Journal of University of Babylon

This study analyzes the impact of air pollution in the atmosphere of Al-Amarah City on certain physical and chemical properties of rainfall, with a focus on the spatial variation of pollution levels within the city. The research was conducted at six selected sites across Al-Amarah, located in the southeastern part of Iraq, characterized by a dry climate and low precipitation. The analytical results revealed noticeable pollution in rainwater, as evidenced by elevated levels of total suspended solids (TSS) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributed to increased rainwater acidity and had adverse effects on the environment and infrastructure. High concentrations of cadmium were also detected in some samples, particularly at Site 1, posing risks to public health and the local environment. The study demonstrated significant spatial variability in pollution levels, attributed to differences in the intensity and distribution of pollution sources such as vehicular emissions and other environmental factors. Based on these findings, the study recommends establishing a continuous monitoring system for rainwater quality, adopting policies to reduce vehicular emissions, developing governmental programs for monitoring and treating heavy metals, improving rainwater treatment technologies, and enhancing community awareness of environmental conservation.

This paper proposes a postcolonial-psychological reading of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, revealing how representations of the "other" are encoded not only in the novel's content but also in its narrative and linguistic structure. The analysis begins with Edward Said's concept of Orientalism to understand the construction of the “Other” within British society, highlighting the limits of this concept by employing Romani studies and the Liverpool Maritime Archive to expand the framework of marginalization from the external to the internal. The paper also draws on Homi Bhabha's proposition of "unhomeliness" to highlight the experience of alienation in the homeland, Spivak's thesis in “Can the Subaltern Speak?” to explain the silencing of Heathcliff and the marginalization of his narrative voice, and Fanon in Black Skin, White Masks to reframe ‘Epidermalization’ and the ‘Gaze’ as two textual processes that embody racism in the novel's language. The analysis has shown that melancholia, splitting, and introjection are not individual psychological traits but states produced by the novel through repetition, image patterns, discontinuous grammatical structure, and focalization, demonstrating how domestic desire and power intersect with imperial grammar in the story of Cathy and Isabella. Finally; the paper shows how literary narratives employ psychological strategies to perpetuate differences between ‘self’ and ‘the other’. This means, ‘among other things’ that the novel is not merely a piece of an aesthetic work but a space for symbolic conflict that pinpoints spheres of power and resistance. The paper hypothesizes that combining a postcolonial approach with colonial psychoanalysis provides an effective critical tool for understanding classical literary texts.

This research paper examines the scenes of the Resurrection in the Qur'anic text through observing the effectiveness of each linguistic element within the context or structural unit and analyzes the syntactic structure of the text to demonstrating the importance and effects of grammatical function in the Qur'anic text. As such, the paper answers two main questions; firstly, how did the syntactic structure of scenes of the afterlife emerge in the Qur'anic text? Secondly, what are the most prominent linguistic techniques that contributed to constructing meanings, and how do they transform from one text to another?
The applied stylistic analysis is focused to Quranic texts that describe the stages of the afterlife focusing on the variation between the use of condensation and abbreviation and the use of elaboration and expansion. Specifically, three Surahs were chosen to demonstrate this variety employed throughout the holy text and clarify its structural and textual features in reference to Arabic structures and styles; Az-Zalzalah, Al-Infitar, Al-Qiyamah. This is done by studying how the variables in the linguistic elements and their grammatical functions are organized according to specific methods of emphasis -the dominant model in the Meccan Qur’anic discourse- with attention to the phonetic aspect. The findings of the paper can be further understanding of the vocabulary used in the Holy Quran by analyzing the multiple meanings of scenes of the afterlife and investigating the possibility of incorporating them into a general semantic scope of absolute Intimidation, specifically with regards to short surahs. The following research explains how Qur'anic language deals with sensory reality and tangible facts to arrive at aspects that are perceived through imagination, and the extent to which it's meanings must be treated as psychological meanings within a pictorial/sound/significant language. As such this paper aims to address the gap in discourse created by tackling this subject with a narrow focus on theory, thus framing Qur’anic text as static resolved information, by utilizing practical application to showcase the living, changing nature of the text.

Al-Tayeb Bakush's book is an important book in its linguistic field, as it presents morphology in a modern, scientific manner that is appropriate for modern morphological phonetic studies. The idea of Al-Tayeb Bakush's book, Arabic Morphology, is crystallized in the study of Arabic morphology according to a modern phonetic perspective, examining some of the most famous topics in the Arabic language, such as the verb and all related morphological inflections, attribution and the passive voice, and verb types, according to conventional classifications. The aim of this research is to present the book, the author's methodology, his morphological views, and his discussion of the views of scholars.

This research aims to study the effect of using the didactic contract strategy on comprehensive thinking among fifth-grade/ scientific students in mathematics. The research population was defined as including all middle and secondary schools for boys in the General Directorate of Education in Babylon/Center. A sample of (70) male and female students from the fifth-grade science students at Yahya bin Zaid A Secondary School was selected. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group comprising (34) male and female students who studied using the didactic contract strategy, and a control group comprising (36) male and female students who studied using the traditional method. Equivalences were established between the two groups in terms of previous achievement and comprehensive thinking to collect data. A comprehensive thinking test consisting of (36) multiple-choice items was then constructed.
After implementation, the test's validity was verified and the reliability coefficient was calculated, and the results were acceptable. Difficulty, distinctiveness, and effectiveness of false alternatives coefficients were also calculated for the test items, all of which were within acceptable limits. The results showed that students in the experimental group outperformed students in the control group on the comprehensive thinking test.

Denmark witnessed two armed conflicts in the first half of the nineteenth century over sovereignty over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, known as the First Schleswig Wars 1848–1851 and the Second Schleswig Wars 1864-1865. The first war erupted following demands from representatives of the two duchies for an independent constitution, which Denmark considered a threat to its unity. These demands led to an armed rebellion supported by the German Confederation, but were later suppressed with Russian diplomatic support, while emphasizing the continued existence of the two duchies under the Danish crown. However, the issue escalated again when Denmark adopted a unified constitution with Schleswig in 1863. With this move, the Danish government merged the Duchy of Schleswig with the kingdom, through what was known as the "November Constitution." This was considered a clear violation of international agreements and a breach of international commitments, prompting Prussia and Austria to wage a second war, which ended in a crushing defeat for Denmark. Its consequences affected its geographical map, as it resulted in Denmark's loss of Schleswig, Holstein, and the Duchy of Lüneburg, along with its strategic decline and the loss of a fifth of its population. This represented a decisive turning point in Danish foreign policy, as it adopted permanent neutrality and focused on building a cohesive national identity in the wake of the national shock of 1864.

The concept of Poetic Authorities is an important concept that relies on the analysis and deconstruction of textual components. It is often associated with the fields of linguistics, semiotics, and semantics. Readers rely on the referential function of language to decode the text and understand what its symbols refer to. No matter how creative, effective, and innovative a writer's imagination may be, they must be guided by a reference that expresses their vision and contributes to the construction of their text. Therefore, they are considered illuminating signs that grant the reader permission to enter the world of the text and reveal the writer's mental accumulations, philosophical sources, and intellectual orientations. The study aims to uncover the Poetic Authorities in the poetry of jurists، as their poetry relied on many and varied references, including poetic ones. They were able to convey religious messages and moral values throughout their poetry. The study required relying on the descriptive and analytical approach, as the analysis of the texts contributed to revealing the literary references that had contributed to their poetry, both explicitly and implicitly, as their literary texts overlapped with other ancient and contemporary texts. It revealed their admiration for heritage and its compatibility with their life experiences, or that they achieved through it motives that they were unable to express, so they resorted to encoding them. Whether their goal was to prove their ability to refine ancient meanings and structures in new linguistic molds? Or was their motivation to stand out? Or was it their sense of responsibility towards their communities and their belief in the importance of poetry in disseminating Islamic and moral principles and values in society, given its wide acceptance? Despite the differences in motives and reasons, their use of the poetic literary heritage enriched their poetic experience and created a state of communication between the past and the present.

The ethical leadership of the school principal and his adherence to educational values are considered influential factors in improving human relations in the school with teachers and students and their sense of justice, which leads to the quality of educational outcomes from the school. The study aimed to identify the relationship between the ethical leadership of the school principal and the value of organizational justice in the school.
The researcher followed the descriptive correlational approach to describe the relationship between the two variables. The researcher used the scales of ethical leadership and organizational justice and calculated their validity and reliability. The research sample consisted of 95 male and female teachers from elementary schools. The results showed that there is a strong positive correlation between both ethical leadership and organizational justice, and that there are statistically significant differences in teachers’ responses according to the level of academic qualification.
The researcher recommended the following:
• Conducting professional development courses for principals to raise awareness of the importance of ethical leadership in achieving the goals of the school.
• Taking into account human relations within the school, given their significant impact on the teaching and learning process.
• Self-education for principals and the need to establish positive relationships with teachers، the environment, and the local community, given its positive impact on the excellence of educational work in the school.

The current research aimed to study the effect of the interaction of parental educational level, gender, and age on differences in intelligence scores using the Snijders-Oomen test. The research sample consisted of (900) male and female middle school students aged (13-14-15) years. The results showed the following:
- There is an interaction effect between age and the father's educational level on test responses. There are differences among students in intelligence based on the age variable, in favor of those with higher age. There are also statistically significant differences in test responses based on the father's educational level, in favor of those with higher educational levels.
- There is an interaction effect between age and the mother's educational level on test responses. There are differences in test responses based on the mother's educational level, in favor of those with higher educational levels.
- There is no interaction effect between age and parental kinship on test responses. There are differences among students in intelligence based on the parental kinship variable, in favor of those with no kinship. There is no interaction effect between age and gender on test response, and there are differences between students in intelligence according to the gender variable in favor of females.

There are certain terms in the Holy Qur’an which, when heard, reveal a wealth of meanings and connotations. One of these terms is the word al-ba’s. This study explores the term al-ba’s through examining its various meanings in the Qur’anic context, by analyzing the verses in which it appears and identifying its interpretations in classical exegesis. The research is divided into three sections, each addressing the verses that correspond to a particular meaning. Despite the multiple shades of meaning associated with the word al-ba’s, it appears in the Qur’an with three primary significations: war, punishment, and poverty.
After surveying the Qur’anic usages of al-ba’s, it becomes clear that its technical meaning does not deviate from its linguistic root, as it is frequently defined as “the intensity of battle.” Moreover, some scholars state that the original sense of punishment in early usage referred to beating، which was later extended to denote painful retribution. Likewise, the term al-ba’is in the sacred law refers to the distressed individual upon whom the signs of misery and poverty are evident. Qur’anic exegetes maintain that poverty is one of the defining traits of the ba’is, a person afflicted by destitution, though the word may also extend metaphorically to one struck by calamity or affliction، even if not impoverished. This research relied on exegetical works from both Sunni and Shi‘a traditions to establish the nuanced meanings of this term.

The aesthetic and visual characteristics of contemporary digital design products, including interactive screens, take on a semantic dimension through selected scenes, themes, and ideas. This is because enriching the technical process connected to the cumulative interactive scene and the overall organizational structure of the design is mentally aligned with the systematic interrelation of forms and symbols with diverse interactive meanings. While the enriching element of the design surface of interactive screens is characterized by complex generative activity, it ultimately derives its effectiveness from visual stimulation and the manifestation of structural patterns, kinetic, musical, and dialogic effects. This leads to the following question: To what extent can the aesthetic dimensions of technology be incorporated into the designs of interactive screens?
The aim of this research (to identify the aesthetic dimensions of technology's use in the designs of interactive screens) is to examine these dimensions in several countries, including Singapore, the United States, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, with the sample spanning the period from 2015 to 2020. Chapter Two addressed two topics: the first focused on the aesthetic dimensions of the design system, while the second covered the concept of interactive technology and its historical development. Chapter Three detailed the research methodology, including the selection of five models and the analysis of their visual elements and their aesthetic and expressive values. Chapter Four presented the study's findings, which included:
1- Interactive screens contributed to achieving communication goals with individuals, encompassing educational, aesthetic, and functional objectives to create an effective technological environment.
2-The interactive screen designer's vision merged with the aesthetic sensibilities of the surrounding environment due to the designer's departure from traditional design boundaries to attract attention and foster communication between individuals and technology.

This study aims to explore the relationship between urban distortion and violent behaviors among children in the Syrian city of Homs, within an environmental context that has deteriorated as a result of the radical changes the city has undergone, which have affected quality of life and the nature of the residential environment. The research problem focused on the extent to which this distortion influences children's tendency toward violent behavior. The aim was to measure the levels of both urban distortion and child violence, and to answer questions regarding the current reality, the existence of a relationship between the two variables, and the influence of parental educational attainment and family economic status. The researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire consisting of two researcher-developed scales: the first measures urban distortion across three dimensions-infrastructure and urban planning, quality of the residential environment, and level of neighborhood security and safety; the second measures forms of violence-physical, psychological, and verbal-after verifying content validity and internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha. The instrument was applied to a sample of 40 families from Al-Qusour neighborhood. Results showed that the level of urban distortion was moderate, while the level of child violence was high, with a strong positive correlation between the two variables. Analysis also revealed statistically significant differences according to the father’s educational level and the family’s economic status, whereas no significant differences were found related to the mother’s educational level. The study concludes that the unstable urban environment is an influential factor in shaping aggressive behavior among children, especially under socioeconomic pressures. It recommends improving infrastructure, creating safe play spaces, implementing awareness and educational programs for parents, and providing psychological and social support for children, particularly in low-income neighborhoods.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between political stability and foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction in Iraq during the period (2020-2024). It highlights how political unrest, government fluctuations, and internal conflicts affect foreign investor confidence. It highlights political indicators, security, and legislative challenges, and relies on quantitative and qualitative analysis of official data issued by governmental and international institutions. The study concludes that the lack of political stability in Iraq during this period had a direct negative impact on the flow of foreign investment, particularly outside the oil sector. The research recommends the need to enhance good governance and strengthen state institutions to reduce political risks and increase Iraq's attractiveness to investors.

The Eastern Mediterranean region is regarded as one of the most sensitive areas in Russia’s geostrategic perception, owing to its geopolitical position that connects three continents and serves as a crossroads for global energy routes and maritime passages. Moscow has long recognized the exceptional significance of this region, considering it a structural pillar in its vision to reshape the international order toward multipolarity—an order that secures its strategic interests and reinforces its status as a major power capable of challenging the West.
The Syrian arena thus became the launching point for Russia’s empowerment strategy in the Middle East and a gateway for strengthening its military and economic presence in the Mediterranean through the consolidation of permanent bases in Tartus and Latakia. and second, the expansion of economic influence by controlling energy corridors and warm-water routes-thereby reinforcing its position as a primary energy supplier in the region. Consequently, the Eastern Mediterranean has emerged as one of the key pillars of Russia’s strategic repositioning after 2024, particularly as Moscow aspires to convert its military presence into enduring political and economic influence.

The research aimed to evaluate the achievement of students in the Geography departments of the Colleges of Education in the subject of Geography of Iraq. The research population was defined as the Colleges of Education for Humanities that include Geography departments. The research sample was limited to the Colleges of Education in the Universities of Mosul, Basra and Baghdad, with (60) male and female students from each college, making the research sample (180) male and female students. The researcher relied on the achievement test as a research tool with (30) items that were built according to the topics of the subject, which were defined as (15) topics taught in the fourth stage. After the researcher confirmed its validity and reliability and analyzed its items statistically, it was applied to the research sample on 8/4/2025. After conducting the statistical analyses, the results showed that there is a decline in the level of students in the subject of “Geography of Iraq,” and there is no significant difference between the levels of female and male students. The researcher concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is that the teaching of the subject of “Geography” should be assigned to specialized teachers who have extensive knowledge of modern teaching methods. It was also suggested that similar studies be conducted at other educational levels.