Iraqi Journal of Science

One of the most pressing challenges in the field of photocatalysis is the development of efficient photodegradation systems that utilize different ultraviolet light spectra and nanoparticles as photocatalysts to effectively remove pollutants from the environment. This study investigates the photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue dye under three different types of UV light sources using a new homemade instrument. The photodegradation activity of this system comprises various conditions, the first one is for MB dye only, the second one is when irradiation of MB dye with UV-A, UV-B, UV-C light sources with circulation, finally, the effect of adding 0.05 gm of green synthesis of TiO2NPs by using date seed powder in sol-gel method. Different percentages of MB dye removal were reported. The prepared catalysts were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive analysis, X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The photodegradation performance under UV-C irradiation was the highest, showing 98% photodegradation of MB dye in 90 minutes. UV-B irradiation showed 86% photodegradation of MB dye in 90 minutes, while UV-A irradiation showed 36% photodegradation of MB dye in 90 minutes.

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who consume gluten-containing grains, such as wheat, barley, and rye, triggering a gradual immune response that damages the small intestine and can also affect other organs. Accurate biochemical markers are essential for diagnosis, risk assessment, and the implementation of effective treatments to enhance clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate changes in blood levels of urea, creatinine, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride), trace elements (magnesium and zinc), and vitamin C in Iraqi individuals diagnosed with celiac disease. A total of 100 patients with celiac disease who were not following a gluten-free diet were compared to 57 healthy controls. The results showed a significant increase in serum urea and creatinine levels (p < 0.05), while electrolyte levels remained unchanged. Conversely, trace element levels of (magnesium and zinc), and serum vitamin C levels were significantly decreased in both Patients female (PI) and Patients male (PII) compared to their respective healthy groups control female (CI) and control male (CII). These findings suggest that the observed variations may be linked to an increased risk of renal dysfunction due to elevated serum urea and creatinine levels in individuals with celiac disease.

A new Schiff base ligand was prepared via a condensation reaction. The synthesis involved combining N-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl) benzamide (also known as sulfabenzamide) with indoline-2,3-dione. To facilitate the reaction, three drops of glacial acetic acid were added. This process yielded the ligand N-(4-(2-oxoindoline-3-ylideneamino) phenylsulfonyl) benzamide, designated as (L). Mixed ligand complexes were prepared in a molar ratio (1:1:1) (M:1,10-phen, L) at concentrations of 10-4M by interacting L and 1,10-phenanthroline, with the following metal ions (Cr+3, Mn+2, Zn+2, Pd+2, Cd+2, Pt+4). These complexes exhibited different geometric shapes, including (octahedral for both Cr+3, Mn+2, Pt+4, tetrahedral for Zn+2 and Cd+2, and square planar for Pd+2) . These prepared complexes were characterized by several techniques such as C.H.N.S, FT-IR, molar conductivity, UV-Vis spectra, magnetic susceptibility and atomic absorption. The ligands were characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, C. H. N. S and mass spectra. The results showed that the ligand (L) behaves as a bidentate chelating ligand that binds to metal ions through donor N, and O atoms. The biological activity of ligand (L,1,10-phen) and mixed ligands complexes was evaluated against two types of bacteria (positive and negative) and one type of fungi at a concentration of 0.02M. The results demonstrated that the prepared complexes have high inhibition of all types of bacteria and fungi compared to the standard drug and the ligand (1,10-phen). The standard heat of formation and binding energy for ligand (L) and all complexes produced were calculated using the Hyper-Chem8.0.7 program. Additionally, the vibration frequencies as well as the HOMO and LUMO were studied for the ligand alone. When comparing the practical and theoretical vibration frequencies of the ligand, it was found that the results of the theoretical study and experimental were close in result to the error rate within the permissible range.

This research aimed to create eco-friendly superabsorbent gels that excel in swelling and absorption capacity, rapid swelling rate, affordability, and durability, with the ultimate goal of effectively removing water from crude oil and gasoline practically and sustainably. Superabsorbent hydrogels are composed of two main components. The first component is linear polyacrylamide, which acts as a polyelectrolyte. The second component includes varying amounts of acrylamide as a monomer with N, Ǹ-Methylene bis-acrylamide as a cross-linking agent and sodium persulfate as an initiator. This composition is developed using the semi-interpenetrating polymers network technique (semi-IPNs). The hydrogel was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, and XRD techniques. The swelling characteristics was examined of each semi-IPN hydrogel by quantifying the swelling ratio (SR). It was found that it varied from 589 to 5432 ٪depending on component quantities and environments. The results showed that the semi-IPNs containing 2 g acrylamide (sample C) have a high SR as compared to semi-IPNs containing 1 g (sample A) in distilled water and alkaline media but less SR in the acidic medium. The effects of various salt solutions on swelling behavior and the efficacy of semi-IPNs in removing water from crude fuel and gasoline were discussed. The resulting hydrogel after revision of the synthesis temperature indicated an increased swelling rate within a value of SRs ranging from 2700% to 4524% in the water-crude oil mixture and 2700% to 5644% in the water-gasoline mixture when subsequent tests were carried out.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that causes ongoing inflammation in the joints, starting with smaller joints and gradually spreading to larger ones, with potential complications affecting other parts of the body. The chronic inflammation in the synovial membrane leads to the degradation of cartilage and bone. Osteonectin (SPARC), a protein involved in tissue remodelling, is found to be highly expressed in the cartilage and synovium of individuals with RA, indicating its potential role in the disease process. This research aimed to investigate serum Osteonectin (ON) concentrations as a potential marker of RA disease activity. The study included 58 patients with RA and 30 healthy individuals, divided into three groups: G1 (RA with mild disease activity, n=29), G2 (RA with moderate disease activity, n=29), and G3 (healthy controls, n=30). Clinical information, anthropometric parameters, duration of the disease, treatment type, and Clinical Disease Activity Index score (CDAIs), were recorded. Serum ON levels were measured using the ELISA technique on frozen samples. Statistical analysis involving ANOVA and Pearson's correlation was used. The results revealed that serum ON levels in G1 and G2 groups were higher than C group (49.29±10.27, 60.13±16.38 and 22.15±5.94) respectively. In G1, a strong negative correlation was found between serum ON levels and weight (r=-0.553, p=0.002). Additionally, positive correlations were noticed between serum ON levels and disease duration (r=0.513, p=0.004), triglycerides (r=0.428, p=0.021), and AST (r=-0.437, p=0.018). In contrast, G2 showed only a moderate negative correlation was observed between serum ON levels and AST (r=-0.437, p=0.018). The elevated levels of ON suggest that its involvement in RA is associated with clinical parameters. Also, ON may has a potential role in disease progression, lipid metabolism, and liver function.

This study employed a simple hydrolysis method to synthesize two novel nanocomposites: ZnO/g-C3N4 (ZCN) and TiO2/g-C3N4 (TCN). Characterization results confirmed the successful integration of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles onto g-C3N4 nanosheets, resulting in enhanced optical absorption in the visible light region. Both synthesized ZCN and TCN composites exhibited higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the antibiotic doxycycline under visible light irradiation compared to their individual component materials. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of heterojunction between TiO2 or ZnO and porous g-C3N4, which improves electron-hole pair separation and reduces recombination. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of doxycycline using ZCN and TCN followed a pseudo-first-order model, with both catalysts demonstrating operational stability and effectiveness in antibiotic photodegradation.

The study aims to investigate the inhibition efficiency of new 2-aryl imidazo[2,1-b] benzothiazole derivative namely 2- (4-bromophenyl-4-yl)-5 -yl-methylene-3- (p-tolyl)-2- phenyl- (3,5-dihydroimidazoline-4-one) imidazo [2,1-b]benz[d]thiazol (BPMDIB). Quantum chemical calculations were employed to investigate the impact of BPMDIB on carbon steel corrosion. The results showed that increasing the inhibitor concentration resulted in a substantial decrease in the corrosion rate of carbon steel, with an inhibitor efficiency value of 92% at 293 K and a concentration of 100 ppm BPMDIB. The corrosion behavior of steel in 3.5% NaCl without and with the inhibitor at different concentrations was investigated between 293 and 323 K in temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization demonstrated the mixed-type action of the inhibitor. The adsorption of BPMDIB on the surface of carbon steel was explained by the Langmuir adsorption model. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical computations based on density functional theory were conducted to study the effect of BPMDIB on the corrosion of carbon steel and to validate the accuracy of the experimental results and determine the efficacious sites of adsorption.

Since high prolactin levels worsen Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) symptoms, they have been the focus recently. The current study aims to shed light on hyperprolactinemia and the role of inflammation and biochemical disturbances in increasing the severity of PCOS. The study involved 90 participants: 68 women with PCOS, aged between 20-45, and 22 apparently healthy women with age match to patients. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, utilizing ElectroChemiLuminescence, ELISA, and NycoCardTM techniques for precise measurement of prolactin, testosterone, estrogen, TSH, FSH, LH, anti-FSH, and CRP. Depending on the prolactin level, samples were categorized into 3 groups: hyperprolactinemia-PCOS (above 23.30 ng/ml), normal prolactin PCOS, and normal prolactin without PCOS. PCOS recorded a significant increase in prolactin level compared with control at p-value (<0.0001). Also, PCOS with hyperprolactinemia displayed notably higher levels of estrogen and CRP compared to both the normal prolactin PCOS and control at p-value (<0.0001). Additionally, PCOS with hyperprolactinemia exhibited notably higher levels of TSH compared to the control at p-value (<0.0001). Also, a significant difference was found in the level of testosterone, LH, LH/FSH ratio, and anti-FSH in PCOS compared to control at p-value (<0.0001). Based on the current study, which showed a statistically significant relationship between hyperprolactinemia and high levels of inflammation as an immune reaction accompanied by hormonal disorders and high levels of anti-FSH, it can be concluded that all the factors mentioned in this study should be included in PCOS treatment strategies to restore hormonal and immune balance, which may be a cause of the condition.

This study investigates the impact of varying concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cr heavy metal ions on the growth of Synechococcus elongatus (S. elongatus) and evaluates the effectiveness of S. elongatus in removing these heavy metal ions through biosorption, with a focus on identifying the residual ions that are not removed by this process. This study was conducted using five bioreactors filled with BG11 growth medium, each containing a different concentration of each heavy metal ion. The removal efficiency and the remaining ions of these heavy metals were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by measuring the concentration of heavy metal ions in the initial solution and then every two days up to the end of the experiment. Maximum removal was achieved fourteen days of incubation with exposure to heavy metals at the concentrations of 0.5 ppm and 1.0 ppm (99.93% and 99.69% for Pb, 99.68% and 99.49% for Ni and 94.35% and 92.85% for Cr). At the concentration of 2.0 ppm, 70% absorption for Pb and Ni, 54.82% absorption for Cr occurred after fourteen days of incubation. At the concentrations 5.0 ppm and 10.0 ppm, microalgal growth troubled; this means that the medium was toxic.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD) are two of the most prevalent autoimmune disorders affecting children and adolescents, with a notable tendency to co-occur in the same individual. This co-occurrence is thought to be attributed to the shared genetic predisposition underlying both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and the impact of the human leukocyte antigen-DQ2 (HLA-DQ2) gene on their levels in diabetic pediatric populations in Wasit Province, Iraq. A total of 100 patients with type T1DM and 60 healthy individuals, both sexes, under the age of 16 years, were recruited. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected from each participant to determine the level of tTG-IgA and tTG-IgG and to detect HLA-DQ2 genes using direct ELISA and conventional PCR, respectively. Additionally, fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels were also measured. The study found a significant difference in the mean levels of tTG-IgA and tTG-IgG between patients and controls, with patients having a higher mean value of tTG-IgA than controls (16.87±72.40 versus 2.47±1.78). Similarly, tTG-IgG levels were also higher in patients (14.52±51.23 versus 2.05±2.29), although no significant correlation was found between HLA-DQ2 gene present and sample type, nor between the means of selected autoantibodies between positive and negative HLA-DQ2 gene analysis among patient groups. The study reveals a significant difference in anti-tTG autoantibodies among T1DM patients compared to healthy controls, increasing their risk of developing CD. Additionally, a high percentage of T1DM children carried the HLA-DQ2 gene, suggesting genetic screening isn't mandatory.

Obesity has become a global epidemic at an increasing rate with the potential to be influenced by epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation. Considering the lack of local studies investigating the influence of global DNA methylation alterations on obesity, the present study was set out to address this issue.
A total of 90 subjects were involved in the present study. Sixty participants were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) while 30 participants were normal body weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). The average age was 31.5 years with a range of (20 – 50 years). Following DNA extraction, global DNA methylation levels were assessed using MethylFlash™ Global DNA Methylation (5mC) ELISA Easy Kit. Other obesity related bio-parameters (including insulin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin resistance, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) were also compared between obese and non-obese subjects.
The levels of global DNA methylation (5mC%) were significantly (P˂0.0001) reduced in the investigated obese versus normal weight controls (0.348 ±0.01 vs.0.559 ±0.02). In addition to the significantly elevated levels ((P≤0.001) T-AOC in the obese subjects in comparison to normal weight controls (0.191 ±0.01vs. 0.132 ±0.01). Lipid profile parameters analysis showed significantly elevated (P≤0.01) cholesterol and LDL in the obese subjects than their normal weight counterparts (191.65 ±3.95 vs. 109.40 ±7.59, and 129.25 ±5.20 vs. 75.93 ±3.22, respectively). The present study showed that the reduced global DNA methylation level is negatively correlated with body mass index of the investigated subjects (r = - 0.441, p˂0.0001). The present study finding may su

Plants contain many types of endophytic fungi, and these have several applications in farming and biofuel production. Vegetables, trees, fodder, fruits, cereal grains, and wild plants, including Glycyrrhiza glabra, harbor them. The present study was conducted to isolate and molecularly characterize Aspergillus terreus from Glycyrrhiza glabra plant roots obtained from Al-Jadiria Company gardens in Baghdad, Iraq. Twenty healthy Glycyrrhiza glabra plant samples were collected from various locations in Al-Jadiria Company gardens in Baghdad, Iraq. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the root samples. Morphological and microscopic examination were used to identify the fungal isolates. The identification of the fungal isolates was confirmed using molecular analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. The PCR product was purified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that 70% (14\20) of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant root samples tested positive for Aspergillus species according to the morphological and microscopic examination. A fragment size of 650 bp was obtained by amplifying the ITS region of the rRNA gene. The bioinformatics analysis confirmed that the endophytic fungus was Aspergillus terreus. After amplification of fungi's ribosomal RNA, primers (ITS) and phylogenetic structuring tree analysis were carried out by sequences and confirmation of microorganism homogeneous data utilizing a database (NCBI). The results indicated that when compared to the wild type of the ITS gene from the gene bank, Aspergillus terreu isolate IAA1 small subunit ribosomal RNA gene displayed 100% identity.

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the University of Baghdad to determine the effect of clover residues mixed with the soil in which the barley crop (Arviat variety) was planted. Residues of two varieties of clover (Red clover and Egyptian clover) were added at a rate of 3 and 6grams of plant residues. Two control treatments were also implemented with 3 and 6 grams of barley straw for comparison purposes. The results showed that the clover residues significantly reduced the germination and growth of the barley crop. However, this inhibition increased significantly when plant residues were added to the Egyptian clover variety at concentrations of 3 and 6grams, achieving inhibition in the germination of barley seeds. It achieved a clear inhibition in the growth characteristics of barley, represented by plant height, as it recorded an inhibition in the average plant height at both concentrations of (3 and 6 grams) reaching 46.27% and 26.61%, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibition in the shoot biomass was 43.76% and 29.69%, respectively, while the inhibition in the root biomass was 50.78% and 42.81%. The results also showed an inhibition in the dry weight of the whole barley plant, consistent with what was mentioned in the results of germination rate, plant height, total green and root biomass which showed inhibition percentages of 48.18% and 37.89%, respectively for both concentrations of (3 and 6 grams) of plant residues. results indicate that as the concentration of plant residues in the clover increased, the allelopathic compounds' effect on the clover also increased.

A study was conducted on water's physical and chemical properties at five sites along the water channel within the University of Baghdad in Baghdad's Al-Jadriya district. All sites drew water from the Tigris River, adjacent to the university. The present study aimed to determine aquatic plant types inhabiting the study area and the diversity of fungi associated with these plants and fungi present in water during three seasons of the year: spring, autumn, and winter (2022 - 2023), considering five locations.
The results of the current study showed that the water became alkaline and the oxygen level was good, four types of aquatic plants were diagnosed and isolated from the aqueducts that derive their water from the Tigris River: Ceratophyllum demersum, Najas marina, Hydrilla verticillata, and Lemna minor (duckweed). Also diagnosed 1141 fungal isolates belonging to 23 families were acquired. The family Trichocomaceae had the highest percentage at 21.42%, followed by Pleosporaceae and Mucoraceae with 9.52 % and 7.14 %, respectively. The families Saprolegniaceae and Nectriaceae also recorded significant rates. The result found the presence of forty-two fungal species, which include Aspergillus niger and A. Terreus, which had the very best appearance percentage in the collected water samples. This indicates an excessive level of fungal biodiversity in the study area because of favorable environmental situations for fungal increase. Furthermore, 255 fungal isolates were isolated from aquatic plants belonging to fourteen families. The Trichocomaceae family had the highest percentage at 16.6%, followed by 11.11% of Pleosporaceae and Chaetomiaceae families. The study also diagnosed 18 fungal species, Aspergillus niger, and A. Flavus, which had the highest percentage of appearance compared to other species collected. The important intention of this study was to conduct a qualitative assessment of the fungal families and the type of aquatic plants accrued from the Tigris River in Baghdad's Al-Jadriya district. This study also aimed to identify the aquatic flora to apprehend the biodiversity of fungi and plant life in the study area.

The high morbidity and mortality are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which behaves as an opportunistic organism that resists many disinfectants through biofilm. The current study aims to detect variation in the ndvB gene and its relation with biofilm construction through the correlation of the change in the DNA sequence of the ndvB gene in different isolates and their phenotypic change in biofilm formation (weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers). The biofilm was constructed, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for planktonic cells and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) for biofilm-forming cells were determined for the 20 isolates under the study. The prevalence of ndvB gene was detected, and its sequence was detected through Sanger sequencing and compared to the analysis of the genic variation for the ndvB gene and their correlation with phenotypic change for biofilm construction. Most of the isolates were biofilm producers and were resistant to different antibiotics. In addition, MBC for biofilm-producing isolates was high, while MIC for the planktonic cell was low. This result may indicate the isolates can resist ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin antibiotics in the presence of biofilm. Furthermore, the SNP detection in the coding sequence of the ndvB gene in isolate with ID 14 compared with the reference genome revealed that SNP located at position 792 transferring G to A. This variation may contribute to the resistance of the ndvB gene to antibiotics in the presence of biofilm in P. aeruginosa but needs to be further proven experimentally.

MUC4, a type of reproductive mucus secreted by epithelial cells, can alter the uterine environment and weaken the epithelial lining, making it challenging for an embryo to implant. Furthermore, MUC4 has been linked to mature endometriosis, a condition that affects the uterus. As a result, abnormal mucus production led to female Infertility. The current study evaluates the association between mucin4, pri-miR146a, with Infertility by measuring the fold change in gene expression to improve IVF program in Iraqi medical centres. This was achieved by assessing a new parameter in 128 infertility women under IVF. The study included 84 infertile females: - 26 successful implantations, 58 failure failed implantations under an in vitro fertilization program and 44 fertile females under IVF as control divided into two subgroups, 21 successful implantations and 23 failed implantations. Current work conclusion, the infertility, cases under the IVF program with fertile failure implantation cases related to significant down-regulation of mucin-4, except successful fertile cases recorded significant up-regulation. These results recorded up-regulation of miR-146a-5p gene expression and down-regulation of miR146a-3p expression. There is a significant negative correlation between mucin4 with miR-146a-5p and miR-146a-3p. These relations may influence embryo implantation by regulating mucin4 gene expression under the effect of negative correlation of both 5p and 3p in infertile females undergoing IVF programs.

Medical leech therapy has been used for centuries due to its therapeutic effects. This therapy is mainly due to two main mechanisms: sucking and removing blood by leeches and secretion of leech saliva containing bioactive substances. This study investigated the effects of leech saliva extract (LSE) and medical leech therapy (MLT) on wound healing in rats with an incisional skin-wound model. The rats were divided into three groups: the control group (group I), the medical leech therapy group (group II), and the leech saliva extract group (group III). The wound healing process was observed and photographed morphologically on days zero and seven. After seven days, the rats were euthanised for detailed histological and biochemical examination. The histopathological findings revealed that group III indicated an accelerated healing process compared to other groups. In Group III, significant improvements in epithelial regeneration, granulation tissue thickness, fibroblast proliferation, neovascularisation, and reduced inflammation were observed. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (+) cell percentages were highest in Group III (75.60 ± 0.67), followed by Group II (67.00 ± 1.15), both significantly higher than the control group (46.16 ± 1.01) (p = 0.001). LSE demonstrates superior wound healing effects, likely by promoting epithelial and granulation tissue development and enhancing VEGF-driven neovascularisation. These findings underscore LSE's potential as a therapeutic agent for improving skin wound healing, with effects similar to or greater than medicinal leech therapy.

This study investigates the antibiotic resistance patterns in Proteus mirabilis isolates, with a specific focus on the presence of Beta-Lactamase genes, including SHV, TEM, and CTX-M, which are known to contribute to the bacterium's ability to cause various diseases. A total of 100 urine samples were collected from patients confirmed urinary tract infections (UTIs), and out of these, only 20 of those samples were positively identified as Proteus mirabilis using cultural characteristics, biochemical examinations, and the Vitek II system. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for 27 antibiotics. Results showed that isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance ranging from 10 to 19 antibiotics, with 100% resistance to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Clarithromycin, Penicillin G, Cephalothin and Cefaclor. Additionally, the isolates revealed high resistance to the third generation Cephalosporines of, including Ceftriaxone (85%), Cefotaxime (75%), Ceftazidime (55%), and Cefoperazone (45%). Using the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST), eight isolates were confirmed to produce ESβL. Conventional PCR was conducted with specific primers to detect four distinct ESβLs (TEM, SHV, CTX-M-8, and CTX-M-9). Results revealed that CTX-M-8 was found in all eight isolates with phenotypic evidence of ESβL production, indicating that they are the most prevalent type of ESβL. At the same time, those for CTX-M-9, TEM-type and SHV type were 87.5%, 62.5% and 12.5 % respectively. In conclusion, all the examined isolates were found to produce ESβLs, particularly the CTX-M-8 gene.

The current study investigates the association of the gene expression and Polymorphism of the TCF7L2 gene variations (rs78025551 and rs7903146) with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iraqi patients. The study included 200 participants; 100 were T2DM patients, and 100 were healthy controls. Sex, age (divided into three groups), BMI, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and HbA1c % were investigated. Results indicated that there were substantial variations between patients and controls (p < 0.01) regarding age, age group, BMI, FBG, and HbA1c %, while no significant differences at the sex level. The first part of the research revealed the determination of TCF7L2 gene expression. The median of gene expression (ΔCt) of the TCF7L2 gene in patients' was (9.36), compared to the control (10.14); statistically, there were no significant differences (p =0.2) between the studied groups. Moreover, the median of fold change in gene expression (2-ΔΔCt) revealed up-regulation at (1.54). In the second part, two SNPs with polymorphic frequencies (rs78025551, [C/G] and rs7903146 [C/G/T]) were assigned in the DNA sequence of the PCR-amplified region (943 bp). It was found that highly statistically significant differences between T2DM patients in all genotypes and alleles of rs78025551 and rs7903146 in comparison with controls. The data pertaining to rs78025551 revealed notable genotype frequencies; there was a significant difference between genotypes GG in T2DM patients in comparison with control groups (p >0.049). T2DM patients had a 4% GG genotype and an odd ratio of 8.60 (1.18-62.67). T2DM can manifest when people possess a homozygous mutant GG. The SNP's G allele was found in (24%) of T2DM patients and (17%) of healthy controls with a p-value of 0.01 (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = (0.95- 2.49)) suggesting a potential association with T2DM. This study identified an additional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that exhibited association with T2DM. The study revealed a notable correlation between the rs7903146 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the occurrence of T2DM disease in individuals possessing heterozygote (CT) genotypes. The rs7903146 genotype frequency in the T2DM and control groups was 60% and 45%, respectively. The genotype of rs7903146, specifically the heterozygous CT genotype, exhibited a significant association with T2DM. The odds ratio (OR) for the CT genotype was 2.63. The SNP's T allele was detected in (48%) of T2DM patients and (32.5%) of healthy controls, with a p-value of 0.006.

This study shows how the structural and dielectric properties of (SnO2)1-x(Mn2O3)x, (where x=0.00, 0.03, 0.05,0.07, and 0.09) prepared using the solid state reaction technique, are affected by the doping of semiconducting metal oxide Mn2O3. Structural analysis of the composites was carried out using information from the composite samples obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffraction peak shifting in XRD patterns indicated that Mn ions were successfully incorporated into the SnO2 crystal lattice. Mn ions were successfully doped in the
Tin oxide matrix lattice with the subsequent increase of doping levels. The average crystal size evaluated using Scherrer's equation was found to vary from 33 to 37 nm, and the lattice constants were a=4.68-3.69 and c=3.166-3.173. This work also tested the dielectric characteristics of (SnO2)1-x(Mn2O3) x composites. The effects of Mn doping were interpreted and discussed. The effects of Mn doping on the σa.c(ω), exponent (s), dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation time, and polarizability were also studied.

A numerical simulation of the streamer discharge was constructed to study the streamer origination (initiation) of the streamer discharge formation and development between two electrodes, one of which is a needle and the other a sphere electrode in transformer oil, with focusing on the effect of the rising time of lightning impulse voltage between the two electrodes. The model includes electron, positive, and negative ion continuity equations and Poisson's equation to simulate this streamer discharge behavior. The growth and development of the streamer discharge are examined by changing the rising time it takes for the voltage to increase using the applied impulse voltage parameters. Additionally, this model investigates different characteristics of the streamer discharge, such as the distribution of the electric field, time initiation of the streamer discharge at the electrode (needle), streamer discharge velocity, streamer diameter, and minimum breakdown voltage for each case of the rising time. The results showed that increasing the rising time (25-100ns), increasing the time initiation(6-19ns), and decreasing the streamer's electric field before it. (4.75×108−4.38×108v/m), decreases the streamer velocity (2.353-1.421km/s), the streamer diameter (0.175-0.167mm), and increases the voltage breakdown(79-100kv). The simulation was done in a virtual cell filled with transformer oil with a gap of 1mm between the two electrodes.

This research aimed to evaluate the radon concentration for 11 different samples of consuming foodstuff collected from the markets. Alpha- CR-39 track detectors were used to analyze the radium concentration and radon exhalation rate. Al-Sayed coffee powder had the highest radon concentration of 99.7 Bq/m3, while Al-Warda sugar had the lowest concentration of 56.5 Bq/m3. The surface exhalation rate for the powdered milk samples varied from 2.3Bq/ m2.h in Al-Marai sample to 3.5 Bq/m2.h in sample Anchor. While the coffee powder samples ranged from 2.4 Bq/ m2.h in sample Al-Rifai to 3.7 Bq/m2.h in sample Al-Sayed. The sugar samples varied from 2.11 Bq/ m2.h in sample Al-Warda to 2.3 Bq/m2.h in sample Al-Usra. The lifetime cancer risk was found to be within the range of 28-44.8 people per million with a mean value of 36.5±0.5 for powdered milk, and within the range of 29.5-45.1 people per million with a mean value of 38±0.5 for coffee powder and the range of 25.5-28 people per million with a mean value of 26±0.07 for sugar sample. The samples measured are mainly used by consumers and do not contain harmful radioactivity.

The groundwater quality in the Abu Ghraib area of Baghdad governorate was estimated using a water quality index. Abu Ghraib area is located between latitudes (33° 10' 5" - 33° 22' 4" N) and longitudes (44° 1' 0" - 44° 13' 7" E) where twenty samples sixteen from groundwater, three from the Main drain, and one channel from the Euphrates River were collected and analysed between September 2023 and April 2024 for physical and chemical data. Which include TDS, pH, EC, Cation and anion. The sampled water was neutral to slightly alkaline based on pH results. Groundwater samples are categorized as fresh to mildly salted according to TDS classifications. Every sample water is excessively mineralized according to Ec.. By applying the Kurlolov equation, it has been found that most water samples are of CaSO4 type, and the other samples range between NaSO4, NaCl, and CaCl. When using the Durov classification, it was found that the samples were chloride-sulphate. The water quality in the study area for two period are categorized as good water (Ch) and poor water for (W16), while the remaining samples are classified as very poor water to unsuitable for ueses water due to high values of the calculated WQI values. It can be used for agricultural activity, with the except of W2 and W7, although it is good for livestock, building, and irrigation .

This paper's primary goal is to present the connection between coding theory and the projective space PG(5,q) of order q, where q={2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11} It was determined whether or not the [????,????,????]-code is perfect. Where n is the length of the code, k is the code dimension, and d is the minimum distance, were calculated with error correction e according to the incidence matrix. We have found that the [????,????,????]-code in PG(5,q), q= {2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11}, is perfect if e = 1.

In this paper, solving the Bicriteria Machine Scheduling Problems (BCMSP) and Bi-Objective Machine Scheduling Problems (BOMSP) are proposed using Swarm Intelligence (AI) represented by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The discussed BCMSP is a single machine with maximum early job time and range of late jobs (1//(????????????????,????????)), and the BOMSP is 1//(????????????????+????????). Comparison results of a simulation for exact (complete enumeration and Branch and Bound), heuristic method, and simulated annealing with proposed PSO has been made. The results prove the good efficiency of PSO in solving the two problems. All the results obtained by constructing simulation programs using MATLAB language.

This research focused on studying the Toeplitz determinants for classes of functions with bounded turnings. Before that, some previous studies of Hankel's determinants have been discussed, due to their strong association with Toplitz determinants. They share most of the mathematical features. For example, if the transpose of both matrices is taken, then the original matrix is obtained. On the other hand, for the set BT of univalent functions with bounded turnings, estimates of the sixth-order Toeplitz determinants have been provided in the unit disc. Besides, the sixth Toeplitz determinant for the ????????2 and ????????4 was found, which subfamilies of the ???????? family.

For a commutative ring with identity 1≠0. We denote the set of all zero divisors of ???? by ????(????) and ????(????)−{0}=????(????)∗. Let Γ(????) denote the zero-divisor graph of R. Many authors have investigated zero-divisor graphs of commutative rings. In particular, some authors gave all rings with realizable graph order less than or equal to 22, the exploration of this classification for degrees 23, 24, and 25 is still a subject of ongoing research. In this paper, we present all possible rings when zero divisor graphs order 23, 24 and 25.

In this research, we analyzed the effect of the magnetic field on the axial velocity function, as well as the stream function of non-Newtonian Wallers-B fluid in the inner duct and walls of curved peristaltic channels. This model was examined assuming along wave length and a low Reynolds number relative to a small Brinkman number (Br) using the modern and effective technique of the Mathematica program, the exact solutions of the governing partial differential equations were found. After they were converted to ordinary differential equations. We verified the numerical results through the graphs of all the physical parameters and used the regular perturbation method to reach the numerical solutions for both the axial velocity and flow functions, we conducted the discussion based on the graphs obtained in the Mathematica soft ware for the relevant parameters and it turned out that they are parabolas where the velocity increases with the increasing the parameters values for the curved walls and the behaviour here seems some what oscillatory with increasing the curvature parameter .

Throughout this paper, a new generalization of complex valued CRҪ???? -metric space is used. This definition was stated in published research as a previous work .
In this paper, some new results on common best proximity points for non-self-mappings are obtained in these spaces. It is an extension of previous results proven in classical complex metric spaces. The requirements of the work are as follows: first, we present some equivalent statements for convergence and Cauchy sequences. Second, we define complex b- rectangular metric space by using the function distance of a recent space. Finally, we present the concepts of commute proximity, weak ????- property and weakly dominate mappings. These concepts are illustrated by some examples. Furthermore, some new results on common best proximity points for non-self-mappings are obtained in these spaces. As well as the extension of previous results have been proven in classical complex metric spaces. The work required the employment of conditions on mappings, which are commute proximity and continuity and one of the mappings weakly dominates other. In addition to other appropriate conditions. As a direct result, the existence of a common unique fixed point has been proved.

In this research, we studied the effect of porous media, magnetic field, and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of a second-order dusty fluid in a symmetrical cylindrical channel. The coupled nonlinear differential equations, which represent the motion of dust and fluid molecules, are formulated. These equations are solved by using the perturbation method with the help of the mathematics package; we obtained an approximate analytic solution. The impact of different kinds of parameters, like the Prandtl number, Renold number, wave number, second-grade parameter, Hartman number, wave length, permeability of the medium, and Darcy number, is discussed on the fluid velocity, fluid temperature, flow pattern, dust particle flow pattern, and pressure. The results show that increasing the permeability of the porous medium has a negligible effect on the size and number of boluses, with the bolus size decreasing by a small percentage as the Darcy number increases. We observed that the number of boluses decreases and their size increases as the Hartman number increases. Finally, we discussed the results graphically using MATHMETICA software.

Najas gracillima is a green seaweed commonly found in North America and East Asia. This study explored its phytochemical composition and assessed its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, along with α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity evaluations via the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) and the HeLa cancer cell line. The acetone extract of Najas gracillima (ANG) showed a total phenolic content of 14.26 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 10.27 ± 2.24 mg QUE/g extract. ANG demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH: 14.57 ± 0.93 μg/mL; IC₅₀ for ABTS: 32.17 ± 1.35 μg/mL) and moderate α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀: 54.97 ± 3.36 μg/mL). While it showed mild cytotoxicity in the BSLB assay (LC₅₀: 673.08 μg/mL), no cytotoxic effects were observed against HeLa cells. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the identified compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to relevant drug target proteins associated with the observed biological activities. These findings suggest that N. gracillima may serve as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in managing oxidative stress and diabetes.

This paper presents two subclasses of analytic and bi-univalent functions associated with the Ruscheweyh derivative operator to investigate the bounds for|????2| and |????3|, where ????2 and ????3 are the initial Tayler-Maclaurin coefficients. The current results would generalize and improve some corresponding recent works. Additionally, in certain cases, our estimates correct some of the existing coefficient bounds.

In this paper, a food chain model with fear, Allee effect and linear harvesting in prey population with additional food and nonlinear harvesting in predator’s population have been advanced and studied. Furthermore, it is assumed that the predators are feed on prey using Crowley-Martin functional response. The existence, uniqueness and boundedness of the solution have been discussed. The conditions of local and global stability have been found. The aim of this study is to determine the fear, Allee and additional food effect on the stability of the proposed system, it has been shown that they have an important effect in controlling the stability of the system. Finally, numerical simulation carried out by using Mathematica to verify our analytical results.

In this paper, we developed an ???????????????????????????????????? epidemic model for COVID-19 by using compartmental analysis. In our model, we divided susceptible individuals into two separate groups: one for high-risk individuals and another for those at low risk. In this work, we have proved theorems about the non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions. Afterward, we obtained a disease-free equilibrium point and an endemic equilibrium point. We calculated the basic reproduction number using the next-generation matrix method and then we expressed theorems about the local and global stability of equilibria, finally, we have gone to the sensitivity analysis and numerical analysis.

This study investigates the instability of power-law fluids in a porous channel, emphasizing dual component convection influenced by gravity variations and vertical throughflow. A single-term Galerkin approximation is employed to derive critical Rayleigh numbers and neutral stability curves. The findings reveal that the power-law index tends to destabilize the system, affecting the neutral stability curves, while buoyancy forces contribute to enhancing stability. The role of gravity variations is highlighted as a critical factor, with exponential-type fluctuations proving more effective at achieving stability compared to linear-type fluctuations. Overall, the study emphasizes that key parameters, including the power-law index, buoyancy force, and gravity variations, have a substantial impact on the system's stability characteristics.

In this article, new class of operators named (????,∗)-Parahyponormal operator is imposed. It is extended Paranormality, means it includes both paranormal and hyponormal operators. This concept is described analytically based on the Inequality Theory (IT). Furthermore, a new characteristic of (????,∗)-Parahyponormality is investigated and provided. Several analytical merits, such as adjoint, invertible, null set, power again, and scalar multiplication, are highlighted. Besides, some algebraic merits of this considered operator are discussed including addition, multiplication and tensor product. Some illustrative examples are also provided.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosis is a challenge, including invasive classical methods, which are time-consuming, inaccurate, and error-prone. In this paper, we propose modifying the VGG16 architecture to improve its performance in the classification task. We utilize the Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) image dataset to train the proposed modified VGG16 model. The dataset was split into training and testing sets at a ratio of 80% for training data, 10% for validation data, and 10% for testing data. The ALL dataset consists of four classes: Benign, Early, Pre, and Pro. The results of the proposed modified VGG16 model were very satisfactory: accuracy, 96.59%; precision, 96.61%; sensitivity, 96.59%; F1-score, 96.58%; and Matthew's correlation coefficient of 95.35%. It was demonstrated that the image size also influences the model, indicating a trade-off based on how efficient a computational one can be concerning classification accuracy. These findings highlight the promise of deep learning algorithms to revolutionize all characterizations and offer potential utility for future applications in medical imaging.

Long Term Evolution-LTE is a mobile communication system used in wireless communication networks, while the development of communication methods used today and the high demand for mobile devices of all kinds have necessitated many attacks. This paper suggests a new way to model and build the RC6 algorithm, which creates dynamic keys using last-layer switching (PLL) algorithms, so that it can be used for more than just text and images in a 4G network. Images of different lengths and sizes are selected in the encryption and decryption process. Comparative results show that the proposed security algorithms outperform the standard algorithms. A lot of tests were done on both algorithms, and the proposed algorithm did better than the standard ones in many areas. These included execution time analysis, production encryption and decryption analysis, block-based analysis, potential security vulnerabilities in analysis and key search, statistical tests, entropy, correlation coefficient (CC), and capture-to-signal noise ratio (PSNR). All these criteria prove satisfactory security and good randomness in the proposed algorithm.

Resource utilization in computer networks is a key area of research. Due to the growing numbers of communication devices and data being processed in the network, today's 5G networks are no exception. Network slicing provides a data-driven, programmable solution by enabling the use of virtual segments over the same underlying physical network, using techniques such as Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization. This paper focuses on predicting the most suitable network slice for network tenants by utilizing the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as a multiclassifier for incoming network slice requests. Each tenant is assigned a suitable slice based on the requesting device's type and characteristics of the required communication channel. The slices considered are massive machine-type communications, enhanced mobile broadband, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. Our evaluation of the model and simulation results highlights the effectiveness of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System in selecting the most suitable network slice type, achieving a prediction accuracy of 99.97% using unseen data with a total increase of bandwidth utilization of 12.6% during simulation. Displaying similar or superior performance to existing Deep Learning and Machine Learning approaches.

In many different applications, wireless sensor network (WSN) security enhancement is crucial. The progress in localizing routing attacks is a critical focus of security research. The network performance is compromised by introducing rogue nodes into wireless sensor networks, resulting in various routing attacks. This research introduces a method called hybrid self-organizing neural networks (Hyb_SONN) for detecting and localizing numerous assaults. The proposed approach consists of two main components: localization techniques and a neural network for the detection and localization of WSN DoS attacks. Using the Hyb_SONN method, the dataset is divided into training and testing sets to detect 10 different types of attacks, including denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. The purpose of the simulations is to assess the security-related effectiveness of the proposed technique for locating and detecting malicious nodes. With little localization error, this method provides an accurate assessment of the unknown nodes’ position. The proposed system can effectively detect and precisely locate malicious attacks in hierarchically distributed, scalable WSNs. The results indicate that the proposed approach has a high level of accuracy, with a rate of 99.8%. Additionally, the precision is measured at 96.4%, recall at 94.5%, PDR at 98.5%, energy consumption at 43.2%, and localization error at 13.2%.

Due to the continuous development of information technology and the widespread exchange of digital media, such as text, videos, and images, between parties, protection has become a necessity. In addition, with the latest modern technology, copying and using information illegally has become elementary. In the research community, the given scenario imposes challenges to transferring multimedia files more securely. In such scenarios, various techniques, such as cryptography and steganography, protect secret data from adversaries. The use of biology in cryptography is a new approach to cryptographic research. This paper will present a method of cryptography inspired by DNA structure and its relationship to amino acids. Work has been done on one of the most practical, effective, and modern methods to develop encryption and decryption algorithms, which is DNA-based encryption. Three steps make up the proposed system firstly, the message text is initially hidden in a randomly generated string until it is encrypted. Secondly: encode the message using amino acids and DNA codes. In the third stage, the encryption key is hidden in the cover image using the least significant bit (LSB). The new encryption technology demonstrated several levels of protection by encrypting amino acids and DNA and hiding the encryption keys in the cover image. Moreover, the PSNR metrics used for analysis and comparison show that the proposed approach provides good security.

The antenna of the Baghdad University Radio Telescope (BURT), located at Baghdad longitude (44.38°) and latitude (33.275°), is moved according to a horizontal coordinate (Azimuth (Az), Elevation (El)) system. In this paper, the relation between antenna telescope movement is converted to equatorial coordinates (Right Ascension (RA), Declination (DEC)) using a set of conversion equations. MATLAB R2014a is used for programming all equations. Sun data observations for the BURT radio telescope archive are used to investigate the relationship between horizontal and equatorial coordinates. Two sets of data are selected to test and verify this relationship. The first set of data is for sun observation on 7 January 2019 at 10:50 AM, and the second on 13 April 2019 at 11:18 AM. The SunCalc software package (https://www.suncalc.org/ ) is used to calculate the sun's location (Az, El) in Baghdad’s sky. The antenna movement in horizontal coordinates (Az, El) to form a square area equal to 4° square will be converted to equatorial coordinates in the sky region boundary of -24.9313°≤DEC≤ -19.8238° and 19h 17m 2s ≤RA≤19h 37m 20s. In the same way, the antenna movement in horizontal coordinates (Az, El) to form a square area equal to 3° square will be converted to equatorial coordinates in the sky region boundary of 7.3242°≤DEC≤10.6877° and 1h 29m 47s ≤RA≤1h 39m 56s.

In this work, the optical emission spectroscopy technique was employed to diagnose the plasma and solar wind parameters of Comet C/2020 F3 from July 21 to July 31, 2020. Datasets of comet C2020 F3 (NEOWISE) were gathered using the Cassegrain telescope camera CTK-II providing information within the visible spectrum, particularly emission lines within the wavelength range of 560 to 636 nanometers. The investigation utilized a two-line ratio method to scrutinize the spectrum of the comet over a five-day period from July 21 to July 31, 2020. Furthermore, various plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma frequency were determined. The study also delved into solar wind parameters that align with the comet plasma parameters, including solar wind temperature (in Kelvin), proton density (measured in 1/cm³), solar wind speed (in kilometers per second), and magnetic field strength (denoted as Bx, By, and Bz) in nT. The findings obtained from the analysis of the spectrum were employed to identify the chemical composition of the comet plasma. The results of this study are evident in a correlation between the intensity of these emissions and the distance of the comet from the Sun. It was observed that the heightened values of solar wind speed and temperature, particularly between the 25th and 28th of July, influenced the temperature and electron density of the plasma. During the 30th and 31st days of July, there was a decrease in both electron temperature and electron density as the comet moved farther away from the Sun.

Analyzing feasibility studies is essential for enhancing wind farms' availability, efficiency, and economy during construction and operation. Wind power and other renewable energy sources offer promising prospects for sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. Considering technical and economic factors, this study evaluates the viability of establishing an onshore wind farm in the Al-Fajer location in southeastern Iraq. The RETScreen expert software is used to conduct financial analyses and assess the potential annual energy generation of the proposed project. The study includes analysis and evaluation using three distinct scenarios: economic factors such as investment costs, operation and maintenance costs, and the increasing debt rate. The second scenario produces the most favorable financial results, with a net present value of $236,505,368 and an internal rate of return of 18.2%.

The process of combining images from multiple medical imaging sources while minimizing distortion and loss of information is known as medical image fusion. It improves the usefulness of medical imaging for diagnosing and treating medical issues by maintaining every feature in the fused image. Many image fusion techniques have been introduced recently, and significant progress has been made in medical diagnosis. However, the fusion performance of these contemporary methods may experience challenges such as distortion, noise, and blurring under certain conditions. To address these drawbacks of the current methods, this work presents a novel fusion methodology for enhanced visual clarity and detail retention. A new decomposition technique with an edge-preserving smoother was first described using Gaussian curvature and guided filters. The primary objective of this approach is to preserve edge haloes while recovering the structural information. The "weighted average" technique was used to merge source images based on the weights computed based on significant edge details. This technique can enhance contrast and highlight significant details in the fused image. The proposed methodology was evaluated on multiple publicly available medical imaging datasets. The quantitative evaluation indicates that the suggested fusion strategy for multimodal image fusion improves the average image entropy (IE) by 5.8, Mutual Information (MI) by 34.8%, Mean Structural Similarity Index Measure (MSSIM) by 31%, and Edge Strength (QABF) by 40% over the current methods, demonstrating its potential applicability in clinical settings for accurate diagnosis.