Ahl al-Bayt Medical University Journal

In this study, different ratios of spent lubricating oil were used with fig wood (wood: spent oil, 1:1, 1:075, 1:0.5, 1:025), and it was carbonized at a temperature of 500 degrees Celsius (initial carbonization). The resulting carbon was chemically activated with sodium hydroxide in different proportions (non-activated carbon: sodium hydroxide 1:1, 1:0.5). Model 1 (1:1 wood: spent oil, 1:1 non-activated carbon: sodium hydroxide) was the best in terms of dye adsorption. Blue methylene, as well as in terms of iodine adsorption, in addition to the preference in physical properties (humidity, density, ash content).

Introduction: Choosing the best anesthetic medication to the patient's life continues to be the top priority for the anesthesia and critical care department personnel when it comes to techniques, medications, tactics, and recommendations for choosing optimal anesthesia. The most popular and efficient kind of anesthetic for those who repair hernias is spinal anesthesia.

Subjects And Methods: an accurate and up-to-date study of the patients. Based on the types of spinal and general anesthesia, we divided the 100 patients who had herniotomy into two groups: 50 patients received spinal anesthesia, while the remaining 50 patients received general anesthetic. The patient's age, weight, pulse rate, and blood pressure change were all analyzed. The study divided patients between the ages of 20 and 90 into two groups: general anesthesia (GA) and spinal anesthesia (SA) to do thorough follow-up before, during, and after operations.

Results: We demonstrate that it is also more stable in SA, which is around 56%, compared to GA, which is roughly 40%. However, blood pressure is higher in GA, which was 32%, and in SA, which was 24%, and lower in GA, which was 28%, and in SA, it was 20%. As demonstrated in this study, the heart rate is more stable in SA (56%) compared to GA (32%), and it increases in SA (34%), while it increases in GA (60%). The impact of (SA) is more consistent, and the heart rate dropped by 10% in (SA) and around 8% in (GA).

Conclusions: This study concludes that spinal anesthesia (SA) offers greater hemodynamic stability compared to general anesthesia (GA) in patients undergoing hernia repair. Patients in the SA group demonstrated more consistent blood pressure and heart rate control during the period of perioperative. Blood pressure and heart rate fluctuations were significantly higher in the GA group, indicating a less stable cardiovascular response. Therefore, spinal anesthesia may be considered the preferred anesthetic technique for hernia repair in patients where maintaining hemodynamic stability is a clinical priority.

Medicinal herbs are the largest source of chemical compounds on the planet and are utilized as drugs of traditional medicine. Amaranthus viridis L, a herbaceous plant from Amaranthaceae family, has sparked a lot of interest in the field of folk medicine due to its diverse complex chemical content. Amaranthus viridis is known to include many of active phytochemicals e.g., tannins, resins, alkaloids and terpenes. However there is none or very little pharmacognostical reports about the macroscopical and microscopical study of plant parts. Aim: investigate the morphological characteristics of stems, leaves, and seeds, besides investigation of leaves under microscope to seek for the type of stomata and trichomes. In addition, the active ingredients in the leaves and seeds extract of Iraqi grown plant were estimated using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. Furthermore, this study aimed to extract the flavonoids from dried leaves and seeds using the hot extraction method, and these compounds were to be estimated using chromatographic methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods: Amaranthus viridis L was collected from Al-Musayyib region, Iraq. The microscopical study was performed on fresh leaves and stems to assess the kinds of stomata and trichome. The plant seeds and leaves were extracted with n-hexane using the hot method, and the extract was analyzed using GC/MS analysis. For the extraction of the flavonoids, the defatted materials were re-extracted with ethanol 75% and partitioned with ethyl acetate, and the ethyl acetate layer investigated for the presence of flavonoids using both TLC and HPLC analysis. Results: the microscopical study exhibited that the plant has anomocytic type stomata with un-branched unicellular trichome. Eight compounds (5-methyl, 1-Undecane,2-Undecanone,6,10-dimethyl-hexahydropseudoionone,2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-Trimethyl-hexahydrofuransyl acetone, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Palmitaldehyde,diisopentyl acetal, Oleic acid , Pentafluoropropanoic acid, octadecyl ester , and Hexadecanoic acid ,2,3-dihydropropyl ester) were identified by the GC/MS analysis. Among these compounds two were identified to be pharmacologically active n-Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) and oleic acid (omega-9-fatty acid). The most abundant compound in the hexane extract was n-Hexadecanoic acid with percent area of 28.36%. Both TLC and HPLC detected the existence of epicatechin in the ethyl acetate fraction of plant extract. Conclusion: The presence of many bioactive compounds in the Amaranthus viridis L explains the use of whole plant to eradicate different ailments traditionally. However, identification and isolation of individual phytochemicals and studying of their biological activities will definitely provide rich results. This is the first report about the microscopical characteristic of the Iraqi grown plant which considered as diagnostic parameters of this genus. In addition, the current study showed the existence of epicatechin in A.viridis L plant and the presence of such an important flavonoid with many important pharmacological activities is a very important discovery especially in the Iraqi grown plant and it needs further investigations and quantitative analysis.

The Aizoaceae family, consisting of over 1,800 species and 120 genera. It is primarily native to Southern Africa. Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, one of the most abundant species, is known for its multiple health benefits, including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, antidepressant, and antihyperglycemic activities. This study is the first to examine the phytochemical components of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium cultivated in Iraq and to isolate an unidentified alkaloid compound. The plant was initially defatted using n-hexane for 24 hours. It was then extracted with 85% methanol through a Soxhlet apparatus until exhaustion. The crude extract was fractionated using solvents of varying polarities (petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) via a separatory funnel. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified several phytochemicals. In contrast, preparative layer chromatography (PLC) was used to isolate an unknown alkaloid, confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results indicated that Mesembryanthemum cordifolium from Iraq contains several bioactive compounds with potential medicinal properties. Stigmasterol was identified in the petroleum ether fraction, methyl 3-(1H-indol-3-yl) propanoate in the chloroform fraction, and resveratrol, caffeic acid, luteolin, apigenin, Pinoresinol, and ferulic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction. These findings suggest that further research into the therapeutic potential of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium is warranted due to its rich phytochemical composition.

Toxoplasma gondii exhibits a global distribution and is among the most common infectious agents in Iraq. The current study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis across various universities students in different regions in Baghdad. Venous blood samples were taken from 200 male and female students, both pre-marital and married in females only. Serum was obtained from everyone for the identification of specific anti-T. gondii antibody by LAT test. The overall percentage of seropositive anti-T.gondii antibodies by LAT 87 is 43.5%. According to the age, the higher seropositive found in age ranging between (19-23) 45 (22.5%). High Significant differences (P≤0.01) were observed in the results across different regions based on age groups. Females exhibited a substantial increase in the percentage of seropositivity for toxoplasmosis compared to male students, as determined by LAT test. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in pre-marital females was substantially higher at 20 (10%) compared to married females at 5 (2.5%), as determined by latex testing.

Background: The carcinoma of urothelial, or "umbrella," cells which line the bladder's lumen is known as bladder cancer (BC). According to technical definitions, urothelial carcinoma comprises cancers of bladder, upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureters), and proximal urethra. Diagnosis typically involves urine testing, cystoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment varies depending on the stage yet often involves removing the bladder (cystectomy). Chemotherapy, either without or with radiation, might decrease the tumour prior to surgery, which might facilitate the procedure. Our goal in writing this study was to provide an overview of the state of knowledge on bladder cancer, with particular attention to its epidemiology, risk factors, stage and type, diagnosis, and current treatment options. Given the rise in cancer's rates of mortality and morbidity, it is imperative to offer the best preventative measures possible, keeping in mind that changing some risk factors may be essential to lowering the incidence of this disease and good diagnostic and prognostic methods, especially molecular biomarkers, can increase treatment outcomes by allowing early detection and reducing relapse risks for BC.

This review rigorously evaluates the antimicrobial characteristics of diverse nanoparticles (NPs) and their potential application in active food-packaging systems. The research concentrates on four principal categories: metallic nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, Au, Se), metal-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO₂, MgO, Fe₃O₄), carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes), and polymeric nanoparticles (chitosan, PLGA, PCL).

These nanomaterials demonstrate various antimicrobial mechanisms, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of cell membranes, metabolic interference, and ion release that hinders DNA replication and protein synthesis. Silver nanoparticles exhibit remarkable broad-spectrum antimicrobial effectiveness; however, they pose cytotoxic risks at elevated concentrations.

Copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles are two other options that are cheaper and less toxic. Gold and selenium nanoparticles are showing promise in fighting pathogens that are resistant to many drugs. Magnesium and titanium oxides, on the other hand, are good for the environment. Adding these nanoparticles to biopolymer or synthetic matrices makes packaging films stronger, more resistant to damage, and better at fighting germs. But there are still problems with long-term toxicity, environmental accumulation, unclear regulations, and the ability to scale up production. This review emphasises the necessity for standardised synthesis, eco-friendly manufacturing methods, and thorough toxicological evaluations to enable the secure, widespread implementation of antimicrobial nanomaterials in food preservation and public health initiatives.

Background: Increased interest in the medical properties of Moringa oleifera, which is widely utilised as an antibiotic, antioxidant, and nutrition because to its high mineral and vitamin content. Objective: The present research aims to extract active components from oleifera leaves and apply them as ant microbes. Materials and Methods: The active components from oleifera leaves were extracted using several procedures, including cold water, hot water, a combination of water and alcohol in various ratios, and hot alcohol. Suspensions of fungal and bacterial strains were also created for testing. Results: The results demonstrate that the most active components were extracted using hot alcohol, followed by a hot water method, and then cool alcohol. The extracts exhibit varied bioactivities depending on the amount of active components in the extract solution. Conclusions: Oleifera leaf extract may be utilised as a bioactive agent against Candida tropicalis.

Since type III of gypsum product can also be susceptible to fracture by sadden blow, this can be prevented by adding reinforcing materials of eggshell powder with powder of medical mud. Furthermore, it can be used as a biocompatible reinforcing material due to the content of medical mud that has 34% alumina, 50% silica, as well as traces of iron oxide, magnesium, and lime material. Eggshell powder contains 95% calcium carbonate, 3% phosphorus, and 3% magnesium, along with traces
of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper.
Aim: to determine the effect of in-cooperation of eggshell powder and medical mud powder to
type III gypsum product.
Subject and methods: Forty samples were prepared by adding eggshell powder 2.5 % and 2.5
% of medical mud powder concentration to dental stone to measure impact strength and setting
time.
Results: descriptive statistics used to interrupt the data obtained in this search, which showed an
increase in the impact strength with a decrease in setting time.
Conclusion: The addition of eggshell powder and medical mud powder to dental stone had a
positive effect on some of the mechanical properties.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most significant endocrine disorders that affects female fertility with serious physiological complications.
Objectives: This study examined the association between oxidant-antioxidant status, lipid profile, and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Methods: A case-control study approach was used to gather data on 160 patients from November 2022 to April 2023; two groups were formed from them. The first group is 80 obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) women, 40 were determined to have PCOS (the case group) & 40 healthy women as a control group. The second group is also 80 women, just like the first group, but they were non-obese (BMI ˂30 kg/m2). The Karbala Health Directorate, University, and College of Medicine validated the study's ethical approval. Additionally, the administration of the teaching hospital for gynecology and obstetrics gave their approval.
By using spectrophotometry, the antioxidant activity of the catalase enzyme (CAT) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were established.
Results: In the group of obese women with PCOS, a statistically significant variation was seen in the average serum MDA concentration. which was observed to be higher when compared to the obese control group (p<0.05). When the antioxidant measure, CAT, was compared to those who are not obese, obese PCOS, and control groups, there was a statistically significant decrease in the difference between the groups (p<0.05). MDA levels were found to be positively correlated with those of the PCOS patient group's BMI, WHR, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and LH levels.
Conclusion: Hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia were found to relate to reduced antioxidant measurements and oxidative stress in PCOS patients. We believe that this oxidative stress situation may have a role in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular illnesses in PCOS patients.

Cancer is known as one of the main causes of death in today\'s world. Given the fact that there are limitations to the use of common methods for cancer treatment, e.g. chemotherapy, due to drug resistance and lack of specificity for tumors, discovering new methods to overcome these challenges is necessary. Peptides have attracted scientists’ attention due to their properties, including easy synthesis, small size, biological diversity, and high activity and specificity. In this regard, cationic anticancer peptides (ACPs) and cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) have been considered for cancer treatment in recent years. The present study makes an attempt to review a number of available studies on ACPs and CPPs. The results show that antimicrobial peptides with anticancer properties act against cancer cells and tumors through membrane and non-membrane mechanisms. Moreover, CPPs conjugated to therapeutic agents are considered as an effective mechanism in cancer treatment by overcoming drug resistance. In addition, ACPs and CPPs can be proposed as a candidate for cancer treatment due to their properties, including low toxicity, mode of action, and ability to penetrate the cell membrane. Nevertheless, to understand the mechanism of action of these peptides with therapeutic potential, further studies should be conducted.

Background: Understanding the close relationship that exists between the posterior maxillary teeth and maxillary sinus and the differences of this relation between gender and age groups is important for the workers in the dental field, who may perform treatments and face complications in this area regularly. Aim of study: to compare maxillary 1st ,2nd, and 3rd molars in their proximity to the floor of (maxillary sinus) and the effect of age and gender on this relation. Material and method: This study involved 160 maxillary 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molars respectively; collected from 45 female and 55 male patients CBCTs in Iraq); from the 1st of January 2020 to the end of July 2021. 60 patients were assessed bilaterally and 40 Patients assessed only unilaterally. Kwak classification for molars related to the maxillary sinus floor have been dependent on. Result: in relation to the age groups we found that the most common relation to the sinus floor for maxillary 1st molar was class V 50(58.82%) 26 (44.82%) in the age groups (20-30) and (31-40), and class I, 6 (35.29%) in the (41-50) age group. For maxillary 2nd molars; it was class V 43(50.59%) between (20-30) years, and class I and II between (31-40) years 18(31.04%) for each and a class II. In the age between (41-50) years 7 (41.17%). For maxillary 3rd molars; the most detected relation in the age group (20-30) years was class II 35(41.17%), while in the age groups 31-40 and 41-50 they were class I 26 (44.83%),10 (58.82%) respectively. The association between maxillary 1st , 2nd and 3rd molars relation to maxillary sinus floor and age groups was non-significant P value =0.389 ^ , 0.089 ^ and 0.154^.In relation to the patient’s gender; For the maxillary 1st molars; the most commonly detected relation to the maxillary sinus floor in both gender groups were class V; 50 (56.83%) in male and 31(43.06%) in female group. For the maxillary 2nd molars a class V was the most commonly detected relation in male 41(46.59%) while in female groups, it was class II 27(37.5%) The maxillary 3rd molar : represented most commonly by class I 41 (46.58%) in male group, while in female group it was class II 34 (47.22%) .The association between maxillary 1st , 2nd and 3rd molars to the base of maxillary sinus and gender showed a non-significant P value 0.4923^, 0.091^ and 0.223^ .Conclusion: Maxillary molars show a close relation to the base of the maxillary sinus; especially in male, younger age groups patients, analysis and preparation should be done for patients before any dental treatment interfere with periapical region of maxillary molars using CBCT is very helpful.

Tooth loss is a major oral health problem in a population worldwide. There are many reasons for first permanent teeth extractions, such as dental decay, periodontal disease, prosthetic consideration, traumatic injury, orthodontic consideration, failure of endodontic treatment and teeth impaction. The aim of this study is to determine the first permanent molar extraction and endodontic treatment that was conducted for the upper and lower arch of both gender aged between (6- 13) years old. The study was performed using the records of all patients who had visited one of the authors at the Paediatric Dentistry Department of Alma’amoon Specialised Dental Centre during the period from 2020 to 2022. The study sample will determine the patient who had endodontic treatment or extracted permanent first molars. Age range 6 to 13 years. The data collected from the patients’ records were statistically tested using descriptive statistics. About 1732 children aged 6-13 years old, included in this study, all of them attended the health centre complaining of their first permanent molar. 821 of them were treated by either extraction or root canal treatment. Extraction and root canal treatment in the age group (10-13), female and lower jaw is higher than in the age group (6-9), male and upper jaw, respectively. Most children with serious problems in the first permanent molar may be related to neglected periodic dental visits, fear, and anxiety of the child from dental injections, or the guardians not knowing about the eruption of the permanent molar at all. Elevated chance of first permanent molar teeth pulp involvement

Stem cells SC are biological unspecialised cells with tremendous ability to change into diverse types of specialised cells based on need, which have the power to divide into other stem cells or specialised cells like bone cells, muscular cells, and periodontal ligament cells. The aim of this study was to deal with regeneration ability, the changing ability of stem cells into bones, muscles, tooth buds, fatty tissue, and ligaments, and how these abilities are useful in prosthodontics fields. Research-related articles from 2010-2023 participated in this review, and it had been found that the uses of stem cells in dentistry are highly spread due to their ability to become diverse types of dental cells that could be used to regenerate a block of jaw.

The possible anticancer effects of cabbage, a member of the Brassica family, have been investigated. Numerous investigations into its impact on various cancer types have shown encouraging findings, indicating that cabbage extracts may prove to be a useful tool in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Despite extensive research demonstrating the effectiveness of cabbage extract in treating various forms of cancer, this promising therapy not exploited to gain widespread adoption in the medical community. This oversight has several causes, including commercial interests, regulatory hurdles, and general inclination for traditional cancer treatments. This review will go over the significance of cabbage extract, the concentrations that have been used in earlier studies to combat different types of cancer, and the main arguments against its use as an antioxidant, anti-cancer, or cancer prevention agent, despite the fact that, it is a natural extract and that many studies have demonstrated its efficacy in all of the aforementioned fields.

Patient satisfaction is a vital componentof evaluating medical care. The relationship between doctors and their patients is one of the most important bases of medical care services. When patients feel heard, respected, and understood, they are more likely to trust their doctor, follow medical advice, and feel satisfied withthe care they receive. In Iraq, this relationship faces unique challenges. In the context of the Iraqi medical system, there exists a unique practice where medical doctors operate within a dual framework.This study was conductedto determine how people in Basra view their interactions with doctors. Through a questionnaire, the research explored five key areas: communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency, financial issues, and professionalism.A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of Basra City population of both genders and different age groups using a questionnaire form. Sampling process involved interviewing a convenience/availability sample. The form comprised two parts. The first involved sociodemographic information of the respondents. Part two involved exploring respondents'beliefsabout certain aspects of the community-doctor relationship. These were patient-doctor communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency and financial practices, and professionalism and competence. Each item was answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongdisagreementto strongly agree.The study documented the existence of some positive perceptions across the studied aspects of relationship. Butthe findings revealed some participants reported deficiencies in physicians’ communication skills.It was recommended to enhance medical communication skills through intensified efforts to improve communication competencies among doctors, beginning at the undergraduate level, extending through postgraduate education, and continuing with ongoing professional development. Such improvements are essential to ensure high-quality doctor–patient interactions .

Patient satisfaction is a vital componentof evaluating medical care. The relationship between doctors and their patients is one of the most important bases of medical care services. When patients feel heard, respected, and understood, they are more likely to trust their doctor, follow medical advice, and feel satisfied withthe care they receive. In Iraq, this relationship faces unique challenges. In the context of the Iraqi medical system, there exists a unique practice where medical doctors operate within a dual framework.This study was conductedto determine how people in Basra view their interactions with doctors. Through a questionnaire, the research explored five key areas: communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency, financial issues, and professionalism.A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of Basra City population of both genders and different age groups using a questionnaire form. Sampling process involved interviewing a convenience/availability sample. The form comprised two parts. The first involved sociodemographic information of the respondents. Part two involved exploring respondents'beliefsabout certain aspects of the community-doctor relationship. These were patient-doctor communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency and financial practices, and professionalism and competence. Each item was answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongdisagreementto strongly agree.The study documented the existence of some positive perceptions across the studied aspects of relationship. Butthe findings revealed some participants reported deficiencies in physicians’ communication skills.It was recommended to enhance medical communication skills through intensified efforts to improve communication competencies among doctors, beginning at the undergraduate level, extending through postgraduate education, and continuing with ongoing professional development. Such improvements are essential to ensure high-quality doctor–patient interactions .

Patient satisfaction is a vital componentof evaluating medical care. The relationship between doctors and their patients is one of the most important bases of medical care services. When patients feel heard, respected, and understood, they are more likely to trust their doctor, follow medical advice, and feel satisfied withthe care they receive. In Iraq, this relationship faces unique challenges. In the context of the Iraqi medical system, there exists a unique practice where medical doctors operate within a dual framework.This study was conductedto determine how people in Basra view their interactions with doctors. Through a questionnaire, the research explored five key areas: communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency, financial issues, and professionalism.A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of Basra City population of both genders and different age groups using a questionnaire form. Sampling process involved interviewing a convenience/availability sample. The form comprised two parts. The first involved sociodemographic information of the respondents. Part two involved exploring respondents'beliefsabout certain aspects of the community-doctor relationship. These were patient-doctor communication, trust and accessibility, treatment consistency and financial practices, and professionalism and competence. Each item was answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongdisagreementto strongly agree.The study documented the existence of some positive perceptions across the studied aspects of relationship. Butthe findings revealed some participants reported deficiencies in physicians’ communication skills.It was recommended to enhance medical communication skills through intensified efforts to improve communication competencies among doctors, beginning at the undergraduate level, extending through postgraduate education, and continuing with ongoing professional development. Such improvements are essential to ensure high-quality doctor–patient interactions .