JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL & CULTURAL STUDIES an academic magazin

The historian Ibn al-Atheer is considered one of the most important Muslim historians, and almost no research, dissertation, or dissertation is without his name due to his balanced writings from a historical standpoint. Ibn al-Atheer was not merely a transmitter of information, but rather he selected news and investigated accuracy in every source he dealt with. He excluded news of a legendary nature, which made his writings It represents an important development in writing history. The aspects of his interests varied in the material he presented, which took the character of political and military history in its general outlines. What is noticeable in Ibn al-Atheer’s writings is that he neglected the chain of transmission, and this is linked to the cultural characteristics of his era, which did not accept long chains of chain of transmission, Ibn al-Atheer organized his material and gave the events titles that express their contents. In his critical view, he also relied on reason, his personal culture, and his experiences in his pursuit of accuracy, avoiding exaggeration, and criticizing the opinions of his predecessors.

Studies that dealt with Iraqi society indicated that one of the characteristics of the Iraqi personality is the connection to family and homeland, so making the decision to immigrate is a difficult decision. However, the modern history of Iraq witnessed a number of migrations under successive political regimes, and the reasons behind them were different.
Keywords: immigration, Iraq, Political systems

The study of “The Book of Uyun al-Akhbar wa Nuzhat al-Absar” is considered one of the important studies because of this manuscript’s impact among the historical books that traced important historical events that began from the beginning of creation until the time of the author. Thus, we can place it among the historical sources approved by researchers.
The author of the book “The Eyes of the News” gave a title to his book that is consistent with the content of this book, in terms of its reporting of the news and events that preceded it and that the author lived through. The writing of this book went through many stages, and it was preceded by a book bearing the same title, appended with “The Great History,” and the author’s approach in his book It is written in a concise manner, without being obtrusive or boring, to make it easier for the reader and closer to his understanding. This book is of great importance, as it contains events and material rich in historical information. It is also characterized by an easy and concise method in conveying meaning, even though it was preceded by many historical books that conveyed the same events, and what gave this book its importance. Another is the way the author presents the topics. He made the introduction a detailed presentation of the content of the book to make it easier for the reader to reach knowledge of the events with the least effort. He made his book in the form of objectives that he began by explaining the honor of the science of history. The author also derived the majority of his historical information from the sources of reliable books approved by historians, which gave this The book is of great importance and value.

The research labeled "commander Muslimah bin mukhaled Al-Ansari from conquest to empowerment" dealt with the biography of an outstanding leader who has the honor of leading the Arab fighting Vanguard, and defending the life of the majestic building that was praised by the Muslim Arabs, he was able by his courage to open a number of cities in the Maghreb and Egypt, and to establish Arab sovereignty over them and annex them to the Umayyad state . The Muslim leader was able to liberate the peoples of these cities from injustice, slavery and exploitation and spread freedom, equality and justice among them, so these peoples sensed in the Islamic armies the principles that the Muslim Arabs were working for and advancing towards . The research came in the introduction and two papers, the first was Muslimah bin mukhaled Al-Ansari's upbringing and companionship, and the second was the mandate of Muslimah bin mukhaled Al-Ansari on Egypt and the Maghreb, including his most prominent achievements.

The book " Mukhtasar Akhbar Alkhulafa' Aleabaasiiyn" by Ibn Al-Sa'i " by the historian Ibn al-Sa'i (D. 674 AH / 1276 AD) is important for researchers, historians, and those interested in studying the history of the Abbasid caliphate. Historians through hearing and word of mouth, although he did not mention this explicitly in his book. In this research, we shed light on the most important historical accounts that he mentioned in this book about the Mongols and their most important news, which came scattered among the news and historical events that he mentioned in it, which he singled out in mentioning most of them, as He named them Tatars and did not differentiate between the Mongol tribes and the Tartar tribes, contenting himself with mentioning their appearance and the position of some Abbasid caliphs towards them. He also shed light on their first capital, Karakorum, without mentioning the details of its construction, with reference to their campaign against Baghdad in the year 656 AH / 1258 AD and the end of The Abbasid caliphate, he also referred to important information about a number of Mongol Ilkhanates and the most important political events during their reign, with reference to the most prominent personalities that had a great impact and an important role in managing their state

Our research entitled (The position of the Ottoman Empire on the British-French rivalry in the Levant 1801-1861 AD) included addressing the importance of this study through the importance of the Levant in the Arab world in terms of the strategic location it enjoys due to its location on the global land and sea trade routes, and its economic status as well as what it contains. The Levant has a diversity of religions, sects and minorities, which was an important reason for pushing European countries to compete to control it and extend their influence.

Historians have paid attention to the narrators of the Noble Prophet’s Hadith who quoted the hadiths and Sunnahs from the Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, because the process of verifying the authenticity of the hadith includes studying the narrators and analyzing the chains of narrators (asanid) and the text.

Israel decided to strengthen the military aspect to confront the danger it faces, especially in the Middle East region, and cooperated with many countries, including South Africa, which began in 1955 after the discovery of uranium ore on South African soil and began exporting it, and South Africa’s agreement came with the United States of America. The year 1957 was known as the “Atoms for Peace” initiative, according to which the Safari 1 light water reactor was exported to South Africa in 1961, in addition to joint nuclear tests of (Israeli) missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, and the implementation of an (Israeli) nuclear test on September 22, 1979 on The territory of South Africa, the latter’s acquisition of the technology to manufacture the 155 howitzer nuclear cannon, Israel’s failure to comply with the UN Security Council resolution in 1981, and press reports in 1982 reported the existence of nuclear cooperation between Israel and South Africa with American coverage of that, and in 1989 it launched The Jericho missiles were tested experimentally with a range of up to (1,500) km and were capable of carrying nuclear warheads. After that, South Africa decided to abandon its nuclear program and concluded an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency. It officially announced on March 24, 1993, the destruction of the six nuclear bombs it possessed and the conversion of its nuclear program to... Civilian goals and abandoning its nuclear ambitions, as stated by its president, Frederic De Clercq.

After the development of the Arab-Islamic conquests, the Abbasid era witnessed a great renaissance in all parts of life, such as art, literature, thought, and participants. They opened up the Arabs to the Persian civilizations and Roman poetry, which contributed to their being influenced by manifestations of luxury and extravagance, especially with regard to wonderful foods. They paid attention to the Abbasid caliphs and tried to Bab al-Dawla, and were keen on cuisine. To choose all the delicious and repentant food and drink, which has become stolen from the identity and culture of the Arabs and does not reduce it from other traditions.

Before Islam, the Arabs did not have philosophical thought, except for a set of judgments, proverbs and a group of wise men, when Islam came and, and determined their religion, language and inclinations, and religion reigned over their souls, so life was a religious life and politics government is a religious policy and legislation is religious legislation, and that's why the research orbit in the era of the Rashidi and Umayyad era (11 - 132 e) neither the conquistadors nor they used religious matters to solve the problems that faced the new state, driving opinion out of their way.

This research seeks to draw the historical picture of the city of Damascus during the second half of the eighth century AH / fourteenth century AD, which was transmitted to us by the Andalusian traveler Abdullah bin Al-Sabah in his journey called (the proportion of news and the ticket of the good guys), which roamed many cities of the Islamic Maghreb and the Islamic East in a long historical journey that lasted for more than ten years, starting from his country Andalusia, whose most prominent objectives were to perform the Hajj and visit the Holy Land, where he transferred to us from During that long trip, many observations and historical and geographical description of what he went through from the cities, including the city of Damascus, where he gave us an accurate description of many paths and cities belonging to the city of Damascus, and recalled the landmarks and cultural sites, and valuable news about the economic and social manifestations that were prevalent in it, and in this research will be mentioned the most prominent of those observations that the traveler Abdullah bin Al-Sabah conveyed to us in his trip called (the proportion of news and the ticket of the good guys).

Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him.
As for what follows:
This research is about the mention of the Muhajireen and Ansar who witnessed Badr, by Sheikh Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Muhammad, known as (Abdullah Hilmi), (Youssef Effendi), and (Youssef Zadeh) (deceased: 1167 AH).
The author mentioned: Yusuf Zadeh, may God have mercy on him, who witnessed the Battle of Badr among the immigrants, then he mentioned those who did not witness it and was struck by the Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, with an arrow and his reward from the immigrants, and he mentioned those of them who witnessed the Battle of Badr among them who differed, then he mentioned those of the Ansar who witnessed it from the Aws, the Khazraj and the He did not witness it, and the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, struck him with his arrow and rewarded him from them.

Astrology is a set of customs, traditions and beliefs about celestial bodies, their details, and their relative positions that can provide information about personal matters, human affairs and other worldly matters, and whoever works in these matters is called an astrologer, and scientists promise that astrology is a pseudoscience or superstitious things.

Christian pilgrimage trips contributed greatly to the formulation of the doctrine of the Crusades, as these trips were in the beginning in the form of individuals and a few unorganized groups out of a desire to get to know the holy places in the East, which witnessed the incarnation of Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, especially the city of Jerusalem, which is highly respected by the heavenly religions. Then the Hajj developed into large organized and unorganized armed groups in response to the call of Pope Urban II, who gave the character of a holy war to these journeys under the pretext of defending the Christians of the East and ridding the holy places from the hands of Muslims after the emergence of the Seljuk state in the middle of the fifth century AH and its threat to the borders of the Roman state in the country. Anatolia and its victory over them in the historical battle of Manzikert, thus developing the concept of the Crusades, which ultimately led to control over the countries of the Islamic East.

This research included several topics, including the blessing of the effects of the prophet in his life and after his death in order to seek victory over the enemies and to raise the morale of the companions, whether he was in the battlefields during the confrontation of the enemies in the companies and invasions of the prophet or after his death in the battles that occurred in the Rashidun era between Muslims and their enemies, in his life included the blessing of Ali ibn Abi Talib with the turban of the messenger of Allah in the face of the the companion Abd al-Rahman Ibn Auf blessed him with the turban of the messenger of Allah and honored him with it when he put it on his head for what he ordered on the secrecy that was carried out to Dumat Al-Jandal. As well as blessing the sweat of the prophet in his life and in his clothes after his death .

International relations, especially cultural relations, occupy a great importance in modern and contemporary history because of their influence on the scene of world events and the effects they left on the development of the level of cultural relations, especially after the division of the world into two camps following the end of World War II and its entry into the Cold War.

The profound changes that occurred in Iraqi society during the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century are nothing but the result of economic and social variables resulting mainly from the external economic factor, which led to a change in the balance of social relations, which is the most prominent manifestation of the rise of social groups. New. But at the same time, the social movement allowed the demands of the deprived social classes and the privilege of the powerful groups through the emergence of commercial feudalism, which is the result of a process of adaptation to the secretions of the external economic factor. The groups that have acquired a material and moral status in Iraqi society have become afraid of change due to the fears raised by the urgent social and intellectual changes. Likewise, some farmers and workers are called by a feeling of loss of security from poverty and their own vis-à-vis the outside world

The research aimed to identify the use of a combination strategy based on the principles of the theory of TRIZ (TRIZ) as a strategy for teaching mathematics and its impact on the achievement of tenth grade female students. A female student studying according to the combination strategy of TRIZ principles and a control group of (24) female students studying in the usual way. The researchers prepared an achievement test tool consisting of (20) items. Educational and psychological sciences and teaching methods. The difficulty of the test items ranged between (0.20 - 0.55) and their discriminatory power between (0.30 - 0.45), and the reliability coefficient by the Vakronbach method reached (0.84). T-test for two independent samples and with the help of the SPSS statistical package program. The results revealed that the students of the experimental group, who were taught by the combined method of the principles of TRIZ theory, excelled over the students of the experimental group. The control group, which was studied in the usual way in the achievement test in mathematics, and the researchers came out in the light of it with a set of recommendations and proposals for future research to complement this research.

The importance of this study is evident in the fact that the entry of the Islamic religion into South Africa was one of the important events in its history, and the Sahara desert separating the Islamic Maghreb from Black Africa was not an obstacle to the Muslim Arabs being able to carry out their civilizational mission, which contributed to the elimination of the pagan religion, and the imprint of Africa having an Islamic character. And civilization in various aspects of life, including education, administration, systems, customs and traditions. Several factors helped spread Islam in South Africa, including: Islamic conquests, migrations, the role of jurists and scholars, Muslim merchants, organizations and liberation movements.

This research was titled: The Messenger’s (peace and blessings be upon him) announcement of the Islamic call and his tribe’s position on it through the book Interpretation of the Mighty Qur’an by Ibn Abi Zamanin (d. 399 AH/1009 AD), a comparative historical study, as Ibn Abi Zamanin mentioned in his narrations how the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, announced the Islamic call after... God commanded it and explained the position of his relatives and his clan towards it and the polytheists’ challenge to it.

The study of city plans is one of the important studies in Islamic history, as it is possible to find out the causes and reasons for the emergence of all cities, and these reasons are many and do not depend on one element, but rather multiple elements and branching purposes. Some of them are the reason for their emergence religious, others are economic, others are political, others are scientific, and the rest is mixed between those reasons as well as their locations. Some of them are coastal, some are inland, others are located on riverbeds, and some of them do not have rivers running through them, but rather they are located on the side of trade routes and their intersections. For some, agriculture was the reason for their establishment, others were industry, and others were trade, and the rest may have mixed causes among those causes. Our research was entitled (Studies on Islamic City Plans) and included several paragraphs, the first of which was geography in Islamic countries at the height of their civilization and prosperity, as well as their natural resources (water, agricultural, animal, industrial, commercial, and human), with an introduction, conclusion, and a list of sources and references that were relied upon.

The city of Khiva is one of the important major cities of the Transoxiana region. Its villages were distinguished by their economic human activity, which extended to the Levant and the Caucasus, according to what was mentioned by geographers and countrymen. This study shows this activity of agriculture, industry and trade, the types of goods exported from it, and its most important markets and exits. With an important result about the activity and production that characterized these villages, which greatly influenced the development and advancement of economic life.

Linguistic studies for smooth stopping by the Narration on Asim. Quranic studies are very abundant in its researches. It didn't end inspite of its abundancy. For Allah book has miracl and elequent pictures. Scientists are still researching in all linguistic fields. So they became a bundant
I started my research to define " stop " lexically and semanticly. I wrote the second part in two axes. The first one is the obligatory " stop " by the narration of Hafs on Asim in four sites I depended on the order of " Surahs " versions that contain the smooth stop in Quran. The second axis is the sites of chosen " stop " by the narration of Hafs on Asim. which are two sites only in both axes Istudied the sites of " stop " grammalically، morphologically، linguisticaly and semanticaly. The research ends in results that I made them the obstract of the research.

The Arab-Islamic civilization provided a human product that surpassed other civilizations, and that effort was based on tribes and people who had positions that made history, which is still under the hands of scholars and researchers, who are provided with their human heritage and their achievements at the military, social, political and administrative levels, which is a role model, and as a result of this awareness, this research effort

Our Arabic sources are full of many social, religious and political commandments from the Rightly Guided Caliphs of the nation in order to raise the social situation to the level that qualifies it to be a model of what God Almighty wanted for it through His noble saying: “You are the best of nations brought forth for mankind” (Al Imran: 110), therefore We see the interest of the Rightly Guided Caliphs in the commandments that promote in the nation the values of equality, justice, and truth, and that people before God Almighty and before the Caliphs are like the teeth of a comb. All of this made the Caliphs interested in offering their advice and giving valuable commandments to keep pace with society in accordance with the Holy Qur’anic perspective and what the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) brought. Therefore, sources and books were strengthened. With the large number of commandments that focus on the unity of society and the nation and the preservation of the entity of the emerging Islamic state to be a living model for other nations. In the context of the research is the large number of commandments of the caliphs Abu Bakr, Omar bin Al-Khattab, Othman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib (may God be pleased with them all).

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1921, it became necessary to have a parliament that brings together Iraqi politicians to draw up the basic Iraqi constitution to move to a new stage of the electoral system, which took place in two stages. The first: It was from November 24, 1922 until the second half of January 1923. As for Second: It was renewed on July 12, 1923 AD, and after those arduous efforts made by King Faisal I, the Iraqi government, and the British authorities, King Faisal I opened the Founding Council on Thursday, March 27, 1924 AD.

He is one of the imams of all Muslims and the most prominent jurists of his ERA and the truest modernizers and for the sake of the people of his ERA, and they testified thanks to him and his high status and his leadership in jurisprudence, for his righteousness, honesty, piety, asceticism, worship, wisdom and knowledge.
He spared no effort in seeking knowledge from a young age to seek jurisprudence and hadith from the people of his Pure House. Since he grew up in Medina and preserved the knowledge and the effects of the companions and followers, with knowledge of the opinions of the jurists, their guides and methods, until he became in front of his time and has his own methodology and origins, so the scholars of his time praised the method of moderation and moderation away from the high, aloofness and vilified intolerance and submission to whims, tendencies and abnormal and weak opinions, but rather submission to the argument and legitimate evidence, first by following the law and then the mind, which is the approach of the people of the House of prophecy in determining that.