Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Andalusia in itself is a triangular shape surrounded by the sea from its three sides. Its south is surrounded by the Shami Sea and its west is surrounded by the dark sea and its north is surrounded by the Roman Caliphs. Andalusia is the length of the crow\'s church on the dark sea to the mountain called the structure of the flower, In the nose of the sea of the Polishers to the city of Almeria, which is on the Sea of Cham six hundred miles.
The city of Larde is one of the most famous Andalusian cities of the highest denomination. The city of Larda was originally found by the Roman era and was later built by Ismael and the city of Lardida. In the year 270 AH / AD 883 AD, the days of the Umayyad rule of Andalusia and this city of the Catalan work today, with a population of 23000 thousand people, and Adrissi said that Andalusia is divided into several provinces and Rsatig in each and every province, including several cities and returned to the city of Larda and Mnnsa and Olive and featured located on the center of the distance between Zaragoza and the site of the city received from the sea level and is famous for its mild climate make it a lot of crops.

The desire of the Ashhaliyyah woman to highlight the Islamic character appeared in the Muslim woman who is proud of her religion. Most of the Ashhali women became orators of women thanks to what they learned from the Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him). In some religious matters.

The rulers and kings of Mesopotamia were concerned with the many aspects of life, whether religious or worldly. They built luxurious temples to please their gods, decorated them and presented them with offerings, gifts and favors, and organized the administrative aspects in them to serve their proper functioning. These kings also built luxurious palaces for them and considered them part of their prestige. And the prestige of the state, and one of the things that the rulers and kings of Mesopotamia were interested in is the orchards, so they made it a place that facilitates their sight, a place to spend their spare time, and a suitable place for recreation and away from the problems that plague the country, as well as the fruits it produces related to their food and the food of their gods and their inhabitants.

The Amorites are a branch of the Semitic island peoples that migrated from the Arabian Peninsula, which connects from its northern side to Iraq. The language of the Amorites belonged to a group of Northwest Semitic languages. Some indicate that the Amorites traded a language similar to the Akkadian language, through the names of their gods and the names of some Amorite tribes The Amorites were also mentioned in the cuneiform sources, as a result of the existence of relations between them and the kings of Mesopotamia, according to historical literary and economic texts. The rush of the Amorites was in the form of groups who entered Mesopotamia peacefully.

Ziyad Al- Galilee house is one of Mosul\'s antiquarian Houses, its construction date back to (1143 AH / 1730 AD). It’s go back to Al- Galilee reign time, a time of them was a golden period in Mosul during Ottoman era. Ownership of a House belong to Mohammed Amin Pasha Al- Galilee a judge of the Mosul. it was known a house of Ziyad Al- Galilee, as for to old man in this family. The House is located in the A Shahr Suq, nearby to Omar Al-Aswad Mosque on Al-Farouq Street. It’s one of the luxurious homes of Galilees, its Area appreciates of (3300 square meters). The house is consists of several parts, we care for in six iwans were built in it, according to a structural system in which the iwan is in middle, with two stons on its sides.

The Bologna process, whose beginnings begin after the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and its roots after the Second World War, formed the idea of Bologna to bring together the countries of the European Union and the inorganic countries, in a special and predetermined place, to a meeting in which a proposal is proposed. , To reform and keep pace with higher education, and the possibility of it reaching the ranks of the global classification, where countries take several decisions and results to adhere to and present a report in the next meeting, and from here came the idea of Turkey on joining the Bologna conference and entering into its membership in order to reach it. Higher, represented by universities, to the ranks of developed countries, and in order to give Turkish universities the prestige in the various countries of the world.

The Islamic Republic of Iran was interested in the Central Islamic countries of Asia, which were among the countries of the collapsed Soviet Union, and the interest came even before those countries gained their independence after the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991, because they realized that these republics represent the historical and strategic depth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially that these countries have borders It is common with the Republic, and there are also common links between them. However, the course of events went differently and was affected by several factors, so that these relations became unstable.

The military coup carried out by the Algerian Colonel Houari Bou Mediene had a clear impact on the internal situation of the country, and even brought about a clear turn in the formulation of the policies that followed him in the leadership of the country, in addition to the changes that took place at the social and economic levels.

Music is one of the important aspects of the civilization of Mesopotamia, as the ancient Mesopotamian man attached great importance to music as it is closely related to singing, which is also associated with multiple life joints, including joy, lament, mourning, prayer, supplications and other various aspects of life, which are usually linked to religious aspects. These aspects were performed with the accompaniment of music and musical instruments, as the arts of Mesopotamia reported to us many artistic scenes related to music and musical instruments, as well as the cuneiform texts that gave us many names related to these musical instruments as well as some tones and musical notes and various information related to one way or another to the aspect Music and musical instruments. Because of the importance of music in the civilization of Mesopotamia and the importance of musical instruments and the diversity of information associated with them, the researcher decided to delve into the research on this subject and the focus was on the cuneiform texts and the valuable information they produced about music and musical instruments, and the focus in this research was on one important musical instruments, namely The harp, , trying to highlight the information related to this instruments and tools and trying to analyze the texts and link them to the cultural heritage, but the research has adopted its axes and its divisions depending on the various information provided to us by the cuneiform texts.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the strategically important countries, whether at the level of the Arab region or at the global level, as a result of its important location on the strategic Arabian Gulf region and for being the gateway to the Arab world and the world from the Indian Ocean, which is the route of trade and oil, as well as the region’s huge oil reserves, which is what It has gained increasing importance in Arab and international affairs alike. That is why this region was and still is the focus of competition for major countries that seek to extend their control and influence over it in one way or another.

The study dealt with the political developments that took place in the European arena, leading to Russia's rapprochement with the Ottoman Empire and forgetting the differences of the recent past to confront the French threat through joint maritime campaigns in the Mediterranean against the French presence there. The two countries agreed to establish the Republic of the Seven Islands at sea The Mediterranean, established under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and the protection of Tsarist Russia, is an anachronism. A republic was established in the Mediterranean by the two kingdoms (Russia and the Ottoman Empire) to confront the French Republic.

Doctors had a prominent position in society because of their great efforts in people’s lives. Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib was one of the most important doctors and wrote many books in the field of medicine, most of which are manuscripts that have not yet been achieved, such as Al-Yousifi’s book on medicine, or to be among the lost books that It was referred to by Lisan Al-Din Ibn Al-Khatib or the authors, and from what is referred to, the task of medicine in Andalusia is one of the finest professions. Doctors have the freedom to travel and roam inside and outside Andalusia, even if it is in the country of the Christians. Physicians shall be in their kingdom and provide assistance to them to live inside their homes or palaces, and help them with money and other things to obtain or manufacture treatment.

The British-Russian rivalry has ancient roots since Russia entered the colonial system, but we note the increased competition between the two parties in the year (1854) with Britain entering the Crimean War (1853-1856) against Russia, in a desire to stop Russian expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, for fear of the Russians reaching the sea The Mediterranean, which threatens its colonial interests in Egypt and India, as British politicians believed that the Russian threat to the British colonies in the east had disappeared after Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War. Although the Russian colonization of Siberia did not pose a threat to the interests of European countries, the Russian colonization of Central Asia provoked the British-Russian competition in India, especially since the British policy was aimed at securing the northwestern borders of India, and transferring the area of conflict between the two sides to the heart of Asia, and finally This conflict, with its political and military manifestations, is a reflection of economic goals represented by the presence of important reservoirs of economic resources, as well as the strategic location of Afghanistan and Persia for The passage of these resources to important global markets, especially in Europe. This study will show the strategic and economic importance of the Central Asian region.

The function of the judiciary is one of the most important functions that have affected the Islamic society. The judges’ relationship with Muslims was close, as they apply the teachings and provisions of Islamic law, and the rights and rights of the Muslim. So we discussed in our research the social conditions of judges through Al-Kindi’s book (Governors and Judges in Egypt).

The study of the topic of "crowns and head coverings in the civilization of Mesopotamia" is one of the archaeological topics that deserve study, as it sheds light on one aspect of the civilization of Mesopotamia, as it reflects the extent of society's interest in the external appearance, especially with the gods and kings, as it appears in the various artistic scenes while they are wearing crowns and covers The crown is what is crafted for kings from gold and jewels, as it was known as the diadem that is placed on the heads of kings or princes and be adorned with jewels and precious stones. Among the royal symbols that were placed before the god in the complex of the gods in the sky on a platform, and since the crown represented a symbol of power, rule and authority, it was presented to the king in the coronation ceremony, it is one of the sacred royal insignia.
Crowns were also considered among the artistic achievements that the craftsman excelled in in the technique of their manufacture. During the excavations, samples of crowns were found that could be used in the subject of our study, in addition to identifying the materials used from them, as they were made of precious metals such as gold, silver and precious stones, as well as the finest types of fabrics. Which were mentioned in some cuneiform texts, as the ancient artists excelled in photographing and engraving them on various artworks. They were a source of our knowledge about the development of forms, technology, and varieties of crowns through the ages. They were keen to mention them in the various cuneiform texts, whether religious, economic, literary, and others. .

The city of al-Mutawakia, built by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil upon God in the year (245 AH / 859 CE), which he completed and lived in in a year (247 AH / 861 CE), and which is located north of the Abbasid city of Samarra, is one of his most important urban works despite the component of its age that does not exceed nine months, as it was abandoned after The death of the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil upon God directly, but its effects represented by its wall, its mosque, which represents a miniature model of the Jameh Mosque in the city of Samarra, and the ruins of its palaces and residential neighborhoods remained a living witness who speaks of the great development that Muslims have reached in the planning of Islamic cities during (the third century AH / ninth century Gregorian), where the city was divided into three sections, including the residential area, while the central part of the city included its mosque and its own markets, while its northern part included the palaces of the caliphate, including administrative, service and entertainment facilities, and included entertainment places in the palaces complex The caliphate in the city of Al-Mutawakkiliya over gardens, ponds, and the reach ball .