AL-MA’HAD

Qatar is considered among the ambitious countries that have begun to compete relatively with the roles of traditional regional powers, and benefit from many variables, including cases of regional and international conflict, negative competition between traditional powers, or their withdrawal.
In 2011, the events of the Arab Spring occurred, for a group of preludes, the most important of which are: the structural defect in the Arab political systems, and the absence of opportunities for change, in addition to the international factor, and together they ended with serious repercussions on the entire Arab region, and its rapid exposure appeared.
Qatar contributed to part of the interactions of those events, which caused its clash with Egypt after 2013, and with Saudi Arabia and the Emirates in Syria after 2017, as a result of the conflict in positions and policies, which requires explanation and interpretation, to know Qatar's contribution to those events, which is one of the topics that requires study, to know the reasons for the Qatari position, and its results, regionally.

The authority of administrative judicial rulings in an annulment lawsuit is considered one of the most prominent lawsuits that aim to protect the principle of legality by enabling individuals to appeal unlawful administrative decisions before the administrative judiciary. In this context, the ruling issued in an annulment lawsuit acquires a special authority that goes beyond the parties to the dispute, due to the nature of the lawsuit, which is of a substantive nature. The effects of the ruling are not limited to the opponents only, but extend to include the administrative decision itself, leading to its removal from the legal system. Hence, the importance of studying the authority of administrative judicial rulings in an annulment lawsuit emerges in terms of their scope, types, effects, and their distinction from judicial rulings in other lawsuits. They also constitute a legal and effective means to protect individuals from abuse or arbitrary use of power. The annulment lawsuit aims to annul unlawful administrative decisions and declare some administrative decisions void and amend them. This distinguishes judicial rulings issued in this lawsuit from other ordinary rulings, whether in terms of their content or their authority, as the authority to annul unlawful administrative decisions is absolute

This research provides a comparative analytical study of United States foreign policy toward the United Nations in managing the Libyan crisis, highlighting differences in approaches and tools between the Obama and Trump administrations. The study demonstrates how President Obama pursued military intervention through United Nations Security Council resolutions under the umbrella of the Responsibility to Protect, yet failed to establish an effective plan for rebuilding Libya’s state institutions, resulting in a broad security vacuum. Conversely, the Trump administration chose to withdraw from the political process, focusing instead on targeting terrorism through airstrikes, which allowed competing regional and international powers to strengthen their influence in Libya. The research further explores the United Nations’ limited capacity to enforce its resolutions due to divisions among major powers, as well as the impact of international rivalry on the failure of peace efforts. The findings confirm that the lack of a clear strategic vision by consecutive U.S. administrations contributed to the persistence of chaos and division within Libya. The recommendations emphasize the need for a balanced American policy that supports the United Nations and fosters Libyan security beyond narrow self-interests.

In light of the increasing number of lawsuits in the field of international investment dispute resolution for Iraq, through arbitration, before international arbitration centers, and the International Center in Washington / ICSID, which coincided with Iraq's accession to important international agreements - ICSID, New York, and Singapore - along with a legislative gap in the arbitration law in Iraq, the need has emerged to clarify the appropriate means of resorting to international arbitration, or to the Singapore Convention on Mediation to which Iraq acceded in 2024. Through studying the provisions and procedures of both arbitration and the Singapore Convention on Mediation, and what aligns with the reality of the culture of alternative dispute resolution for international investment disputes in Iraq, and the features of the Singapore Convention on Mediation in facilitating procedures, and the absence of judicial oversight in the state where the mediation is located, alongside enforcement guarantees and oversight in the state of enforcement, which suits the limited arbitration culture of Iraqi contracting parties, when compared to the procedures before international arbitration centers and ICSID, the recommendations were to expedite the deposit of the instrument of accession to the Singapore Convention on Mediation, to adopt it as an alternative to arbitration.

It is not possible today, in light of the state’s intervention within the economic sector, that the legislator tried and sought to protect the national economy from all acts that constitute criminal behavior, especially dangerous crimes that do not affect a particular individual, but rather show their negative impact on the whole society, and among the acts that legislators worked to criminalize are acts Which involve lies or rumors that may undermine the national economy, as the legislator took into account when criminalizing these acts a significant interest, which is maintaining economic stability, which is a pillar of social security, and within the part of our research we will try to explain the penal responsibility organized by the punitive legislator to prevent these acts within the Penal Code

Scientific and technical progress had its impact in light of the modern products industry, in terms of the desire to develop these products according to the need of the market or the need of the consumer, and this transformation was accompanied by a great scientific and technological development of the product industry in the countries of the world and the invasion of companies to international national markets, and it has become a great danger to the consumer, who is threatened by the risks of products as they carry many defects and damages that can not be discovered in the stages of production, only after being put on the market and here The relationship between the product and the material manufactured by it emerges. The question that arises is what happens after the product is presented by its manufacturer? Does the manufacturer remain responsible for its compounds, or does its responsibility end after the offering for several reasons, to answer these questions and through the definition of the product, it comes to mind who bears this responsibility when a defect or defect is discovered or some side effects of any drug compound that appears after a period of time, and this is what is the focus of our research for positions of responsibility

This research aims to analyze the oversight role of the Board of Supreme Audit, as a constitutionally independent body, in achieving the principle of transparency and efficient performance of the Iraqi Housing Fund, with a focus on the legal foundations and oversight mechanisms followed by the Board of Supreme Audit.

The reality of commercial dealings imposes cases in which there is an apparent founder or apparent partner, especially when establishing joint stock companie and what the work requires when more than one person participates in carrying out some actions and deeds, which requires distinguishing between the one who carries out these actions in his capacity as a founder, and the one who carries them out without acquiring this description, and this is what we will discuss in this research on the apparent founder and the apparent partner in Iraqi and comparative law.

Food security is closely linked to a number of political, economic, social, human and natural factors. Economic development works hand in hand with rising population growth, which is reflected in increased demand for water. Therefore, rationalizing its use has become a vital requirement, especially since the issues of securing food for people are directly linked to the ability to provide adequate water supplies in terms of quantity and quality.
As long as Iraq's national and regional security depends on all its political, economic, scientific and military capabilities, and its comprehensive knowledge of its sources of strength in all fields, then actual comprehensive development represents a guarantee for the present and the future. Therefore, without development there is no security, and the basis of development is water. Accordingly, water security becomes more important and its danger increases when viewed from an important strategic perspective, which is the perspective of increasing population growth and food security. The danger of the Iraqi water variable increases, especially in light of the regional projects and plans of neighboring countries, and the subjection of Iraq's water share to the wills of upstream countries outside its national borders Therefore, the water variable is a bet for the present and the future.

The idea of criminal liability of political parties revolves around the principle of accountability of the legal entity, which is primarily based on holding the legal person accountable for illegal acts committed on its behalf or within the framework of its activity. This principle is new compared to holding natural persons accountable, but it is derived from legislation that stipulates the liability of legal persons, including political parties. The criminal liability of the party is realized if one of its members commits a crime on behalf of the party, so the natural person who committed the crime is held accountable, and the party is also held responsible as a legal person, which leads to imposing penalties on the individual and the party or on the party alone.

The aim of the Penal Policy in the legal legislation is to protect the supreme interests considered and protected, encompassing public and private interests. This policy includes a statement of the supreme ends and interests of the State, and the prevention of aggression against it by criminalizing the offence of breach of the alien's bail, which is nothing but an activity prejudicial to the interest of social existence. s residence law in force for society in general, by maintaining public order and protecting its elements, as it may cause harm or threat to the alien's presence in the territory of the Republic of Iraq, The alien's sponsorship system is an important topic in regulating the movement of entry and stay in and exit from the Republic of Iraq. The Iraqi legislator in the applicable alien's residence law has criminalized the offence of breach of the alien's bail when explicitly indicating the violation of the bail described in its provisions, In other images and commitments he did not provide, but rather left the question of her appreciation to the competent authority according to the practical facts, The Iraqi legislator, upon verification of the criminal liability arising from the violation of the alien's bail, imposed penal and civil penalties against the guarantor when he violated his guarantee. and the comparative approach has been to criminalize the offence of violation of a guarantor or an appellant on the basis of the alien's bail by providing a picture of such breach in legal legislation, whether such legislation regulates the status of an alien or in other penal legislation.

In light of the rapid changes taking place in the international system, the foreign policy of countries is under increasing pressure that requires adaptation to new and complex changes, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that have witnessed a significant shift in its foreign policy, especially in the context of addressing the issues of extremism and terrorism, which have become a direct threat to their internal and regional stability since 2017. It has become clear that new international factors have begun to cast a shadow on the Kingdom\'s attitudes in this context, which highlights the importance of studying and analyzing these factors for a deeper understanding of Saudi policies. This study aims to explore the main international variables that have influenced Saudi foreign policy towards extremism and terrorism issues with a focus on three influential international powers: the United States of America, China, and Russia. The United States is the kingdom\'s traditional ally, and while the growing relations with China and Russia reflect the kingdom\'s efforts to diversify its strategic moves to serve its national interests and enhance its capabilities to face security and economic challenges.

The electronic transport record is a digitally encrypted document used in modern transportation operations, replacing traditional paper-based bills of lading. It is characterized by ease of access and management, reduction of human errors that may occur with the use of paper shipping documents, cost reduction, and enhanced efficiency and speed. The electronic record allows for the transfer of ownership of goods electronically during transport and enables the modification of transport instructions through the right of control, thus adding flexibility and speed in completing transactions.

yumathil majlis alnuwaab alsultat altashrieiat fi aleiraq wanah yamtalik salahiaat tashrieiatan waraqabiatan ealaa muasasat aldawlat kawnuh yadumu mumathilin ean alshaebi. wayumaris almajlis aikhtisasah alraqabia ealaa alwazifat aleamat lima tatamatae bih min ahimiat wasieat watamusu huquq alaifrad bishakl mubashirin, watakun raqabat almajlis ealaa alhayyat almukhtasat bialkhidmat almadaniat wahu( majlis alkhidmat aleamat alaitihadii) aladhi yunazim alwazifat aleamat bimujib nasi almadat 107 min aldustur waqanun majlis alkhidmat aleamat alaitihadii raqm 4 lisanat 2009 almueadali. waealaa alraghm an almajlis bida'an bialeamal bishakl muta'akhir ala anah yatamatae bi'ahamiyat balighat wan majlis alnuwaab yaqum bialraqabat ealiat bitariqat mubashirih waghayr mubashiratin

A partner can share intellectual property rights with other partners, according to the cooperation or partnership agreements reached Each partner has the right to use, exploit and benefit from the common property, and this right is determined by the amount of his share in this property. This means that each partner can benefit from the common property in proportion to his share in it. However, the partner's behavior must be consistent with the rights of the other partners, as they have the same rights.
In the case of a partnership, the property is owned by several people without each of them concentrating his share in a specific part of it. The other partners can also benefit from the same property. The partner must avoid acting in a way that would harm the rights of the other partners in the common property In a separate property, the individual partner can benefit from all the common property and dispose of it as he wishes. However, in the case of a joint property, the partner's disposal must be limited to his common share, without prejudice to the rights of the remaining partners

One of the most prominent changes the international system has witnessed is the phenomenon of globalization, which refers to the increasing trend toward the internationalization of goods, ideas, and capital across the globe. This development has posed a significant challenge to the absolute concept of sovereignty, especially when determining the competent court. In the era of globalization, the Earth takes on a unified character that encompasses all peoples and individuals, standardizing their social, economic, and intellectual activities, regardless of differences in religion or culture. Globalization, therefore, is an intensifying trend toward crossing borders — engaging without regard to political boundaries or allegiance to a specific nation. This leads us to question the extent to which globalization affects the rules of international judicial jurisdiction, which are a reflection of state sovereignty.

Cyber-attacks have become one of the means to commit crimes without losses, whether material or human; if military force costs countries a lot of losses at all levels, cyber-attacks have enabled countries to implement their plans and hit another country's systems with the push of a button. The effects of their destruction may exceed t he impact of traditional grave violations, whether infrastructure destruction or human losses. In this area, the information space is seen as the fifth area of war by the military, as the US Department of Defense states that "although information space is a man-made field, it is as important for military operations as land, sea, air, and space." The application of quantitative and qualitative relative gravity standards to information behavior (cyber-attacks) that may fall within the jurisdiction of the ICC, as well as how crimes are committed, instigated, or facilitated in the "cyber" information space.