Journal of University of Babylon

Our research focuses on the two terms (the self and the other), in the collection (Songs of the Samut), by the poet Al-Hilli (Walaa Al-Sawwaf), and how to ideologize his poetic language, and its coexistence with these two terms, the first of which represents the poet’s self and his soul, and the second of his counterpart from whom there is no escape, so we see him at times. He indulges in the ego that is in love and indifference to the near other, and at other times hates and rejects the distant other. As part of this literary work, we will try to find out the textual interrelationship with the self and the other, in all its aspects, and was the poet successful as he weaved his phrases within the poetic text?, through readability. To analyze these related texts, and monitor the sources that led him and his linguistic dictionary to join opposites together, between acceptance and rejection.

This research sheds light, analytically and critically, on a very important dictionary; namely, A Multilingual Dictionary of Arabic, Persian, and Semitic languages by Dr. Muhammed Jawad Mashkoor.
The dictionary is a distinctive linguistic wealth that is used to explain many common cultural, social, and civilizational aspects. The linguistic vocabularies it includes belong to the ancient Persian languages and dialects that have a geographical presence close to the Arabic language, and its sister Semitic languages that exist in a wide geographical area including the two neighboring countries, Iran and Iraq.
The southern region of Iraq is of great importance in studying the linguistic relationships between the Semitic languages and the Persian language. It, the southern region, is the cradle of the birth of the Semitic branch, according to one of the well-known opinions.
The various terms indicate a long coexistence that emerged through linguistic reflections on both sides, represented by their use of common vocabulary in the economic, living, political, and intellectual aspects of life. Modern linguistic studies adopt the values of connection between language and society, and sociolinguistics has emerged. It is a real linking factor not at the level of a single society, but rather a close bond between generations. This research is a first attempt to highlight the effort expended on the dictionary, and an attempt to develop first visions for reprinting it in a way that reveals the values of interconnection between different language families.

This research deals with the problem of printing “A Passage to the Other Bank “novel which was printed in more than one edition, and also having more than one author, namely “Ahmed Al-Baqiri” and “Aqeel Habash”, where the second author of this novel claims that the first one stole it from him. So, the aim of this research was to investigate who was the real author of “A Passage to the Other Bank” novel, which was printed in 2004 AD.
This investigation had been done according to a critical approach that I called “Criminal Criticism”. I did not find any other research or book related to the printing problem of this novel, so I consider it as a new issue, where I tried to record three demands, the first was a general one about some of the research peculiarities, then a second demand to discusses the concept of “Criminal Criticism”, and a last demand to examine the patterns of investigation and the stolen text which included textual evidences, documentary evidences, and expressive techniques.
Actually, I have reached an important conclusion that “A Passage to the Other Bank” novel was written by “Aqeel Habash” in form of daily diaries in a colloquial style, then it was transformed into a narrative writing by “Ahmed Al-Baqiri”, who naturalized it into a documentary novel.

Overview: The theme of alienation is pervasive across all literary genres and is among the most significant topics pertaining to literature in the Arab world and in the world in general. But it garners a lot of attention in the Arab narrative because, to the intellectual Arab who relays the events of, it represents a social, political, cultural, and psychological issue. It engages with and is influenced by the lived reality in its literary work.
One of the Arab novels that addressed the phenomena of alienation and powerfully personified its aspects through an influential personality at the level of Arab civilizational and cultural history is Ahmed Fall Uld Eddine Al-Hadqi is a Mauritanian writer. It also drew parallels between him and a contemporary Arab intellectual, highlighting the social, political, and economic struggles they both face, as well as the complexities of the characters that helped to highlight the plight of the intellectual.
Through historical recollection, questioning of the present, approach to events, and immanence of reality, the novel wonderfully and accurately embodied all the characteristics of alienation, symbolised by social isolation, grief, loneliness, anxiety, and social injustice. Because of this, the story becomes a series of interconnected incidents in which the protagonists proceed in accordance with their primary goal-revealing the scope of the Arab issues.

Craft industries are of great importance at the present time, because of the essential role they play in various aspects of life, and the need for them has led to an increase in demand for their products for their multiple uses. Hence the importance of this research in studying the reality of the geographical distribution of craft industries in Buhriz district within Baqubah district. Diyala Governorate Center, as the most prominent marketing establishments that work to market the outputs of their industries within the geographical space according to the geographical components that contributed to their establishment and settlement in the study area, as the research problem was to study the spatial variation of the craft industries in the Buhriz district and identify the most important problems they face while giving appropriate solutions. The research came out with several conclusions and recommendations, including that there is a spatial disparity in the distribution of these industrial crafts, which was the result of several factors that affected them. The research also recommended supporting and developing scientific research centers and training and qualifying the workforce, with the aim of contributing to enhancing opportunities for developing levels of spatial development, with the possibility of providing Government protection for local products.

Writing style is considered one of the most important mirror of the method of writing, and some of them use it to promote specific ideas, which reflect authoritarian ideas, ideology that lead to the authoritarian stability and the continuation of a certain approach. Writing has the advantage of repetition, which gives it the advantage of stability, and then deviation appears as a carrier of future dimensions. This is because the text carries styles that hide intellectual, political, religious، social, and psychological ideologies, all of which reveal society’s conflicts and their various orientations. It also reveals the authoritarian struggle and the process of stereotyping society on a specific thought. Because the intellectual is part of this society who works to reveal the controlling structures, despite the intellectual monitoring imposed on them, so the writing style becomes a means of revealing the cultural structures in the two writers’ books. Therefore, this study seeks to uncover those cultural patterns that stem from the writing style with cultural titles, behind which hidden personal goals, that the intellectual hopes to achieve, appear. Since language expresses those patterns، our study is about the language at that era, the method of use، and the impact of that language in creating the model.

Computers play a pivotal role in scientific development by enabling complex simulations, data analysis, and modeling. They expedite research processes, leading to faster discoveries and advancements. In education, computers facilitate learning through interactive tools, simulations, and online resources, enhancing access to information and fostering collaborative learning environments.
The aim of the research was to determine the role of computer use in facilitating the learning process and scientific development among students of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani, the sample of the study was 412 male and female students in all departments.
The tool used to collect data was through a survey form that was a scientific measure, consisting of 16 items to measure computer use and its role in facilitating the learning process and scientific development. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data and find the results.
At the end of the study, we reached several conclusions, recommendations and suggestions:
1. It turned out that the role of computers in facilitating the learning process and scientific development is at a high level.
2. There is no statistical difference in the role of computers in facilitating the learning processes and scientific development according to gender.
3. There is no statistical difference in the contribution that computers provide to scientific advancement and the learning process according to the stage variable.

The aim of the research is to identify the relationship of future thinking and psychological stress the achievement of the sixth-year preparatory school students according to the variable of sex and specialization. From the Forward Thinking Scale, which has (35) items distributed on five skills, whose validity was confirmed. As for the psychological stress scale, the number of its paragraphs was (60) items distributed over five dimensions. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences in the research sample. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions, including the need to pay attention to the school environment, not to overcrowd students in classes, and to improve the school’s treatment of students.

The aim of the research is to identify the relationship of future thinking and psychological stress the achievement of the sixth-year preparatory school students according to the variable of sex and specialization. From the Forward Thinking Scale, which has (35) items distributed on five skills, whose validity was confirmed. As for the psychological stress scale, the number of its paragraphs was (60) items distributed over five dimensions. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences in the research sample. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions, including the need to pay attention to the school environment, not to overcrowd students in classes, and to improve the school’s treatment of students.

In various eras, a group of researchers has emerged who have continued to look at heritage as a single intellectual system that is manifested in different patterns and partial systems in each particular field of knowledge. Sibawayh, for example, was not setting the theoretical structure and comprehensive laws of the Arabic language isolated from the achievements of jurists, reciters, hadith scholars, and theologians. Hence, the issue of influencing and being influenced represented a research path necessary for most studies that attempted to historicize the linguistic lesson of the Arabs and identify the paths of originality in this inspiring heritage. The approaches may be characterized by a reverent tendency towards what is presented in this space, but the nature of the evidence spread and accompanying the blog of the Sheikh of Grammarians reveals an epistemological uniqueness that explores the cognitive foundations that lie behind the linguistic propositions in most of what is published in this field.

Conflict is defined as a group of personal tensions or problems that negatively or positively affect the behavior of the individual himself, while identity refers to the individual existence of the person and identity is part of the personal self. From this definition, we decided that the research should be in an attempt to reveal the cultural dimensions of conflict in poetry Hadba bin Al-Khashram Al-Uthri; This is done by linking the concept of conflict to identity and self, and then addressing the most important issues raised by this conflict.

The titled research, "Spatial Analysis of Efficiency and Sufficiency of Fuel Filling Stations in Balad District," aims to provide a detailed overview of the spatial distribution of fuel filling stations in the study area for the year 2021. It seeks to determine their efficiency, sufficiency, and spatial implications using the contemporary applied approach that relies on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study originated from the problem of assessing the spatial distribution efficiency of fuel filling stations in the study area and whether the use of GIS technology can contribute to measuring the spatial distribution efficiency of these stations to achieve current and future sustainable local development.
The research adopted an inductive methodology that starts with particulars and ends with generalizations, utilizing both quantitative and comparative analysis methods to interpret the efficiency of fuel filling station distribution in the study area and to reach precise and specific results. By leveraging GIS technology in mapping and conducting spatial analysis operations, the research aims to assist the researcher in understanding and analyzing the distributional characteristics to investigate the results and develop solutions.
The study found clear deficiencies and flaws in the spatial distribution of fuel filling stations, leading to an irregular distribution pattern trending towards randomness. The calculated value of R was 0.70, indicating a weakened service provision for current locations. Additionally, only 29.83% of the total area of the district and approximately 67.83%, 34.48%, and 17.47% of the total area of its regions (Balad District Center, Yathrib Region, and Al-Is'haqi Region, respectively) are served within the current buffering range of 3 km. This highlights the extent of the shortfall in ideal coverage of this type of service despite the current surplus in distribution compared to the population size according to planning standards. The study recommends considering areas outside the current buffering range within the administrative units of the study area and taking them into account in the current redistribution or suggesting new fuel filling station locations.