political issues

Based on the importance of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its regional and international political, military, and economic repercussions, and stating international positions on it, the importance of this research comes in understanding the position of NATO countries on the war, strengthening the aspect of scientific and academic studies that dealt with the war, and enriching scientific libraries with research and studies that are concerned with International affairs, relations, and international organizations.
The research aims to identify NATO’s position and policy towards the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the military and material support that NATO countries provided to Ukraine during the war.
The research included an introduction and three axes. The first one contained ,the reasons for the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war, while the second axis, The issue of Western sanctions on Russia. The third one focused on the support provided by NATO countries to Ukraine. The conclusion included the most important findings reached by the researcher.
The most important findings reached by the researcher are that, despite all Western support for Ukraine in its war against Russia, Ukraine was unable to liberate the lands controlled by Russia and was unable to resolve the war that is still continuing to this day. Despite all the military, economic, and humanitarian aid and support that NATO countries provided to Ukraine, they did not directly intervene in the war in any way to avoid any direct confrontation with Russia that might lead to a third and nuclear world war.

Russia maintains stable, consistent, and clearly defined relations with the world's two rising powers, China and India. Despite the discord between them, there are common grounds governed by a type of partnership distributed across a wide range of diverse interests, and sheltered by a similar vision in the strategic perspective that governs their aspirations toward a multipolar international system, and an awareness of the position each party enjoys in the international balance of power. This gives each party the opportunity to assume the position they deem appropriate. In accordance with the logic governing international interactions, economic interests have become the basis upon which these poles rely in sharing the definition of their roles and positions, and in rebuilding and leading the international system. The years of the Ukrainian war, extending from 2022-2025, have crystallized complete clarity regarding the directions of cooperation and partnership between these poles through the governance of the system of economic, energy, and security interests.

The foreign strategic orientations of the United States of America represent an extension of its supreme interests and national security, and to protect the political, economic and social requirements of the American nation, and to commit and adhere to guaranteeing and protecting them around the world, it has placed at the top of the priorities of its foreign policy to achieve its current and future goals. Iraq and its geostrategic and economic importance are an integral part of its priorities, and were clearly embodied after 2003, when it put in place many mechanisms and tools for Iraq to be a passage to achieve its agendas in the Middle East region.
Despite the change in White House administrations over the past two decades, all of them are committed to the constants of their strategy, although the expression of it differs, as some of them expressed their foreign political behaviour in their relations with it either by employing their military superiority or investing and employing soft power, and their political orientations constitute one of their plans to ensure the achievement of each of their strategic goals, and their continued preservation of their pioneering role in global leadership and hegemony.

Soft power is considered one of the fundamental pillars in managing various crises in the era of globalization, due to its intellectual and philosophical content that aligns with the spirit of the age. It involves precise identification and deep diagnosis of crises that arise between the related parties, by adopting sound reasoning and enlightened thinking to contain and control crises without exacerbating them, based on logical, realistic, and rational accepted principles and foundations.
A crisis is a product of society, rooted and growing based on a set of subjective and objective data as a tangible, realistic phenomenon based on action and reaction, whether deliberate or arbitrary. Therefore, how to deal with the crisis and ways to confront and manage it is considered a roadmap leading to two paths and no third option: either towards the resolution of the crisis or towards its explosion.
The relationship between the Kurdistan Region and the central government in Baghdad, which is the subject of our research, is a relationship based on crisis and crisis management on one hand, and crisis creation and escalation on the other. Therefore, the relationship between them can be considered thorny, complex, confused, and crisis-ridden, as a result of the lack of trust between the two parties, and the buying of time in order to forget and not demand those rights by the Kurdistan Region, as the central government in Baghdad believes.
The media, in all its various and diverse forms, plays a fundamental and pivotal role in creating a suitable environment for managing the crisis between the two parties in order to bring their viewpoints closer together, search for common points, and avoid stirring up grudges and exacerbating the crisis to reach a deadlock. This matter requires a balanced media policy compatible with soft power, both in terms of tactics and strategy, in order to safeguard interests and achieve the desired goals.

with the escalation of changes in the world economy and the decline in absolute confidence In US dollars, highlights the transformation scenario of a monoophodies system of hegemony to a multi-currency system. This transition is related to several factors, including the rise of major economies such as China and India, the growing role of Euro and other Chinese, in addition to the expansion of economic and regional construction, which seeks to reduce the revenue on the dollar in trade and reserves that the future of the cash system may result in a combination of major currencies that balance economic influence, which contributes to distribution of risks and reduce fluctuations.

Russian foreign policy after 2014 witnessed a significant strategic shift, represented by its return to the international arena, expressing its rejection of NATO's attempts, led by the United States, to impose hegemonic influence over Eastern European countries. These regions, Russia considers its vital sphere and a natural extension of its national security in its broadest sense. In the midst of this rejection and defiance, Russia used force to attempt to change the situation. To demonstrate this, the research used the descriptive-analytical approach to analyze Russian policies and describe their developments. The historical approach was also used to explain historical phenomena and events and trace the roots of the conflict according to the concepts of power, interest, and security protection. As a result, the research demonstrates that Ukraine and its relationship with the West represent a turning point in Russian foreign policy, especially after its attempt to join NATO. This placed Russia in a state of confrontation with the West, in which it used force and deterrence. This necessitates the adoption of more balanced global security approaches that address Russian security concerns to avoid escalation, and to support diplomatic dialogue to mitigate the intensity of the confrontation, which could reach the point of a third world war centered around Eastern Europe.

This study presents an analytical exploration of the dialectical relationship between post humanism and artificial consciousness, aiming to understand the impact of artificial consciousness on the human ethical framework. This required an understanding of the ethical nature of the post human stage, as well as examining the influence of artificial consciousness on morality after clarifying the dialectical link between post humanism and artificial intelligence (AI). With the emergence of socially active, “intelligent,” “non-human,” and “consciously aware” (phenomenal consciousness) entities as natural components of the post human phase—entities that transcend human centrality in existence—the study seeks to explore the ethical nature of these actors (AI ethics) and their moral relationships with their surroundings. This involves the dual essence of being both a tool and an agent, which inherently goes beyond traditional moral frameworks.This necessitated an investigation into post-structuralism ethics and their relationship with the post human condition, eventually leading to an exploration of the emerging post-traditional ethical paradigm: **relational ethics**. This ethical approach prioritizes social relationships among diverse actors, expanding traditional ethical ties beyond human society to include the non-human world—such as digitally intelligent systems with artificial consciousness. It provides a new framework to address the ethical challenges posed by AI.The researcher concludes the study by presenting an open-ended issue regarding the increasing complexity of engaging with AI ethics. The rapid advancements in artificial neural network research are likely to contribute to a rise in artificial consciousness, which will in turn bring forth a more profound and dual-natured challenge: the emergence of **“machine sentience”** arising from its “consciousness.” At that point, biological humans will face emotional and experiential interactions with machines, giving rise to significant ethical challenges.

Our research presents the political and ideological foundations used by the two Destourian parties, the archeo and the neo " executive commission/political bureau", in their dispute over the sense of internal and total independence following the declaration of the French government the Radical, Pierre Mendès-France, on July 31, 1954, before the bey of Tunis, Mohamed Lamine.It analyzes the procedural consequences of this dispute regarding the success or failure of the first negotiation process of the government of Tahar Ben Ammar
" August 8, 1954 - September 17, 1955". Drawing its elements from the journalistic debate which took place between the two leaders, Habib Bourguiba, president of the Neo-Destour, and Salah Farhat, secretary general of the Archéo-Destour, and Charles Saumagne, honorary director of the Tunisian administration, through articles published on the question in the newspapers La Presse , le Monde, and reserves made by the secretary general Salah Ben Youssef, with regard to the Mendès-France declaration " August 4, 1954" and his opposition to the French-Tunisian conventions concluded on June 3, 1955.

This research addresses the concept of cultural pluralism within the framework of contemporary Islamic political thought, considering it as one of the divine universal laws and a sign of Islam’s humanity and inclusiveness. Islam acknowledges the diversity of cultures, sects, languages, and ethnicities, as long as this pluralism does not contradict Islamic principles. While Islam calls for unity, it also recognizes and regulates human differences through dialogue, tolerance, and coexistence. The aim of this research is to clarify the concept of cultural pluralism, its conditions and foundations, and how it operates within the Muslim community—especially in the context of diverse sects and ethnic groups. The research highlights aspects such as inter-cultural dialogue, cooperation, and acceptance of the other. The research is structured into several sections covering: the definition of cultural pluralism, its importance, Islam’s position on it, its conditions, and manifestations. It emphasizes values that promote peaceful coexistence within a single nation. This research presents a contemporary vision rooted in Islamic political thought, demonstrating how cultural pluralism can serve as a source of and unity, rather than division and conflict, within Muslim societies

The international system in the twenty-first century is undergoing profound transformations due to the rise of new global powers, most notably the People's Republic of China, which has succeeded in reshaping the global balance of economic and military power, thereby challenging the long-standing dominance of the United States. The Sino-American rivalry represents one of the most prominent manifestations of this transformation, encompassing intertwined geopolitical, economic, military, and technological dimensions. This research analyzes the key determinants of this competition through two main perspectives: the economic dimension, which drives China’s growth and influence in global markets, and the military dimension, which embodies the tools of deterrence and control in international interactions. Studying this rivalry provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of power in the emerging international order and assessing whether this confrontation will result in a rebalancing of global power or escalate into a direct strategic conflict between the two major powers.

The importance of smart power has increased in American decision-making circles, especially the State Department, in order to confront the challenges facing American interests at the global geographic level. There are challenges that can be resolved through soft power, as happened in the Arab Spring revolutions, and there are challenges that can be resolved through direct military intervention or economic threats, as happened with Iran. In addition, the international system is experiencing instability due to the Russian-Ukrainian war and the Gaza war.

The structural relationship between human trafficking and organized crime is evident as intertwined threats to sustainable peace in fragile states. Human trafficking and organized crime pose interconnected, multidimensional challenges that hinder the achievement of sustainable peace in countries with fragile contexts. These two phenomena cannot be treated as separate crimes. They must be viewed as part of a comprehensive system that arises from the weak performance of state institutions, the deterioration of the social contract, and the persistence of illicit economic activities. From a structural perspective, human trafficking may go beyond being merely cases of individual exploitation, whether through forced labor, sexual exploitation, or forced recruitment, to being an indicator of a profound imbalance in political, economic, and social structures. In the same context, organized crime constitutes the general framework that provides the essential elements to support these practices, whether in terms of infrastructure, financing, or the cross-border networks that contribute to their sustainability and expansion.

Political systems work to formulate public policies that contribute to enhancing political stability. Environmental security is considered one of the influential factors in the policymaking process due to the impacts of climate change on political, social, and economic stability. The growing effects of climate change have led to an increased need for measures aimed at mitigating the damages resulting from climatic shifts.
However, these environmental changes were not initially prioritized in public policy due to the security and political challenges Iraq has faced. As a result, the impact of climate change on societal and economic stability has intensified, particularly through its effect on Iraq’s primary resource—oil—due to increased emissions, associated gas flaring, and the rise in internal migration and displacement in communities affected by environmental changes.
In response, the Iraqi government has begun implementing necessary measures to reduce the adverse effects of climate change, including rising temperatures, desertification, and water scarcity. This is further exacerbated by the declining water levels of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, attributed to regional factors and the weakening of Iraq’s foreign policy and its influence at the regional level.
Consequently, the government has launched several projects to expand green spaces and reduce associated gas flaring. Additionally, it has taken steps to minimize water consumption and promote its rational use

This study highlights the significance of China’s post-2020 energy policies, given its status as the world’s largest energy consumer and a central actor in global climate and economic affairs. The importance of the research lies in examining how China seeks to strike a balance between securing energy supply and sustaining economic growth on the one hand, while meeting its environmental commitments and transitioning toward cleaner energy sources on the other. The methodology employed a descriptive-analytical approach, structured into three main sections: assessing China’s energy potentials and needs; analyzing the directions of Chinese energy policies; and examining political, economic, and technical obstacles, followed by an outlook on future prospects. The findings indicate that China’s success depends on expanding ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission networks, scaling up storage capacities, adopting innovative financial instruments such as green bonds, and reinforcing international partnerships to diversify supply sources. The study recommends further comparative academic research, expanding green financing mechanisms, and directing investments toward less developed regions to achieve regional equity. These measures would contribute to a deeper academic understanding and provide policymakers with strategic insights for designing more sustainable energy policies.

This research analyzes the evolution of US foreign policy toward the Syrian Kurds since 2014, from a phase of deep military partnership during the war against ISIS to one of limited functional involvement. It assesses the impact of regional and international shifts on the Kurds' position in northern and eastern Syria. The research demonstrates that the relationship between Washington and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) has remained governed more by US operational needs than by a long-term political vision. Regional and international balances have played a decisive role in determining the limits of US support. The research concludes that the most likely scenario for the future of US policy is the continuation of a limited functional US presence, without direct political commitments to the Autonomous Administration.