 154.7 and 620.3 ds m-1, respectively. The same treatment also achieved superiority by raising the acidity from 6.333 to 5.833 . The bacteria Providencia rettgeri, using fresh and saline water, demonstrated significant superiority in increasing the total bacterial count in the soil, recording the highest count of 89,000,000 and 61,000,000 CFU g-1 dry soil, respectively, compared to the control
treatment, which recorded the lowest count of 26,000,000 and 3,300,000 CFU g-1 dry soil, respectively.

The field experiment was conducted at the Second Research Station of the College of Agriculture, Muthanna University, in Al-Bandar region during the winter season (2023-2024) to study the effect of cutting frequency and nitrogen fertilizer levels on the growth and yield of European rye and to determine the best interactions between the factors. The experiment using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, where nitrogen levels were placed in the main plots and cutting frequencies were placed in the subplots. The results showed the following; The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant effect of cutting frequency on several traits. The control treatment (no cutting) excelled in plant height and number of grains per spike, with averages of 141.10 cm and 42.89 grains spike-1, respectively. However, the second cutting treatment excelled in number of tillers, green fodder yield, and number of spikes, with averages of 329.4 tillers m-2, 28.40 tons ha-1, and 313.1 spikes m-2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer levels also had a significant effect on several traits. The N3 level excelled in plant height, number of tillers, green fodder yield, number of spikes, and grain yield, with averages of 130.95 cm, 325.8 tillers m-2, 27.92 tons ha-1, 282.7 spikes m-2, and 2.615 tons ha-1, respectively. However, the N1 level excelled in number of grains per spike, with an average of 43.66 grains spike-1. The results also showed a significant effect of the interaction between the factors. The combination (N3_M0) excelled in plant height, with an average of 146.43 cm. The combination (N3_M2) excelled in number of spikes and grain yield, with averages of 355.0 spikes m-2 and 2.737 tons ha-1, respectively. The combination (N1*M0) excelled in number of grains per spike, with an average of 56.90 grains spike-1

A field experiment was conducted in a farm (5) km from the center of Al-Muthanna Governorate) during the 2024 season to study the effect of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, symbolized as N0, N1, and N2, and two levels of amino acids, symbolized as S1 and S2, to determine the level at which maximum utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and amino acids is achieved3. The experiment was applied according to a factorial arrangement using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications4. The results of the study showed the following: Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant superiority in some study traits, as level N2 excelled in plant height (158.3 cm), number of leaves (31.17 leaf /plant), and leaf area (476 cm²). As for amino acids, they also had a significant effect, as level S2 excelled in plant height (152.6 cm). The interaction was significant in the number of leaves trait, where the interaction treatment (N2×S2) excelled with 32.33 leaves/plant, and in stem diameter, where the interaction treatment (N2×S2) excelled with 28.67 mm.

The most prevalent and significant illness affecting chicken that causes significant financial losses globally is coccidiosis. Thus, this review goal is to discuss the topic of poultry coccidiosis. It is brought on by Eimeria species\' intracellular protozoa parasite, which belongs to the genus Eimeria. There are approximately nine different types of Eimeria known to exist in domesticated poultry, with the most infectious being Eimeria brunette, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella; the least pathogenic being Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria mivati, and the least pathogenic being Eimeria praecox and Eimeria hagani. The most effective method for diagnosing coccidiosis in chickens is postmortem examination of a representative number of birds, morphology of oocysts can be assessed by taking intestinal mucosal scrapings or by counting the droppings and molecular diagnosis. The fundamental principles of coccidiosis prevention and control include the use of immunizations, natural feed additives, preventive anticoccidial medications, and best practices for farm handling. Therefore, appropriate management and treatment should be implemented to reduce the effect of coccidiosis on emerging economies of different countries. The purpose of this review is to examine the basic knowledge of coccidiosis, including the several Eimerian species that infect poultry and the methods for identifying and treating the disease.

Genetic diversity is the foundation of organisms' ability to adapt and survive in changing environments and represents an important element in preserving biodiversity. This research examines genetic diversity in desert plants, focusing on the genetic and environmental factors that influence it. The most important sources of genetic diversity, such as genetic mutations, genetic recombination, and genetic drift, are discussed, as well as their role in the evolution of species and their adaptation to harsh conditions. The characteristics of the Iraqi desert are highlighted as an environment characterized by high temperatures and scarce rainfall, leading to selective pressures that contribute to the emergence of physiological and morphological adaptations in desert plants, such as reduced transpiration, water storage, and the development of deep roots. The research also addresses the importance of these plants in maintaining ecological balance and the possibility of exploiting them in breeding programs and conserving genetic resources. Molecular markers, particularly the RAPD technique, are used as an effective tool for analyzing genetic diversity and revealing genetic relationships among desert plants. The research results confirm that studying the genetic diversity of plants in arid environments is an essential step toward understanding natural adaptation mechanisms and developing effective strategies for conserving and sustaining desert plant species in the face of rapid environmental and climatic changes.

A study was conducted in a broiler house belonged to Poultry research station - national Board of Agri. Research Iraq -Baghdad. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the rearing system affects the litter chemical components, hence how these elements impact the air pollutants in the poultry house especially ammonia, (particulate Matter) PM10 and PM2.5 μm. The litter chemical components include Ph, dry matter, moisture, ash, organic matter, nitrogen and crude protein. 608 birds were distributed into 16 pens inside the poultry house under varying conditions: first Litter/padding deep 5 vs 7 cm. second, spatial distribution, or in other word bird location near air inlet vs. exhaust outlet, third was stocking density (7 birds /m2 vs. 12 birds/ m2). The Amonia gas was quantified by the multiple gas monitoring detector S360 along with BENETECH-GM8806-Ammona-Gas-Detector as back up device.
The pm 10 and 2.5 μm were quantified using multiple gas monitoring and detector S360.THC-4 temperature and humidity data logger was used to log the data. The findings demonstrated that not all the litter's chemical constituents were impacted. The only factor that had an impact on the parameters of dry matter, moisture, ash, and organic matter was the stocking density. The results also showed that the ammonia level was not detectable during all 5weeks of age. The pm10 and 2.5 μm were very high in the beginning of rearing period with lower rates in between because of using gaseous brooders in the beginning of the rearing period and later on due to the high levels of dust particles resulting from the ground feed that was provided to the birds more than once daily , because the birds grow in age and became larger in size hence the mechanism of its wings interacting with the litter and feed became also stronger during the last stages of rearing.

The experiment was conducted in Al-Mutasim Subdistrict, Samarra District, Salah al-Din Governorate, during the autumn agricultural season of 2024. Six genotypes of Sorghum (Kafir, Enqaz, Giza, Babel, Tabat, and Hamam) were used, along with four sulfur levels (0, 400, 800, and 1600 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The results showed that increasing the sulfur level led to a significant improvement in plant growth, with the average plant height increasing from 154.44 cm at the base level to 173.85 cm at the highest level. Leaf area also increased from 4095.50 cm² to 4734.65 cm²/plant. Genotypes also had a significant impact, with the Giza genotype recording the highest average plant height (243.28 cm) and leaf area (6001.46 cm² plant-¹), while genotypes such as Tabat and Hamam had the least response. As for yield characteristics, the number of grains per head increased from 1756.37 grains head-¹ at zero sulfur levels to 2229.32 grains head-1 at 1600 kg ha-¹, and the thousand-grain weight increased from 30.39 g to 40.26 g. Meanwhile, the Babel genotype recorded the highest thousand-grain weight (38.71 g), while the Hamam genotype recorded the lowest (31.87 g). Total Sorghum yield also increased from 3.05 tons ha-1 to 3.93 tons ha-1, and the biological yield increased from 5.25 tons ha-1 to 7.74 tons ha-1 at the highest sulfur level. The effect of sulfur was also evident on grain protein content, increasing from 5.25% to 7.74% at 1,600 kg ha¹. Pairwise combinations of sulfur levels and genotypes showed that some cultivars, such as Kaffir and Giza, respond better to higher sulfur levels, and increasing yield.

This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of Muthanna, located in the Um Al-Akaf area, Southwest of Samawah, Iraq, from 26/10/2024 to 29/12/2024, to evaluate the effects of supplementing two levels of Iraqi and imported probiotics on carcass characteristics of Awassi lambs. Twenty Awassi male lambs (5–6 months old and 28.20 ± 0.58 kg BW) were fed a concentrate diet at 3% of body weight along with free access to roughage (alfalfa straw). The experimental treatments included: T1 (control) – concentrate diet without probiotics + roughage; T2 – concentrate diet with 8 g of Iraqi probiotic / ton of feed + roughage; T3 – concentrate diet with 10 g of Iraqi probiotic/ ton of feed + roughage; T4 – concentrate diet with 8 g of imported probiotic/ ton of feed + roughage; and T5 – concentrate diet with 10 g of imported probiotic /ton of feed + roughage. The results indicated a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, and dressing percentage in lambs of T2, T4, and T5 compared to T3 and the control. Moreover, the relative weights of leg and shoulder cuts were significantly higher in lambs of T2, T4, and T5 compared to the control, while no significant differences were observed in rib and loin cuts.

Background: In molecular biology labooratories, UV transilluminators are employed to observe the separated DNA or RNA by using the agarose gel electrophoresis. The stained gel was exposed to a UV light source, lead to make the DNA fluoresces and visible. The high sensitivity of Fluorescent stains can be actively used in research labooratories to facilitates the quantification of small DNA quantities as bands in agarose gels. This principle is essentially used to make the DNA fragments visible in a transilluminator, which utilized to excite the fluorescent molecules.Statement of the research: designing and producing MART: the high quality cheapest modified Transilluminator ,Objective of the study:To produce a modified machine that can be used as a transilluminator and modification from an expensive device to a device that can be worked on.Methodology: The project starts with searching for the tools or equipment that we need or that are available at the lowest cost began, and that start took place on 11/17/2023. The electrical appliances were sold from the local suppliers, hoping to find things that would benefit us. We searched a lot and in several places and stores, and after continuous searching for 20 days, we found part What do we need or can be useful to us at work? The first thing is a transformer or battery that we use to operate the light The other thing is an electric button to turn the light on and off. Conclusion: After conducting many experiments on the device, we concluded that the possibility of using our modified equipment as a UV-transilluminator device for DNA visualization.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the 2024–2025 winter season on a private farmer\'s land to study the effect of row spacing (55, 65, and 75 cm) and plant spacing (15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) on vegetative growth and yield traits of faba beans. The experiment followed a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Row spacing treatments were assigned to the main plots, while plant spacing treatments were allocated to the sub-plots.The results indicated that increasing row spacing had a significant effect on chlorophyll content in the leaves. The 75 cm row spacing recorded the highest average SPAD value of 50.35, while the 55 cm spacing gave the lowest at 46.88. Narrow row spacing (55 cm) resulted in the highest values for leaf area index, seed yield, and biological yield, reaching 6.56, 4.64, and 22.13 tons ha⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, the widest spacing (75 cm) recorded the lowest averages at 4.03, 2.96, and 16.87 tons ha⁻¹, respectively. Row spacing had no significant effect on fertilization rate or protein content.For plant spacing, 30 cm produced the highest chlorophyll content (50.16 SPAD), while 15 cm gave the lowest (46.22 SPAD). However, the closest spacing (15 cm) resulted in the highest leaf area index and biological yield (6.22 and 25.09 tons ha⁻¹), whereas 30 cm spacing showed the lowest values (3.58 and 13.46 tons ha⁻¹). The 25 cm spacing gave the highest seed yield (4.97 tons ha⁻¹), while 30 cm recorded the lowest (2.34 tons ha⁻¹). Fertilization rate peaked at 25 cm spacing with 10.42%, though this was not statistically significant. In terms of interaction, the combination of 55 cm (row) × 15 cm (plant) produced the highest leaf area index (9.56), while 55 cm × 25 cm resulted in the highest seed yield (5.91 tons ha⁻¹). Additionally, the 65 cm × 25 cm combination gave the highest harvest index at 41.53%.

The field experiment was conducted at the Second Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, in Al-Bandar village, southwest of Al-Muthanna Governorate, during the winter season of 2023–2024. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculation on berseem clover, in combination with different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixing ratios (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) while maintaining a fixed seeding rate of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) at 40 kg ha⁻¹. The interaction between these factors was assessed in terms of growth characteristics and forage yield over five harvests,the experiment was implemented using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the bacterial inoculation treatment significantly outperformed the others, recording the highest mean nitrogen concentration in the plant during the second harvest at 0.70%. Additionally, in the fourth harvest, it achieved the highest mean plant height (62.40 cm) and the highest number of branches per square meter (3,083 branches m⁻²),regarding the mixing ratios, the barley-only treatment in the second harvest recorded the highest mean nitrogen concentration in the plant at 0.97%. Moreover, the berseem-only treatment in the fourth harvest achieved the highest mean plant height (68.70 cm) and the highest number of branches (2,900 branches m⁻²). The (100% barley + berseem) treatment recorded the highest mean fresh forage yield at 86.60 tons ha⁻¹, whereas the barley-only treatment in the fourth harvest recorded the highest fresh forage yield at 11.35 tons ha⁻¹.
Regarding the interaction between bacterial inoculation and mixing ratios, the combinations (berseem-only × bacterial inoculation) and (berseem-only × no bacterial inoculation) in the second harvest recorded the highest mean nitrogen concentration in the plant at 0.77% for both treatments. Additionally, the (berseem-only × bacterial inoculation) combination achieved the highest plant height in the fourth harvest at 68.90 cm. The (50% barley + berseem × bacterial inoculation) combination in the fourth harvest recorded the highest mean number of branches per square meter at 3,840 branches m⁻²,furthermore, the (barley-only × bacterial inoculation) combination in the fourth harvest recorded the highest fresh forage yield at 99.70 tons ha⁻¹. Additionally, the (100% barley + berseem × bacterial inoculation) combination in the second harvest recorded the highest dry forage yield at 11.88 tons ha⁻¹.

This study was conducted praise be to God, in the laboratories of the Science Department of the College of Basic Education- Al-Mustansiya University- for the period from 7/1/2025 to 17/2/2025. This study was conducted to study the inhibitory activity of chloroform, 70% ethanol, and hot water extracts of the fruiting bodies of some edible fungi, namely, Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus), Enoki (Flammulina velutipes), and Cantharellus cibarius, at the following concentrations: 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml, against two pathogenic bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This was done using the drill diffusion method. The three extracts showed a remarkable inhibitory activity against the two types of pathogenic bacteria under study. This activity increased with increasing concentration. The highest effect was for the 70% ethanol extracts at a concentration of 100 mg/ml against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, as the diameter of the inhibition zones reached (20, 19, 17) mm, followed by the chloroform extracts, which reached (19, 18, 16) mm, and then the hot water extracts, which were the least (20, 17, 12) mm for the fungi Lion’s Mane, Cantharellus aureus, and Enoki, respectively. The effect of these extracts on the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded to a lesser degree, as the diameters of the inhibition zones reached (19, 17, 12.5) mm, (15, 17, 12) mm, and (14, 16.5, 9) mm for the three extracts and fungi, respectively. In conclusion, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Al-
Mustansiriya University for all the facilities, it provided to prepare this promising scientific research, to achieve some of the goals of sustainable development.

Morphine is one of the most commonly used opioid analgesics however its chronic use during pregnancy may cause histological and functional damage to maternal organs and their fetuses. The aim of study the effect of morphine sulphate on rats on different organs especially brain adult and puppies. The number of animals 50 were taken female rat 40 and male 10 and divided into four groups.G1: 10 female rat treated by morphine sulphate dosage 15 mg/kg.Bw orally 14 day before mating till the 5th of pregnancy.G2: 10 female treated by morphine sulphate dosage 15 mg/kg.Bw orally (6-16 day). G3: 10 female will be treated by morphine sulphate dosage 15 mg/kg.Bw orally(17-21 day) of pregnancy and G4 control group the female rats of group one will be mated by male rats which be received orally morphine 15 mg/kg.Bw for 2 months before mating. Histotopathological examinations that revealed marked in liver that appear congestion ,activation of kuffer cells, and inflammatory infiltration and dilation of central vein while the kidney that appear fragmentation of glomerular tuft ,degenerative change ,protonatious material, inflammatory cells and dilation of renal tubules. Morphine shows clear effects on both the liver and kidneys. Chronic use or high doses may lead to functional disturbances due to the metabolic and excretory processes occurring in these organs. The liver, being the primary site of morphine metabolism, is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage with excessive exposure. The kidneys can also be affected by the accumulation of metabolic byproducts and reduced excretion efficiency, which may result in impaired renal function. Therefore, morphine should be used with caution, and liver and kidney functions should be regularly monitored, especially in patients with pre-existing chronic conditions in these organs

iq
Abstract
Conocarpus lancifolius is used to cure a variety of ailments in traditional medicine. It offers a number of possible health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Its biological activities are also aided by the abundance of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Its detrimental effects, like as obstructing Water and wastewater pipes in homes and causing specific health problems like pollen hyper sensitivity. And asthma, are the subject of ongoing discussion these days. However, the literature that has been released indicates that there may be advantages for humanity. Because of this, this study is more deserving. This study emphasizes Conocarpus lancifolius's promising significance in contemporary medicine by highlighting the most recent findings on its phytochemical composition and

The microanatomical traits of seven Malva species were examined in this investigation. The species was gathered from various locales in Iraq during 2024. They are M.neglecta Wallr. , M.nicaeensis All. , M.parviflora L., M.pusilla Smth. , M.sylvestris L. ,and M.verticillata L. . We use these characters to examine the connections between the species under study. Two types of mesophylls have been recognized in Malva species.The findings demonstrated that the M. sylvestris, M. parviflora var. cristata, and M.verticillata species have dorsiventral (bifacial) leaf blades, while M.parviflora var.microcarpa, M.neglecta, M. pusilla,and M.nicansis wereisobilateral. Petioles are semicircular in most species except M.nicaeensis, and M.verticillata was irregular. Most species have six separate vascular bundles (four large and two small), There were 7-9 in M.parviflora var.cristata and 3-6 in M.sylvestris.
The stem provides useful characteristics for species differentiation, including its thickness, size, and shape.The outline of the stem is irregularly ovate in M.neglecta, M.nicaeensis, and M.parviflora var.macrocarpa, while it is semi-terete in M.sylvestris, M.parviflora var.cristata,and M.verticillate; however, it isirregular in M.pusilla. There are two to three layers of chlorenchyma cells in the cortex of every species under study.Then5–14 layers of angular collenchyma tissue,and finally parenchyma tissue.Cortex thickness ranged from 653.33 μm in M. neglecta to 107.5 μm in M. verticillata.

A field experiment was carried out during the 2024 summer season at the Second Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq, to assess the impact of three planting dates (14 June, 14 July, and 13 August) and four NPK fertilization levels (F1: 100N–100P–50K kg ha⁻¹, F2: 125N–125P–75K kg ha⁻¹, F3: 150N–150P–100K kg ha⁻¹, and F4: 175N–175P–125K kg ha⁻¹) on tiller production, the contribution of the main stem and tillers to grain yield, harvest index, and total yield revenue of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications.
Planting dates: The highest number of tillers (4.75 tillers plant⁻¹) was obtained with early planting on 14 June, while the lowest (2.66 tillers plant⁻¹) occurred with late planting on 13 August. The main stem contribution to grain yield peaked at 34.40% in the 13 August planting, whereas the most balanced distribution between stem and tillers was achieved on 14 July. In terms of harvest index, 14 July recorded the highest value (37.40%) and 14 June the lowest (33.11%). The greatest total yield revenue (30,540 thousand IQD ha⁻¹) was recorded for 14 July, while 13 August yielded the lowest (27,387 thousand IQD ha⁻¹).
Fertilization levels: The highest tiller number (4.12 tillers plant⁻¹) was produced with F4, while the lowest (3.16 tillers plant⁻¹) was with F1. The harvest index reached its maximum with F3 (38.67%) and its minimum with F1 (28.98%). Total yield revenue was highest with F4 (34,029 thousand IQD ha⁻¹) and lowest with F1 (23,103 thousand IQD ha⁻¹). These findings indicate that planting on 14 July with F4 fertilization offers the optimal balance between vegetative growth and grain yield, thereby maximizing economic returns under the environmental conditions of Al-Muthanna Province

Sixteen female ruminants (4 cows, 5 ewes and 7 does) which were referred to the Al- Muthanna Veterinary Hospital, Iraq between March 2025 to October 2025 with suspicion of foreign body (sheep and goat) and traumatic reticuloperitonitis (cow).
Cows had arched backs, a sharp decrease in milk yield, and a reluctance to move, with abduction of the fore limbs with jugular vein distension and pulsation. Animals underwent rumenotomy were reviewed and information was obtained on history and physical examination findings.
Cases were categorized according to animal species into 3 groups. Group 1 included cows (n = 4), group 2 included ewes (n = 5) and group 3 included does (n = 7).
Results of this study suggest that non-metallic foreign bodies were found in the reticulorumen region of cattle and small ruminants (plastic foreign bodies, ropes and pieces of old clothes) were commonly in the clinical cases than metallic foreign bodies. Rumenotomy, revealed the presence of large amounts (5-20 kg) of non-metallic foreign bodies consisting of plastic materials and ropes. IN addition, there were varying numbers and sizes of nails and wires were found in the reticulorumen region,2 cow's cases were penetrating first one affect the heart and the other affect reticulum.
Outcome: Follow-up was available for all cases. Animals recovered completely and returned to normal production and activity according to owner’s information.

The field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2025, at Al-Muthanna Governorate, Research Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, to study the effect of adding a bioinotrope of B. megaterium and P. aeruginosa bacteria, and different levels of black oil, on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first control was the B. megaterium and P. aeruginosa bioinotrope, as follows: no inotrope (B0), B. megaterium bioinotrope (B1), P. aeruginosa bioinotrope (B2), and a double crossover of the bacteria (B3). The second control was as follows: no contamination (C0), 2% black oil (C1), 3% black oil (C2), and 4% black oil (C3). The results showed that the treatment with the addition of the bacterial bioinotrope B3 was significantly superior to the control treatment, recording the highest values in most of the studied traits, including soil hydrocarbon concentration, phosphorus, and available soil potassium after harvest. Treatment B2, however, recorded the highest soil phosphorus value. The superiority of the C3 black oil treatment over the control treatment, as it recorded the highest values in soil hydrocarbon concentration. The results of the statistical analysis showed the superiority of the B3C3 treatment in the interaction of the bacterial bioinoculation and the addition of black oil in both soil nitrogen and potassium concentrations, total bacterial counts, and Pseudomonas bacteria at flowering, while the B1C1 treatment had the highest soil phosphorus value.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Muthanna Governorate, between latitudes 31.368–475°N and longitudes 45.259–249°E, during the 2024-2025 winter season, to study the effect of adding bioinotropic inoculants of T. thioparus and A. brasilense and agricultural sulfur levels on NPK and sulfate concentrations in the soil. The experiment included two factors: The first factor was the addition of the bioinoculation, with four treatments (B0: no addition, B1: T. thioparus, B2: A. brasilense, B3: two-bacterial interference). The second factor was sulfur levels (C0: no addition, C1: 1000 kg ha-1, C2: 2000 kg ha-1, C3: 3000 kg ha-1). The results showed successful isolation of the target bacteria. Treatment B3 recorded the highest increase in soil NPK and sulfate concentrations compared to the other treatments. The addition of sulfur contributed to improving soil nutrient content, with treatment C3 showing superior NPK and sulfate availability in the soil. The interaction between the bioinopolymer and sulfur levels resulted in significant differences in soil NPK and sulfate concentrations.

Conservation and use of native plant species has a crucial place in ensuring the ecological stability and environmental sustainability of the national parks, especially the delicate arid ecosystems like the one in southern Iraq. In this research, the role of native vegetation in the stabilization of soil, protection of biodiversity, and climate resilience in Basra region is explored as a model to be used in national parks in the southern part of Iraq. In order to gather information, three main conservation areas, including Al-Tayeb Reserve, Al-Faw Coastal Belt, and Hor Al-Hammar Marshes were chosen by applying mixed methods of data collection, which involved combined field surveys and remote sensing (NDVI-based analysis) alongside structured interviews with 120 local stakeholders, such as rangers, ecologists, and community members. The data study incorporated spatial mapping, indexing species diversity, and regression modeling that identified the ecological effect of native plants. The findings indicated that the native plant species cover improved by 23.7 percent between 2015 and 2024 and led to a 17.4 percent decrease in surface soil erosion and a 15.8 percent increase in the values of the biodiversity index in the study sites. Other species like Tamarix aphylla, Phragmites australis and Salicornia africana were more adaptable to salinity and water stress and these findings support their usefulness in ecological restoration and climate adaptation. The statistical examination revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.82) between the density of native species and the ecological stability of the whole park, where the qualitative results showed the cultural and socio-economic importance of traditional plant use in the local communities. These results indicate a strategic role of incorporating the establishment of native plants in the government environmental policy frameworks and management of parks in Iraq. The report concludes that the preservation and the cultivation of indigenous vegetation is not only an issue of ecological conservation, but also the basis of meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs 13, 14, and 15) in the Iraqi context

Equine colic is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality among horses, which requires a better understanding of the prevalence, the risk factors and the therapeutic developments amongst others. This review will focus on the worldwide prevalence of colic in horses, including breed disposition and management (e.g., diet, stabling) and environmental factors. Predisposing factors include sudden change of ration, parasitic burdens, and low levels of intake of legume forages. Treatment is directed toward early intervention with fluid resuscitation (e.g., lactated Ringer’s solution), pain control (NSAIDs, opioids), and the surgical indications in those with severe disease. Recent advancements in methods of diagnosis (ultrasonography, biomarkers) and treatment strategies supported by evidence based protocols are presented to achieve better results. Opponents raise the issue of the future and suggest the importance of owner education and preventive treatment, and focus on research into probiotics and minimally invasive procedures.

This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, from September 7, 2025, to November 16, 2025. A total of 45 local hens were used, collected from local markets in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Ages of uniformity: 10-12 months. Randomly distributed into three treatments with three replicates (five birds per replicate): T1 (protein percentage 17.153%, energy 2787.452 kcal/kg feed), T2 (protein percentage 17.092%, energy 2784.719 kcal/kg feed), and T3 (protein percentage 17.065%, energy 2892.345 kcal/kg feed). The results indicated that T1 led to an improvement in the production and quality characteristics of the hens\' eggs Iraqi Local Currency, compared to T2 and T3 treatments

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the oleander Nerium oleander leaf extract on adult aphids in laboratory conditions.as an alternative to chemical pesticides. The insects were collected from various plants from the city of Al-khaddar Al -Muthanna governorate-Iraq ,they reared and raised inside in laboratory prior to the experiment, the plant extract was prepared from oleander leaves, three concentrations (20%,25%and30%) by using (one, two and three sprays and we used a distiller water was used as an c witness in this experiment the mortality rate was recorded after exposure to the sprays between 24 and 48 hours . the results showed , a significant increasing in adult aphids mortality rates was observed with increasing number of sprays . while time had more significant impact than concentration .A significant difference were observed after 48 hours compared to 24 hours , particularly at a25% concentration. In contrast , the control treatment showed limited mortality rates during both exposure periods. There results indicate that oleander leaf extract is effective against adult aphids ,and the exposure duration and spray frequency are crucial factor in enhancing its effectiveness . Thus supporting its inclusion in integrated

This study was conducted in Al-Muthanna Governorate from October 2024 to September 2025, over four quarters. Samples were collected from several stations: Station 1 (Al-Faz'iyah sub-district), Station 2 (Al-Hilal district), Station 3 (Al-Najmi district), Station 4 (Al-Majd district), Station 5 (Abu Shuraysh sub-district), Station 6 (Al-Rumaytha district), Station 7 (Al-Warka district), and Station 8 (Governorate Center/Al-Samawah district). The study indicated that both the station and the season affect the levels of heavy metals in the soil. Zinc recorded its highest level in the soil at station two during winter and its lowest at station four during spring. Lead recorded its highest concentration at station one during winter and its lowest at station four during spring. Chromium had its highest concentration at station four during winter and its lowest at station seven during autumn. Cadmium had its highest concentration at station six during winter and its lowest at station seven during autumn. Nickel had its highest concentration at station seven during spring and its lowest at station four during autumn. The study also indicated that both the station and the season affect the concentration of heavy metals in earthworms. The results showed that the highest concentration of zinc in earthworms was at station 1 in autumn and the lowest at station 7 in winter. Lead recorded its highest concentration at station 2 in spring and its lowest at the same station in autumn. Chromium had its highest concentration at station 5 in summer and its lowest at station 2 in winter. Cadmium had its highest concentration at station 8 in winter and its lowest at station 5 in autumn. Nickel had its highest concentration at station 2 in summer and its lowest at station 6 in spring.

To study the monthly changes in some chemical properties of Al-Mazag river water and the effect on water quality in some areas of Wasit Province, the study was applied for the period (January 2025 to November 2025). The distance between the Five sites were 10 km and the total was 50 km, samples were collected in months of (January, March, May, July, September and November).The study of chemical properties measurements of water including (pH, electrical conductivity EC, total dissolved solids TDS, total suspended solids TSS, dissolved oxygen DO, biological requirement for oxygen BOD, chlorides Cl, total hardness TH.The results showed that the highest value of pH recorded during the cold month (January) reached 8.67, while the lowest value during the hot month (July) reached 7.48, with an average of 8.03,the highest value of electrical conductivity was recorded during the hot month (July) and it reached 1.22 dS m-1, while the lowest value was recorded at the cold month (November) which reached 0.56 dS m-1and the total average was 0.83 dS m-1,the results showed that the total dissolved solids TDS was the lowest value during (November) and reached 355.60 mg L-1, while the highest value was during the July (769.40 mg L-1) and the total average was 529.93 mg L-1.The study explained that the highest value of TSS total solid salts was achieved (77.20 mg L-1) and the lowest value was (44.40 mg L-1) and the total average was 63.07 mg L-1,the results showed that the value of CL chlorides increased in the cold months, compared to the hot months, they were 147.59 and 94.96 mg L-1, respectively, the results were record of the lowest value of dissolved oxygen in the city of July was 5.38 mg L-1, while the highest value was recorded in November, which was 11.88 mg L-1.However, the value of BOD did not reach the highest value during the hot month (July) when it reached 4.31 mg L-1, compared to the month of January, which reached the lowest value, which was 0.63mg L-1.

Thes research It was erected at the goat and sheep station research at Thi-Qar Governorate, District Shatrah, Agriculture Directorate Thi-Qar. A total of 50 Awassi sheep were used, from 1/11/2024 to 30/6/2025 for one productive season, 3 to 5 years old of age. The genetic work was carriedout in Lab genetic Marshes Research of Thi-Qar University, purpose studying polymorphism in prolactin and leptin genes in Awassi sheep. Results nitrogen base sequence gene prolactin showed a size 156 BP, Absence of any change nucleotide location along the studied region of this gene, thus, the results indicate that all the ewes in our studies with respect to the prolactin gene have a homozygous genotype. Results nitrogenous base sequence leptin gene indicated 260 BP, Change presence in site 119 region studied in the gene, the base nitrogenous in cytosine ( C ) changed to base nitrogenous ( T) thiamine

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that mainly affects livestock. This virus, which belongs to the Poxavidy family's Capropoxavira genus, is the cause of lumpy skin disease (LSDV). High fever, inflammatory lymph nodes, and distinctive nodulated skin lesions are characteristics of the illness. The disease is usually transmitted by insect vectors, such as mosquitoes and flies, and has a significant economic impact on the agricultural sector, especially in the spatial regions of Africa, Middle East and Southeastern Europe. Clinical symptoms of LSD include fever, ruin, anorexia, hypersalation and skin nodes, and its severity varies depending on factors such as host sensitivity, vector density and viral load. Economically, LSD causes significant damage to livestock productivity, including direct costs such as product dividends, infertility and mortality. Vaccination is still the only security measure, especially when used in high risk or spatial regions. A comprehensive understanding of epidemiology, causes and effects of the disease is important to develop effective management strategies to protect livestock and ensure stability in agricultural industries in affected areas. Economically, LSD causes significant damage to livestock productivity, including direct costs such as product dividends, infertility and mortality. Vaccination is still the only security measure, especially when used in high risk or spatial regions. A comprehensive understanding of epidemiology, causes and effects of the disease is important to develop effective management strategies to protect livestock and ensure stability in agricultural industries in affected areas.

In the 2022-2023 growth season, a field experiment was conducted at a field in Hamza Al-Sharqi district, Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The main aim of the experiment was to study the effect of applying potassium nano and boron foliar (foliage) on some growth and yield characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ibaa 99 cultivar. The experiment was laid out as a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment structure included two factors: the first factor was potassium nano-foliar application at three concentrations (0, 2, and 3 gm L⁻¹), and the second factor was boron foliar application at two concentrations (0 and 300 mg L⁻¹) during flowering. The results indicated that potassium (3 gm L-1) was the best for all the traits examined, including plant height (101.59 cm), spike length (13.40 cm), spikes number (424.8 spikes m²), grain number (62.87 grains spike) and total yield (5.503 Mg ha-1). All the previous traits (plant height, spike length, spikes number, grain number and yield) have lower average values than the control. Likewise, the best results, for all traits we examined, were for boron (300 mg L-1) compared to the unsprayed control. For boron the plant height was 101.23 cm, spike length was 13.30 cm, spikes number was 445.4 spikes m², grain number was (58.66 grains spike) and total yield was (5.171 Mg ha-1). All the previous traits were lower in average values of the treatment which was not sprayed for boron.

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2022 at the Organic Fertilizer Project in Shatrah District, Thi Qar Governorate (40 km north of the city center). The study aimed to evaluate the performance of four maize varieties under varying levels of humic and fulvic acid applications.The study followed a factorial experimental design involving two primary factors: were Maize Cultivars: Four varieties approved by the Ministry of Agriculture (Furat, ZP, Kaws, and Maha). And Humic Acid Levels: Four application rates (Control, 10, 20, and 30 L/ha) of a humic and fulvic acid blend.The statistical analysis revealed significant effects across several growth and nutrient parameters:Humic Acid Impact: The 30 L/ha concentration significantly outperformed other treatments regarding plant height, days to flowering, and the internal concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), Cultivar Performance: The Maha cultivar was superior in the number of days to flowering, while Furat excelled in leaf area. The Kaws cultivar recorded the highest concentrations of phosphorus and potassium. Interaction Effects: * The combination of Control × Kaws achieved the best results for days to flowering. The 20 L × Furat interaction significantly increased leaf area. While The 20 L × Kaws interaction resulted in the highest potassium concentration. The 40 L × Maha* interaction showed the highest phosphorus concentration.

Ginger is a medicinal and nutritional plant characterized by its rich composition of bioactive compounds. It contains approximately 40 antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, including phenols. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of ginger's alcoholic extract and to estimate its phenolic compound content. The alcoholic extraction of ginger root was performed by soaking it in 70% ethanol. Using DPPH and ABTS assays, the antioxidant activity of the plant extract was evaluated in vitro. The total phenolic content was estimated using the Follin-Cioalto method, and IC₅₀ values were calculated based on dose-response curves. Our results indicate that the alcoholic ginger extract exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in both the DPPH and ABTS assays, the highest concentration (400 micrograms/ml) recorded inhibition rates of 82.2% in the DPPH and 87.8% in the ABTS.
IC₅₀ values were recorded at 93.6 ± 3.9 µg/mL for the DPPH assay and 79.2 ± 3.3 µg/mL for the ABTS assay, reflecting the extract's higher efficiency in neutralizing the ABTS free radical. The total phenolic content yielded 78.5 ± 2.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, indicating the major role of phenolic compounds in the antioxidant activity. These results, taken together, indicate the potential use of ginger root extract in food and pharmaceutical applications and confirm that it is a promising natural source of antioxidants.