JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

After the establishment of the Israeli entity on the land of Palestine, it began to work on developing its nuclear program in secret, at a time when it ignored all the treaties calling for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone, especially the 1968 treaty at a time when most of the Arab countries signed and ratified it. As the Israeli arguments were based on conditions, including limiting the proliferation of conventional weapons, or establishing permanent peace with the Arab countries as a prerequisite for joining the treaty and the treaties that followed it, which forced the Arab countries to work on its annexation in international forums and raise the issue of its nuclear program since the signing of the 1968 treaty. Even the signing of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1996 AD, which Israel considered, does not affect the continuity of its nuclear program, hence the importance of the research entitled (The position of the Arab countries on Israel not signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaties between 1968/1996 AD.) It was divided into two sections on The first position of the Arab countries between 1968-1990 AD and the second 1990-1996 AD

It is well known that the role of the ambassador is represented in negotiating with explanation, analysis, statement, information, and the exchange of other opinions. In the early days of Islam, the embassy represented a peaceful and effective means to achieve recognition of the Islamic state. The study concluded that the events that accompanied the Treaty of Al-Hudaybiyah in the sixth year of Hijrah paved the way for Muslims to adopt the principle of embassies and missions during the era of the Prophet (PBUH) and his Rightly Guided Caliphs (may God be pleased with him), and during whose era the embassies witnessed a growth in the number of envoys and negotiators who contributed directly and indirectly to Achieving some Islamic conquests. Also, the era of the caliphs was characterized by the expansion of the powers of the leaders of the Islamic armies and the governors of the cities in receiving ambassadors and envoys and negotiating with them, and all this was under the supervision and follow-up of the caliphs. The reality and tasks of the embassies during the reign of Imam Ali (may God be pleased with him) were affected by the political reality after the killing of Caliph Othman bin Affan (may God be pleased with him)..

The research includes an economic study on the general conditions in France during the economic crisis and the most important factors that led to delaying the effects of that crisis on the French interior, despite the destabilization of its political system due to partisan strife, and the measures taken by governments that lived through years of economic crisis.