LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Our study is based on one of the grammatical topics in the Syriac and Arabic languages which is ( the nouns of time and place ) which is one of the types of derivatives whose formulation is subject to rules and is considered one of the important means is the growth of languages and the generation of words and formulas some of them are rigid, that is, auditory, without measurement and without weight, and some are derived. We have divided this research into two chapters the first in which we dealt with the issue of derivation and its types and the opinion of scholars about it which is one of the characteristic of the Semitic languages in that its vocabulary derived from one origin is subject to the principle of abstraction and addition its divisions and how it was formulated as well as the name of place its definition and how it was formulated and in the second chapter we conducted a comparative lexical study of these names and their roots and the extent of their convergence difference and sometimes coincidence and two languages are similar in the presence of the names of time and place in the which is evidence of the unity of these languages and her kinship .

The study entitled "The Reception of the French Poet Arthur Rimbaud in the Arab World" addresses the interaction between cultures through the examination of three Arabic translations of his poem "The excited Boat" by translators Mekaoui, Shahin, and El Khoury. Born in 1854 in Charleville, France, Arthur Rimbaud is considered one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. From the age of sixteen, he began composing remarkable poems that reflected his ambition to bring about a radical change in poetry. His works aimed to focus on the unconscious and the deregulation of the senses. This study examines the ability of translators to convey Rimbaud's imagination, his challenges to norms, and his poetic vision. Although the translators respected the French text and attempted to faithfully convey Rimbaud's spirit, some differences may remain invisible to the Arab reader.

This research aims to study rhetoric and its methods in selected examples of Modern Hebrew poetry, in order to reveal the style employed by the poet and the aesthetic structure he uses to express his ideas and artistic messages. The importance of this research stems from the fact that rhetoric is an essential tool for understanding literary texts, especially poetry, which is characterized by its density of expressive images and richness of meaning. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing selected poems by Jewish poets in order to reveal the most prominent rhetorical devices used, such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, repetition, and others, while explaining their role in clarifying meaning and highlighting the aesthetics of the text. It also sought to highlight how these tools are used to persuade and enrich poetic texts, as their selection varies from one poet to another. The research concluded that rhetoric is an artistic tool that combines aesthetic and semantic dimensions and contributes to the formulation of the identity of the poetic text. It is not limited to words, but goes beyond them to the meanings, images, and metaphors that make the text more effective and persuasive. Thus, rhetoric manifests itself as an art that blends essence (meaning) and aesthetic form (rhetorical formulation), giving the text power of expression and depth of impact.

Translation serves as a vital epistemological and humanistic medium, playing a fundamental role in building bridges of communication between diverse cultures and peoples. It goes beyond the mere transfer of information from one language to another, contributing to the enrichment of cultural and literary exchange and allowing readers to engage with different intellectual worlds. It also offers translators the opportunity to explore diverse linguistic and cultural realms. in this context, the present study examines the translator’s experience in rendering the novel Imra’ah Min Tabaqayn (A Two-Story Woman) from Arabic into Persian. The translator encountered various linguistic and cultural challenges, most notably the handling of shared vocabulary between Arabic and Persian that carries divergent meanings, and the difficulty of finding precise equivalents for certain idioms and proverbs. Based on these issues, the study aims to shed light on how the translator navigates borrowed terms and identifies suitable equivalents for idioms and proverbs. It employs a contrastive analysis approach to examine the texts and justifies the semantic dimensions that influence the translation process.
The findings reveal that borrowed Arabic words in Persian often do not retain their original meanings; instead, Persian tends to alter their meanings either partially or entirely. The study also highlights that Arabic idioms and proverbs lacking accurate or similar counterparts in Persian represent some of the most significant challenges for translators, as literal translations may lead to confusion or misinterpretation among Persian readers.

The novel The Brutal Wedding is a literary work by the French writer Yann Queffélec. It was published in 1985, and won the Goncourt Prize in the same year. This study adopts The analysis and identification of the rhetorical styles that characterized the writer's own style. Thus, by analyzing the language used in the above-stated novel, including vocabulary, syntactic structures, and rhetorical styles, the current study focuses on the topics of rejection and violence. This study arrives at the conclusion that the author's narrative style in terms of the careful selection of lexical words, semantic aspects, and the multiple connotations that addressed the problems of rejection, violence, and the constant suffering of his heroes, were able to a large extent to enrich his work, and hence, creating a profound psychological impact on the reader.

The context of teaching French as a foreign language in Iraq passes through certain axes. Developments in recent years have contributed to encouraging dialogue about new technology and artificial intelligence. So, integrating digital tools has undoubtedly become interesting.
Among these tools is the interactive image as a didactico-linguistic support. Image has an effective role in the process of learning FLE in the Iraqi context. We analyze the effectiveness of this tool by defining the semiotic analysis aspect of the interactive image to show the fine details that can be used.
The present paper will discuss how the interactive image affects the evolution of teaching and learning French in the Iraqi context, and what is its semiotic impact?
This study helps to know how to follow the international trend of active education. Our analysis helps to update the method of learning French in Iraq by adopting more appropriate digital tools. The findings of our research help to formulate effective recommendations.
Through the analytical methodology adopted in data analysis and detailed presentation of the group, and by justifying the effectiveness of the interactive image in learning French in the Iraqi academic context at the University of Baghdad, we find that students' motivation increases due to the use of information and communications technology (ICT), especially in their work in semiotic analysis of the image. In addition, this paper presents the difficulties faced by teachers and students, and the proposed solutions.

The present study focuses on Rita Joe’s “The Black Sea” as an effort to uncover the hidden connections between indigenous people and land, by using Indigenous Standpoint Theory. The study aims to show that Joe’s art offers a strong means for expressing Indigenous identity, relationship to land, and residence to colonial histories; the work reclaims narrative authority in a manner that questions and expands mainstream readings of indigenous epistemologies. Central to this analysis were the following questions: How does Joe’s use of imagery resonate with Indigenous ways of knowing? How does the poem subvert official telling? Using a qualitative approach, the research applies close reading of the poem concentrating on themes, symbols, and language. Using Indigenous Standpoint Theory, the examination centers Indigenous voices and perspectives to uncover deeper context to the poem. The findings suggest that The Black Sea is not only a deep expression of kinship with nature, but also an act of land reclamation and strength for Indigenous people.

. The research deals with the Issue of Class consciousness, Class consciousness is a term used in literary sociology criticism and is one of the categories related to structuralism that Lucien Goldman has paid special attention to. He considers three types of consciousness: real consciousness, possible consciousness, and false consciousness. The novel Cell 18 by Ali Ashraf darvishian and the novel " Beirut Mills " by Lebanese writer Tawfiq Youssef Awad are political and social novels dominated by the realist approach, and they express political issues and social problems of Iranian and Lebanese societies and the process of forming class consciousness.

Le présent travail explore les représentations de la crise identitaire et les défis envisagés par l'identité dans le roman Meurtres pour mémoire de Didier Daeninckx. Partant des causes incitant l'auteur à l'écriture de ce roman, cette recherche vise à illustrer le rôle de la mémoire en général, notamment celle collective et le rôle du pouvoir dans la reconstruction de l'identité nationale. La recherche tente de trouver des réponses à un nombre de questions soulevées telles que : dans quelle mesure la crise identitaire se présente -t-elle dans le roman ? Comment l'auteur utilise-t-il la structure policière du roman comme manière de déconstruire le discours officiel refusant de reconnaitre des faits historiques réels ? Ce travail divisé en nombre d'axes aborde la notion de la crise identitaire et les significations symboliques du roman et l'impact de la mémoire collective dans la construction de l'identité. De plus, il met au jour les techniques narratives et stylistiques du roman et d'autres questions.
Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que ce roman écrit en 1984 a contribué à lever le voile sur des faits historiques commis par la police française à Paris en 1961, dissimulés longtemps dans le discours français officiel jusqu' aux années 1990. Ils ont aussi montré la crainte de l'auteur de la défiguration de l'identité à la lumière des mutations majeures accélérées alors dans la société française pendant la deuxième moitié du XX siècle.

Children’s fiction often transcends its superficial framework as mere entertainment by implicitly addressing broader cultural, social, and political issues, which underscores its pedagogical function for young readers. This study examines the imperial ideology embedded in James M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy (the novelistic adaptation of his 1904 play Peter Pan). It aims to show how the novel, through the enchantments of its fantastical world and militarised adventure, aestheticizes and implants colonial beliefs and tendencies in children’s imagination, especially Edwardian young readers. Through the conceptual lens of postcolonial theory, the research examines the imaginary setting in Barrie’s novel, Neverland, which functions as an imperial nursery. This fictional island invites the implied child reader to absorb colonial thinking, thereby fortifying Britain’s colonial project and expansionist ideology. The text’s racial perspective and the belligerence of its boy-characters are pivotal aspects nurturing colonial ideology by cultivating ideas of hierarchy and superiority in the empire’s youth. Furthermore, the article demonstrates how the author’s use of war games, caricatures and mimicry naturalises power structures within the child’s worldview, paving the way for imperial thinking. The novel’s definition of gender roles is also fundamental to understanding the imperial subtext through Wendy’s role as an imperial mother. The research concludes that Peter and Wendy envisions an imaginative habituation realm where the future generations of the British Empire can rehearse imperial practices, asserting their mastery over exotic colonial subjects and territories.

Addressing issues related to the implied meaning of expressions and words are dealt with using pragmatics. Deixis is a case in point; it refers to a type of reference that offers the reader a deeper understanding of what characters intend by their utterances. This research is qualitative in nature; it aims to examine comparatively the prevalent type of deictic words invested in political and religious texts, and to investigate the reasons behind their usage in such contexts. To meet this objective, two speeches have been selected; one is political belonging to the American President Barack Obama, and the second one is religious belonging to Muzammil Sidiqi, an Indian director of the Islamic Center of Washington, D.C. The study has concluded that both politicians and preachers employ different types of deictic markers in their writings. However, it has been noted that politicians utilize deictic words and expressions, such as the 1st person, specifically (we), in political texts more frequently than preachers owing to personal and political objectives, to garner support during elections and to assert dominance, particularly among the American politicians. Conversely, preachers use the 1st person (we) for advice and guidance purposes, aiming to direct the audience towards the correct religious path and to foster a sense of belonging within the Muslim community, emphasizing as a result the need for guidance and advice. This is because both preachers and individuals should strive to be closer to Allah through obedience.

. This study sheds light on the features of love and war, their philosophy and dimensions in the Hebrew novel by the writer "Yehuda Amihai" by analyzing the novel "Not from now, not from here" in order to stand on the eternal conflict between love and war, fate, man and history which is reflected in his novel, the author collects a kind of poetic memoir of two parallel events - a narrative speech between Germany of the past and Jerusalem of the present. Fantasy and reality are used in a mixture and create meaningful things.
War always brings devastation, destruction, murder and chaos, but love is born from the womb of war, and good hearts meet in times of war sometimes. "Not from now, not from here" is a novel that expresses the reality of public life for a dismal and frustrated generation that left Muscat, Germany, and headed for immigration to Jerusalem, and is a novel that represents a vivid example of the conflict between love and war.
The writer Yehuda Amihai reviews for us a world here, and a world there, the hero of the story "Yuel", one of the fighters of the war, returns in his memory all the time to Vyborg, the city where he was born, to avenge the joy of his childhood that was killed there, and to live the past to face it face to face and overcome it, and yet this experience of his can be described as the fabric of a new life that he will forget in Vyborg's past.
And the conflict between love and war is evident in this novel, it tells the story of a man who loved a boy in the days of Eid al-Fitr greetings, the beginning of this love is a sin and its end is the sadness of the 10th day.
This study concluded that the writer relied on multiple literary methods in his narrative, characterized by camouflage, irony, and symbolism, and was imbued with the characteristic Amhai language. He also resorted to employing the sarcastic character within the scene to give it a humorous character that adds to the flavor of the novel and its special nature. But in terms of content, the writer focused in his narrative on the eternal conflict between love and war, which is reflected in his stories. The novel is written in a rich language, full of amazing connections and images, along with the charm of its plot, which allowed the writer to achieve a greater impact on his readers.

حتى الآن، تم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تعليم اللغة الفارسية (آزفا)، بينما تم إهمال الأدب وأنواعه المختلفة. ومن جهة أخرى، لم تُولَ الأسس العلمية في هذا المجال الاهتمام الكافي، فالكثير من كتب تعليم الفارسية للأجانب (آزفا) كُتبت بناءً على الذوق الشخصي والخبرة فقط. ولهذا السبب، قام الباحثون بتصميم مشروع لتعليم اللغة والأدب الفارسي (آزافا)، ووضعوا له نظرية وتصوّرًا وأنموذجًا تعليميًّا. وقد أُدرج الأدب في كتب "آزافا" لثلاثة أسباب رئيسة : أولًا، في نظرية "إعادة التفكير" التي تُعد من النظريات التعليمية الأساسية في العالم، إذ يحتل الأدب مكانة مهمة ، وتبرز فيه عناصر مثل الوصف، والسرد، والحبكة، وغيرها. ثانيًا، في نموذج "المعرفة التقنية لمحتوى التعليم" (دمآت) ، يسهم الأدب بكسر الألفة وإبداع الجمال. ثالثًا، من منظور الأسلوبية ، فإن النصوص تتكوّن من مزيج من الجمل والعبارات العلمية والأدبية ، مما يجعل الفصل التام بين اللغة والأدب أمرًا مستحيلًا.

يتناول الأدب العربي والعالمي العديد من الظواهر الاجتماعية السلبية، منها عمالة الأطفال وأطفال الشوارع. ويصور معاناة الأطفال وظروفهم المعيشية. وتُعد هذه الظواهر محورًا للروايات أحيانًا، وتظهر أحيانًا أخرى في سياق أحداثها. أما رواية "الأخوة السود" للكاتبة الألمانية ليزا تيتزنر، فهي عمل فني يصور معاناة الأطفال في مدينة ميلانو الإيطالية قبل قرنين تقريبًا. تصف الرواية الواقع المرير الذي عاشه الأطفال في مداخن تلك الفترة، وتكشف عن الاستغلال الصارخ لطفولتهم وبراءتهم، وإجبارهم على العمل الشاق بأجور زهيدة، أو غالبًا مقابل الطعام والنوم فقط. وهي رواية أطفال عالمية، ألفتها الكاتبة الألمانية ليزا تيتزنر، حصلت على نسبة مبيعات عالية، تم تسمية الرواية بالأخوة السود نسبة إلى الأطفال أبطال الرواية الذين كانوا يعملون في تنظيف المداخن فيصبحون ملوثين بالرماد والأوساخ الناتجة عن المداخن. بعد قراءة الرواية ودراسة مادتها بتفصيل، أُجريت هذه الدراسة التحليلية للإجابة على الأسئلة التالية:

Our study is based on one of the grammatical topics in the Syriac and Arabic languages which is ( the nouns of time and place ) which is one of the types of derivatives whose formulation is subject to rules and is considered one of the important means is the growth of languages and the generation of words and formulas some of them are rigid, that is, auditory, without measurement and without weight, and some are derived. We have divided this research into two chapters the first in which we dealt with the issue of derivation and its types and the opinion of scholars about it which is one of the characteristic of the Semitic languages in that its vocabulary derived from one origin is subject to the principle of abstraction and addition its divisions and how it was formulated as well as the name of place its definition and how it was formulated and in the second chapter we conducted a comparative lexical study of these names and their roots and the extent of their convergence difference and sometimes coincidence and two languages are similar in the presence of the names of time and place in the which is evidence of the unity of these languages and her kinship .

The novel "The Baron of the Trees" by Italo Calvino addresses the relationship between the individual and society from the perspective of the main character, Cosimo di Rondo, who decides to spend his life in the trees, rejecting the class life to which he belonged. "The Baron of the Trees" is part of Calvino's larger narrative trilogy, "Our Ancestors," which includes three novels that embody different aspects of contemporary Europeans. This trilogy explores the origins of identity and human history, imagined in an unreal time and place. The trilogy is a model for discovering present-day identity by revisiting the past in the mirror of literature, and addresses complex issues of individual identity.

This paper contends that Jawad Al-Assadi’s Baghdadi Bath (2005) is a contextualisation of the European Theatre of the Absurd's techniques to articulate a distinctly Iraqi critique of the occupation. The Theatre of the Absurd is a genre pioneered by European playwrights and emerged from the existential crisis post-World War II. Unlike the European Theatre of the Absurd, absurdism in the play stems not from the abstract, metaphysical and existential despair but from the tangible, political upheaval and moral decay. Through a textual analysis of the play, this study examines the localisation of key absurdist conventions, including incomprehensible setting, cyclical structure, fractured dialogue, archetypal characters and denial of catharsis. This paper
has two primary objectives. First, it examines localisation of the conventions of the Theatre of the Absurd in Baghdadi Bath (2005). Second, it examines how this localised absurdity functions as a potent medium to critique the socio-political reality of post-2003 Iraq rather than a philosophical exercise.
The key results of the play show how the play’s setting, which is a dysfunctional bathhouse, is a metaphor for the nation's sinking into turmoil. Furthermore, the brothers’ Sisyphean actions and fragmented communications indicate the relentless trauma under sanction, dictatorship and occupation. This study is significant due to the scarcity of scholarship on how absurdist techniques have been adapted into the Iraqi context. While Western absurd theatre is extensively studied, little attention is given to the contextualisation of the theatre of the absurd in Iraq. Moreover, the play offers a human-scale account of the Iraqi experience that transcends simple political and historical accounts. Thus, Baghdadi Bath is a significant work for understanding the human cost of conflict and the capability of the dramatic spectrum in showing the Iraqi's perspective about the occupation and its aftermaths.

. This paper discusses digital disconnection and the search for identity by comparing Don DeLillo’s White Noise, published in 1985 with some Arabic novels that were published after 2000. DeLillo’s novel is one of the most important works of postmodernism as it presents a reality that has been overtly saturated by media abundance and technological revolution where human experience becomes commodified. Contemporary Arabic literature, Iraqi, and Arab fiction after 2000 spoke about similar issues in different sociopolitical contexts. Works like Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi show the reader how technology and media can be associated with violence, memories, and feelings of alienation that take place within a postwar environment. By contrast, these narratives bring out similarities and differences in the representation of identity in technologically influenced societies. The paper thus becomes a study of how American and Arabic writers respond to the same questions: In what ways does technology reshape self-identity? Which media narratives replace individual memory and identity? The comparative framework demonstrates that despite coming from different backgrounds, both literary traditions engage with the same universal problem – technological intervention in human identity – thus foregrounding the way comparative literature maps cross-cultural modes of estrangement even as it registers cultural specificity.

Iraqi Türkmen Turkish is spoken by approximately 3.5 million people, and research on this language has been steadily increasing in recent years. This dialect, particularly closely related to Azerbaijani Turkish, holds significant importance in terms of linguistic diversity. However, certain local dialects, such as Telafer Türkmen Turkish, are at risk of rapidly disappearing. This poses a significant threat to the survival of the language, highlighting the necessity of academic studies aimed at preventing its extinction.

This study examines the strategies employed in rendering culture-bound expressions in in Abdulrahman Munif’s novel Cities of Salt (1984) as translated into English by Peter Theroux (1987). Culture- bound expressions, which includes reference to Arabic social practices, tradition, religion and history, poses a great challenge to the translator due the absence of exact equivalent between the two languages. Drawing upon theoretical model of Pedersen’s strategies of translation (2005), The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive approach. The study hypothesizes that Theroux employs a combination of TL and SL oriented strategies. To achieve this, twenty excerpts which contain a heavy cultural loaded expressions were selected from the ST along with English translation. They were analyzed to identify the strategies used in rendering cultural loaded expression. The study comes to conclusion that translating culture-bound expressions in Cities of Salt is problematic due to cultural gap between Arabic and English language. The translator’s knowledge of the SL and TL culture is a must. Insufficient knowledge of the source-language culture leads to a loss of cultural specificity in the target language, thereby resulting in deficiencies in the translation. The study highlights the complexity of translating these expressions and the balance a translation should maintain between persevering the cultural identity of the SL and producing accessible and natural TL text.

This study examines a set of colloquial expressions used by young speakers in Spanish TV series such as Élite and Física o Química, with the aim of analyzing their translation into Arabic. These expressions, marked by dynamism and lexical creativity, pose a significant challenge for translators due to the frequent lack of direct equivalents.