Iraqi future for political and strategic studies

Abstract
The study examines the role of religious forces and institutions in shaping military life within the Israeli army, highlighting how religion and Jewish heritage are employed in wars, with a particular focus on the 2023 Gaza War as a case study. The study argues that this war may represent the peak of the “religionization of Zionism” and the consolidation of religious discourse within modern Zionist nationalism. The study concludes that religion has become a central element in the structure of the Israeli army and in directing its military operations, relying on historical, descriptive-analytical, and content analysis methodologies to examine relevant discourse and texts.

Abstract
Artificial intelligence has long intellectual historical roots. The modern technologies related to AI are not merely mathematical algorithms; rather, they are a result of protracted intellectual, scientific, and philosophical quests. Throughout history, there have been attempts, driven by logical, political, and philosophical motives, that studied the possibility of creating tools that imitate human intelligence or even surpass it. Today, artificial intelligence represents both a political challenge and an opportunity for different states and regimes. On the one hand, AI is allowing states and their citizens to interact. On the other hand, AI helps citizens to understand issues like democracy, power, equality, freedom, and the modern ways of making decisions. In fact, governments that rely on AI and technology provide public services efficiently and in a less discriminatory and racist way, and they devise balanced, positive polices.

Abstract
Today, the world is witnessing rapid and continuous changes in the business environment.
These kind of changes represent both a challenge and opportunity for increasing the
competitiveness of the national economy, especially when it comes to the use of electronic
resources such as computers and communication networks. When such tools emerged in
the early sixties of the last century, their use was limited to the banks and the major financial
enterprises. The widespread use of the Internet and social media has increased the ability
of states and cities, and remote areas to communicate with each other. The accessibility of
such technologies to individuals especially due to the low prices of electronic resources and
their small size and ease of use. Its use has evolved to include all aspects of public life, including
the expansion of political participation, the improvement of election performance,
the development of implementation resources, and the integration of modern technologies
like the Internet in the voting process, leading to the creation of what has come to be known
as digital democracy.

Abstract
The Palestinian issue has represented a major moral and political problem in
contemporary Western political thought, revealing the duplicity of Western visions and
policies which contributed to the establishment of a racist, settler-nationalist state and creating
a human tragedy at the expense of the rights of the Palestinian Arab peoples. Therefore,
the Western thought has reflected the political and moral conflict within the west as
represented by the ideas of Western thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Hannah Arendt, and
Edgar Morin.

Abstract
Iraq has been suffering from occasional political instability since its establishment in the early twenties of the last century. However, the levels of this political instability increased after 2003, becoming an inherent feature of the political situation in Iraq. The future of political stability in Iraq may take two scenarios. According to the first scenario, the political situation in Iraq may remain as it is. Such a scenario is the closest to reality at present. As for the second scene, it is expected that the situation in Iraq will improve on all levels in the near future.

Abstract
Russia's withdrawal from the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe has granted it greater flexibility to enhance the deployment of its conventional forces and weapons near NATO borders, strengthening its capabilities in military maneuvers and combat readiness. Additionally, the removal of reporting and inspection constraints has allowed Russia to conduct more strategic maneuvers freely. However, this withdrawal has raised concerns about the possibility of escalation in conventional arms race in the region and heightened tensions with NATO. Through this shift, Russia seeks to bolster its military influence in the European security system, relying on conventional and hybrid strategies to maintain its position.

Abstract
Over the past decade, the African continent has witnessed increasing interest from international powers seeking to increase their influence in this strategic region, which is rich in energy and subterranean resources important for industry. It also represents a promising consumer market for industrialized countries, particularly arms-exporting countries. Conflicts and wars are among the main causes fueling the armament craze in Africa. Therefore, the arms trade is one of the primary factors fueling conflicts on the African continent and contributing to the exacerbation of security crises. Arms-producing countries seek to export weapons to African countries in a competitive process whose objectives are not limited to achieving profits, reaping financial returns, and testing new weapons, but rather aim to expand political and security influence. At the top of the list are Russia, France, the United States, and China, respectively, in arms exports to the continent. Therefore, this trade plays a significant role in strengthening armed groups in Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia, thus hindering peace in the region. Especially the conflict within the state of Sudan and Somalia .

Summary
Iraq has recently played a mediating role in easing regional tensions despite the internal challenges it has faced. Iraq’s enjoys vital geographic location, which allows it to serve as a bridge between regional relations and a key hub for trade and diplomacy, as well as religious and sectarian diversity, and its strong ties with neighboring countries and the Arab world. These realities have had an impact on Iraq’s capacity to build of mutual cooperation with all parties and establishing strong foreign relations. As a result, Iraqi decision-makers sought to restore Iraq international influence by playing a positive role in reducing tensions and creating a more stable environment in the region. This has been achieved by adopting an approach to international mediation and emphasizing its effectiveness in resolving regional crises. Iraq has been and still a pivotal player at the regional and international levels. Iraq plays a significant role in the mediation efforts in a number of regional conflicts, and its role has been gradually growing recently, after witnessing relative stability at the political, economic, and security levels.

Abstract
Relations with major global powers represent one of the key determinants of the European Union’s foreign policy, given the Union’s status as an international actor striving to balance its strategic interests with the evolving dynamics of the international environment. In recent decades, these relations—particularly with the United States and the Russian Federation—have undergone profound transformations, driven by escalating international crises, mounting geopolitical and economic pressures, as well as internal divisions among EU member states. These challenges have significantly impacted the Union’s capacity to crystallize a unified external stance, especially amid the growing influence of domestic political currents, foremost among them right-wing parties. These parties have introduced new paradigms for engaging with major international actors, grounded in political pragmatism and national interests.
The rise of these political forces has been facilitated by a series of cumulative crises facing the EU, including the sovereign debt crisis, migration waves, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. Such developments have reinforced their presence within EU institutions, particularly the European Parliament. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of EU foreign policy toward both the United States and Russia by examining the major shifts in these bilateral relations and exploring the influence of internal EU contexts on reshaping its positions. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the future trajectories of the EU’s foreign policy.

Abstract
Money laundering represents one of the most significant challenges facing the global economy in the modern era, primarily due to its far-reaching economic consequences. This study aims to explore the relationship between money laundering activities and their international economic impacts, while also highlighting the nature of trust between countries and financial institutions. The research further evaluates the effectiveness of international efforts undertaken by global financial institutions and organizations to mitigate the negative effects of this issue. Despite these efforts, the study recognizes that the harmful consequences of money laundering still demand additional measures and enhanced international cooperation.

Abstract
This study aims to find out the main factors that contributed to Jordan's stability after 2011 in light of the regional changes in the Arab region. As a result of the repercussions of the Arab Spring’s , Jordan has faced external and internal challenges. Nonetheless, Jordan managed to maintain its stability owing to several political, economic, and social factors, along with the outside support from European, Western and regional countries, which has fostered the political system and prevented its collapse. Also, the study examines the approach adopted by the political leadership and the government in dealing with popular protests through constitutional and political reforms and the role of security institutions in preserving security. Additionally, the study covers the economic factors that have contributed to reducing the effects of these crises. Finally, the study concludes that stability was brought about as a result of the interaction of several factors, which made the Jordanian model a distinct model in the region that is worth studying.

Abstract
The Kantian Enlightenment is one of the founding bases of the Western Enlightenment. The Kantian enlightenment, whose main pillars are the centrality of the self, rationality, the centrality of logos and the idea of progress, had affected the main goal of the Enlightenment, i.e. the liberation resulting from purposeful human activity, and the sovereignty of rationality. The Kantian enlightenment was expressed in several adages, such as “dare to use your mind”. Such aphorisms represent an attempt to understand the Enlightenment, and liberation from the commandments, and were a part of a more profound project if it were to be studied from the perspective of secularism. and if it took into consideration the Kantian dissection of the mind within the transcendental approach and its effects on secularism and the entire critical project.

Abstract
The philosophy of international relations, as emphasized by specialists and academics, is based on an important equation: cooperation and conflict between international actors are driven by mutual or conflicting interests. As there are many variables and influential factors that paly a critical role in shaping the aforementioned equation, whether they are cooperation, conflict, harmony, alliance, competition, and differences among the parties of the international system, the Turkish-Russian relations are subject to this equation. However, the situation in Syria has produced significant determinants that affected the relations between Turkey and Russia.

Abstract
Military coups are not a new phenomenon in Africa. However, the recurrence of this military coups have intensified since 2020, particularly in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Sudan, Chad, Gabon, and others. Some have succeeded in seizing power, while others have failed. It is noteworthy that there is a convergence in African coups in terms of time and place, as most of them occurred in countries located within the West and Sahel regions of Africa. This indicates the similarity of the internal dynamics of these countries, as they suffer from poverty, declining development, weak political and social stability, and numerous security problems, particularly those related to issues of violence and terrorism. Naturally, these coups have their own internal causes and repercussions, as well as regional repercussions and international dimensions.

Abstract
Elections are a fundamental aspect of democratic practice, serving as a key mechanism to express popular will and strengthen national identity. They provide a peaceful means for the transfer of power, but their legitimacy depends on transparency and free choice. Without these conditions, elections risk becoming symbolic, as seen in many authoritarian regimes. In the Middle East, elections are complex due to historical, sectarian, ethnic, and political factors, often intensifying media discourse and political tensions. Iraq stands out as a significant case, especially since 2003, where democratic reforms and regular elections have occurred amidst internal divisions. This makes it essential to study how elections influence national identity and contribute to either stability or instability, with a particular focus on the Iraqi experience.

Abstract
The United Kingdom is considered one of the countries that possess a highly developed local governance system, reflecting deep-rooted democratic traditions in its political history. This system is based on the principle of administrative and political decentralization, granting local authorities a significant role in managing the daily affairs of citizens within a well-structured legal and institutional framework. This research aims to study the local administrative and political system in the United Kingdom by analyzing the legal structure governing the relationship between the central government and local authorities, such as municipal and county councils, in addition to assessing the effectiveness of this system in enhancing public participation and delivering public services efficiently. The research also addresses the constitutional and regulatory frameworks that define the powers of each level of governance, and the developments they have undergone over recent decades. The study particularly focuses on the challenges this system facing, especially in light of political changes such as Brexit, and the economic and social challenges impacting the funding and independence of local authorities.

Abstract
This research examines the reality of internal conflicts in Yemen since 2011, highlighting the societal, political, religious, and economic factors that have contributed to the escalation of the conflict. Also, the study explores the regional and international interventions that have contributed to the complexity of the situation. Additionally, the research reviews the internal and external drivers of the conflict, and the role of local forces such as tribes and armed groups, regional forces such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, and international forces such as the United States of America, Russia, and the United Kingdom, in fueling the conflict.
The research aims to understand the structural and political context of the conflict in Yemen. Since 2011, Yemen has witnessed a complex internal conflict fueled by internal and external factors, in which the tribal and sectarian structure and political divisions intertwine. Yemeni society is tribal in nature, characterized by a sectarian divide between Sunnis and Zaidis, which deepens divisions and hinders the building of a strong central state. Tribes have played a prominent role in political life, sometimes as allies and sometimes as adversaries of the government, given the fragility of state institutions.
Yemen's strategic location has also made it an arena for competition between regional and international powers, especially Iran and Saudi Arabia. The collapse of the state and the weakness of its apparatus after the revolution led to a security vacuum exploited by armed groups such as the Houthis. The crisis was exacerbated by the struggle for power between major parties such as the General People's Congress (GPC) and the Eslah Party. The Houthi Ansar Allah movement also played a prominent role in controlling large areas of the country. These conflicts were accompanied by sharp political shifts and a failure to achieve comprehensive national consensus. In addition, foreign interventions contributed to the complexity and prolongation of the crisis.

Abstract
Seashores are vital economic and security assets owing to the role played by ports and the maritime transport system. Due to its safety, sizable capacity, and low cost, maritime transport is playing a significant role in boosting national security and local economies, along with international trade and the global economy. Effectively, maritime transport is one of the important pillars of economic development as it helps in improving trade balance and it increases job opportunities. Also, maritime transport contributes to building industrial cities with expansions of maritime projects such as ports, shipyards, maritime companies, factories, etc.
The Grand Faw Port in Iraq has become the economic cornerstone of the maritime projects in this country. This Port represents a vital hub that can boost economic development and contribute to the prosperity of maritime trade. This study explores the aspects of the economic significance of the Grand Faw Port by highlighting the opportunities this project provides and analysing the main challenges it might face. Further, this study seeks to underscore the port’s importance and the obstacles that can hinder the sustainability of this critical project.

ABSTRACT
This research examines the AUKUS partnership within the context of strategic competition between major powers, from a realist perspective in international relations. The research’s hypothesis is built around several questions like how the AUKUS parteneship chan be aundestood? How effective the AUKUS in the limiting the Chinese influence in the Pacific and Indian Oceans? Does AUKUS represent a deep change to the balance of power in the region? This paper’s hypothesis is based on the hypothesis theat AUKUS a tool for stabilizing the strategic balance and countering Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific by enhancing Australia's military and technological capabilities and strengthening security coordination between Britain and the United States.

الملخص
إنََّ تحديد الأسس المفاهيمية، والتعريفية، لأي رقعة جغرافية في العالم، يكون عادة محكومًًا
بمحددات، ومعايير، سياسية، وحضارية، وجغرافية، متنوعة، ومنطقة الشرق الأوسط ليست استثناءًً
من هذه القاعدة. فعلى الرغم من وجود فهم ضمني في الأوساط البحثية، والإعلامية، والدبلوماسية،
يرى أنََّ منطقة الشرق الأوسط تشمل جزءًًا من الدول العربية، فضالًا عن ك �ٍلٍّ من تركيا، وإسرائيل،
وإيران, إلا أنََّ وجود تعريف موحد، ودقيق، لهذه المنطقة لا يزال غائبًًا. فمنذ ظهور استخدام مصطلح
الشرق الأوسط مع بداية القرن العشرين، وحتى هذه اللحظة, مرََّ تعريف هذه المنطقة ذات الأهمية
الجيوسياسية الاستثنائية، بتحولات عديدة، وكانت هذه التحولات غالبًًا انعكاسًًا لمصالح، ورؤى،
واستراتيجيات، الامبراطوريات، والقوى العظمى، أكثر من كونها تحولات تعكس تغيرات واقعية، وحقائق
ذاتية. فدلالات المفهوم تباينت بين الإمبراطورية البريطانية، والولايات المتحدة، والاتحاد السوفيتي, كما
تأثر تأطير المفهوم أيضا بالأحداث الدولية الكبرى، مثل الحرب الباردة، والحرب الأمريكية على الإرهاب.

Abstract
The Russian-Ukrainian war has significantly impacted European energy security,
revealing the risks of relying on Russia as a major supplier of gas and oil. Moscow has used
energy as a tool of political pressure, increasing distrust about its foreign policy, especially
as it seeks to regain its role as a major power by dominating energy supplies. The war has
disrupted the flow of Russian gas to Europe, causing a severe energy crisis, particularly in
countries most dependent on Russian imports, which have experienced a decline in GDP.
The Russian-Ukrainian war has had numerous repercussions for European energy security,
including the unreliability of Russia and its foreign policy. The Russian state has consistently
sought to utilize energy as a leverage to threaten Europe and extract concessions from
countries that stand against Russia’s foreign policy orientations. The war has also highlighted
the depth of European fears of Russia and its leadership, which harbors ambitions to
regain its global role and is considered global gas giant whose desires and ambitions Europe
must comply with.

Abstract:
Disinformation in the digital age is considered one of the most prominent challenges facing democratic political systems, particularly in the United States of America. This research seeks to clarify the impact of misleading information and fake news on deepening political and social divisions within American society, describing it as an environment prone to increasing polarization . The study also addresses the role of social media and its users, including journalists, in amplifying political events in a way that leads to greater polarization by exploiting information and emotions to direct public opinion toward more extreme positions. The research concludes that disinformation drives individuals to adopt predetermined biased stances without critical thinking. This situation contributes to the erosion of trust in government institutions, influencing voters' confidence and deepening doubts regarding the integrity of electoral processes clear indicators of a retreat in the democratic path in the United States of America

Abstract:
The National Integrity System (NIS) is a topic that is currently being welcomed and is of interest to all countries, as it is a national and international policy and priority, aiming to assess the extent of the capabilities of state institutions in carrying out the roles related to undermining corruption, promoting integrity and good governance, and preventing the abuse of power, With the aim of developing appropriate plans and programs to combat and prevent all forms of deviation, the development of the concept has been linked to the spread of corruption and its negative effects.