Diyala Journal of Human Research

The problem of urban sprawl became a wide universal problem and one of the prominent affective problems that many states suffer from it specially the developing countries throw the increasing of high population , with all this high improvement in place planning urban sprawl appear s in these cities to cut off allots of areas from agricultural lands and Baquba city is an example for this case this city which is penetrated by the orchards of citrus from lt's north to south , which was associated with the home of (orange city ) in the last two decades the orchards within the municipal boundaries to a wide urban sprawl losses the origin planning land marks for the city after the cutting of thousands trees to change lt s lands for concrete building so the economical base becomes not able to face economic social and environmental problems caused by the urban sprawl this is why the urgent need for studies that uncover the size of the urban sprawl on agricultural lands and orchards within this city and for the prominent and hidden reasons which created this sprawl with trying to find quick and wise solutions to treat the regions by the urgent stopping for this sprawl after stopping lt , the thesis showed many conclusions of the most prominent the weakness of state authority and non-activation of laws and legislations after 2003 has been expanded the area of urban sprawl also the agriculture sector and decrease of lt s production due to the special policies and the absence of government support gave the orchards and agricultural land owners justification to quite and sell the land after dividing lt to residential units .

The current study aims to estimate the volume of water consumption of Diyala Governorate to cope with water deficit. The researchers studied the annual revenues of the rearward part of the river (Himreen dam), the main source of water in Diyala, to show the temporal variation in the amount of the annual revenue of the river for the period of the study from 1981 to 2015.The study is done after excluding the water requirements of Khanaqeen and Kifri inhabitants as they take their water share before the storage.
The researchers chose the year 1985 being of the highest revenue, 2009 being of the lowest revenue and 2015. They compared these revenues to the agricultural needs of the governorate. The study shows that there is a water deficit and the revenues are not sufficient to meet agricultural requirements during the season. The agricultural plan indicators were approved with an area of (15822) acres of which (6620) acres for Crops and (9202) acres for vegetables distributed according to the source of irrigation.
After the overall balancing between the water revenues and consumption of Diyala basin, it becomes clear that the total requirements of Diyala basin is (7.97) billion/m3. When that requirements are compared with the annual average of the rearward part of Himreen dam for the period (1981-2015) which reaches to (4.1) billion/m3, it is concluded that, there is a negative balance of (-3.87) billion/m3. Thus, the water deficit in Diyala basin is evident. Therefore, it is necessary to make a proper plan for the water sources of the region understudy and to rationalize the consumption, especially from the agricultural side. This should be achieved by linking the drainage projects in the basin to an integrated network and then delivering it to a prime drain in order to avoid the spread of salt in the agricultural land.

This research deals with the style of the companion of Gareeb Al-Quran inexplaining compound expressions which have a meaning that the single words cannot denoted .
This researcher showed six types of those compound expression like the verbal that starts with a verb , the nominal that starts with noun , etc. This research showed that certain expressions were interpretations of ( In their hearts is a disease ) ( Al-Baqarah 110 ) , which was interpreted as hypocrisy and ( the feeblest old age ) ( An-Nahl 170 ) which was interpreted as dementia and insanity and ( the way farer ) ( An – Nisaa 163 ) asthe strange who left his family . These were referred to as antonomasia by the interpreters

The present study tries to enter to the world of diagnostic metaphor in flattering poetry in ( Omar bin Abi Rabeaa , Bashar bin Burd and Nezar Qabbani ) through drawing an image in poets ’ imagination and study it by making balance among them . And according to the sensuality and mental data that used in each ones ’ age .

Due to the importance of the military study in various historical eras, particularly in Islamic ages, this study is of clear importance as it shows the strength and weakness of the political and military authority in this important perspective of the state, including the Islamic state, which has recently emerged and has become vast and extensive.
The paper consists of two themes . The first one is entitled the liberation of Egypt and Alexandria . The second, section is the liberation of North Africa, with a short summary, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of sources and references .

After the second half of the 20th century , the world become aware of the issue of environmental pollution and its great dangers. It is not a local issue , it is a global cross –border issue and efforts are being made to cooperate in order to reduce its risks. The multilateral international environmental agreement are one of the forms of international cooperation in combating environmental pollution . these agreement have been held under the auspices of the united nations since 1972 to combat environmental pollution in all its forms .
This paper addressed the issue of multilateral international environmental agreement as an important part of achieving environmental security , which is part of national security in general .The above mentioned conventions are considered one of the solutions that tackle the environmental challenges facing Iraq by oroviding technical solutions including the reconstruction of the technical capabilities of Iraqi cadres and institution .
Furthermore, theses conventions can provide the Iraqi environment with legal cover in terms of the development of domestic law and the international legal protection of the Iraqi environment and they can strengthen the Iraqi political situation at the international level .

This research aims to identify the level of mutual social trust in male and female teachers. The researcher used descriptive research method. The was limited within male and female teachers at General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/ Al-Risafa 3 and for the academic year 2016-2017. The sample of society was about (7547 teacher). The scale of social confidence for Julian was implemented (Rotter 1976) on a sample of (400 teachers) and were chosen randomly. The researcher checked validity of the scale by external validity and scale of items validity. Invariance has been extracted by performing a re-test and was (0.08) by Cronbach Alpha Equitation of inner consistency was (0.90). the researcher used different statistical means for treating data like (T-Test for one sample, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Cronbach Alpha Equitation, and Chi square test for one sample). The researcher reached to several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

The study aims to identify the self-presentation of university students, the reference of statistical differences in the self-presentation of university students by sex and specialization. The study sample consists of (400) students from the University of Diyala with 200 females and 200 males randomly selected In order to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher constructed a self-presentation questionnaire consisting of 30 articles. The authenticity and clear reliability of the tool's construction has been verified by Alpha Cronbach. The reliability factor was "81.0" while the reliability of the instrument was through the retest method "0.83". Using statistical means: T test for one sample, T test for two independent samples and double interaction analysis, the results were as follows: University students enjoy self-presentation, and there are no differences in self-presentation according to gender and specialization

This paper tackled the problem of international interventions and their effect on water resources in Egypt and Sudan represented by United States of America and Israel on one side, and the intrusions of the World Bank along with Italian and Chinese intrusions on the other side. Both USA and Israel, as outside forces affecting the regional regime of the Nile Basin, play a role that is inciting water struggle in the basin whether directly or indirectly in a way that warranties their national benefits in that region. These two countries afford financial and technical support for Ethiopia in building dams and water projects on the Blue Nile River in order to affect water resources in Egypt and Sudan to weaken them politically and economically as the Nile is regarded the vital artery of Egypt and Sudan.
Moreover, the paper also dealt with the intrusions of the World Bank in supporting Ethiopian projects and dams. This support is considered as inciting water struggle between spring countries (Ethiopia) and estuary countries (Egypt and Sudan) especially as Israelites occupy important posts in it. In addition, the paper paid due attention to Italian and Chinese interventions in terms of backing dams constructions in Ethiopia, as what the Italian Salini Company do nowadays in constructing the Ethiopian Al-Nahdha dam (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam). As for Chinese intrusions, it is obvious in the fact that many Chinese construction and engineering corporations are building or contributing in the construction of many dams and water storage tanks in different Nile Basin spring countries, especially Ethiopia.
Furthermore, this paper comprised five sections. The first of them dealt with American interventions which included intrusions in the Ethiopian water policy and the American support to Ethiopian projects. Section two tackled he Israelites intrusion which included the Zionist Entity backing of Ethiopia in its planning for Ethiopian irrigation projects. The third section concentrated on the interventions of the World Bank and its positive and negative estimations in Nile Basin. Section four focused on Italian intrusions in supporting Ethiopian enterprises, while the fifth section was allotted to Chinese intrusions in terms of backing projects and dams in Ethiopia

This paper issues the restoration of classical Arabic syntactic heritage and searches for texts that carry values of certain significant tips in reading language as the latter is described as a phonetic fact that enhances this realization and enriches it. These texts (even if they are short or rare) can elicit a deep understanding of the Arabic linguistic approach in constructing the phrase as in the texts taken in this paper based on the book entitled as (Al-Moafaki Fi Al-Nahu) to Abi Al-Hasan Muhammad bin Kaysan (died:299AH) that accomplished a general theory in explaining the phenomenon of parsing nouns in Arabic Syntax.
This paper is a humble interpretation of the heritage of an Arabic scholar-Ibn Kaysan- hoping to add some new insights to the bright image of this scholar that certain researchers tried to reach within the last few decades; and a trial to estimate this scholar and his position in giving opinions and accomplishes these conceptions that occur within this domain

In the case of critical circumstances in which humanity loses its path in organizing life solving its problems in several aspects of life, Islam always saves the day and prescribes the cure because it is the right path in every time and place. Islam is efficient in organizing human life in all its aspects. It is the system that appreciates the work and legitimate earning and teaches Muslims that money belongs to God and that man is just an agent that has the right to use this money providing that he works in it and never harm public interests. Muslim should also be away from illegitimate transactions like interest loans. He must seek halal sales and stay away from forbidden sales. Humanity will never reach happiness and stability unless it applies the just path of God.

Diyala province considers one of the prominent provinces is famous of citrus dates cultivation and another kinds of fruits ,from this side its name called (the city of oranges)because there are many features of agriculture from lands and water

This research concludes that there is an impact comes from the construction of Darbandakhan dam on the quantity of drainage and the geomorphological water areas in this area. The analysis of Diyala river during (1926- 1961) before the construction of Darbandakhan dam clarifies that the yearly average of water drainage 2102.5 s/m3 while after the construction during (1962- 2016), the yearly average 1990 s/m3. The effects of the construction of Darbandakhan dam include the whole area as it is clear from the empirical studies that there is clear collapses to the river bank specifically the concave areas and also show a group of islands that do not exists before the construction of the dams and the extension in the islands of Darbandakhan and Himren. The study also shows that there are changes in the water surfaces in the area after the construction of Darbandakhan dam due to the changes of the water surfaces from 2.57% in 1952 to 27.7% in 1985 and it decreases in 2000 to 24.3% and in 2016 forms about 28.7%.

The researcher prepared appropriate teaching plans; (14) plans for the experimental and controlling groups and presented tWo of them to a group of experts in methods of teaching history and psychological and educational teaching Who made some simple changes on the test. The researcher used the SPSS (version 16) :T- test for tWo independent groups : K square , Pearson's coefficient correlation of the half separation , Spearman – BroWn equation, calculating difficulty coefficient, the strength of preference for each item and the effectiveness of Wrong choices.
The researcher equalized certain variables like( the age of the girls under study calculated by months, the academic achievement of the parents, previous year marks of history for the first grade intermediate classes of the academic year 2014-2015 and intelligence test of Rafin's) and it Was proved that there are no statistical difference betWeen the tWo groups in these variables . The researcher herself taught these group in accordance to the content of the history book of the academic year 2015-2018 Which included (14) topic Within tWo courses .
The researcher Formulated (108) behavioral aims after presenting them to the group of experts to make the final changes required , to be (104) behavioral aims finally . The researched had used the post-achievement test Which included (40) items of a multi –content test characterized by truth and stability as the experts of methods of teaching history stated . The post-achievement test Was applied on Sunday 17/1/2016 .
This study reached to the folloWing conclusions:
1-The excellence of the experimental group girl students that studied in accordance to the (K.W.L.H) strategy over the girl students of the controlling group that studied in accordance to the classical method in the achievement test.
2-The strategy of (K.W.L.H) has positive effects on increasing the level of achievement of the
Second stage intermediate school girl students at Islamic history more than the classic method.
The researcher recommended the folloWing:
3-The necessity of using (K.W.L.H) strategy in teaching islamic history for intermediate girl students as it proved its effectiveness.
The researcher suggested the folloWing:
1-Conducting similar studies to knoW the effect of (K.W.L.H) strategy on other stages.
2- Conducting similar studies to the present one using other variables like the critical or the critical thinking

The research mainly aims to the mechanism of the symbol , its importance to the poet and its effect in conveying the human , social , intellectual and political sufferings of the poet . Through the religious symbol , the poet can reach to his special constructions which constitutes the Iraqi poetry because it is an effective constituent in constructing the poetic image .
The research is divided into two parts ; the concept of text and poetic patterns of the religious symbol . The researchers depend on a number of sources ; the most important of which are (Al-Khateah wa Al-Takfeer) of the critic Abdullah Al-Ghuthami , (Balaghah al-Khitab wa Alm Al-Nas) of Dr. Salah Fadhil and (Poetry) of the French critic Todorov . The research is concluded by mentioning the important results reached at .

The research mainly aims to the mechanism of the symbol , its importance to the poet and its effect in conveying the human , social , intellectual and political sufferings of the poet . Through the religious symbol , the poet can reach to his special constructions which constitutes the Iraqi poetry because it is an effective constituent in constructing the poetic image .
The research is divided into two parts ; the concept of text and poetic patterns of the religious symbol . The researchers depend on a number of sources ; the most important of which are (Al-Khateah wa Al-Takfeer) of the critic Abdullah Al-Ghuthami , (Balaghah al-Khitab wa Alm Al-Nas) of Dr. Salah Fadhil and (Poetry) of the French critic Todorov . The research is concluded by mentioning the important results reached at .

This paper aims at Evaluating the book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes, according to the dimensions of the continuous educational development, by answering the following question: To what extent the dimensions of the continuous educational development are available in the book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes?
To answer this question, the researcher followed the descriptive analytic research technique in analyzing the content of the book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes according to the dimensions of the continuous educational development suitable for this research.
This paper is limited to the book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes. To achieve this goal, the researcher prepared a questionnaire for the subsidiary indicators suitable for the three basic dimension of the continuous education; historical, economical and environmental. Those dimensions were put by the UNESCO suitable for the Iraqi educational environment. The questionnaire with its three dimensions consisted of 49 sub indicators was distributed among the three dimensions of the continuous education. The list was observed by a group of reviewers, educated and specialized experts in curriculum and methods of teaching. Besides, the researcher analyzed the content of book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes depending on the conducted questionnaire. The analysis of the content of the history book included 194 pages adopting the idea of regarding one point for recording and another point for repetition and the last for counting. The stability of analysis was calculated by using Scott equation.
After getting the results of the statistical analysis about the availability of the dimensions of the continuous education, the researcher concluded the many points, e.g:
1- The dimension of the continuous education; historical, economical and environmental are available in the history book but in a very irregular averages.
The researcher recommended the following:
1- It is necessary to republish a book of the New and Contemporary History of the Arab countries for the sixth grade High School Literary classes (the research sample) . Also, to make sure of the availability of the concept of the three dimensions for its importance in the continuous educational development.
Further suggested research topics were given by the researcher as the following:
1- Conducting a similar study of the history books of the intermediate and university stages

The study aimed to investigate the level of practice of students teachers enrolled in the Education Diploma Program for the basis of active learning in the light of some variables,
the study population included all female students enrolled in the diploma program of education at University of Hail in the second level for the academic year 2017/2018, with a total number of (135) , the study sample consisted of (50) registered students teachers of the field training course in the education diploma program. To collect the data a check list of (22) items to measure the level of practicing of the active learning bases was prepared after reviewing theoretical literature and previous studies. Its validity and reliability were checked. The results of the study revealed that the level of practice of female teachers of the basics of active learning came to a medium degree, no significant differences were found in terms of specialization and estimation variables. Several recommendations were suggested regarding to the results of the study

This study aimed to examine the effect of using the writing processes approach in improving the persuasive writing among the tenth grade female students at Riyadh city. (40) students participated in the study who were selected by random multi-stage cluster method. They were trained over five weeks (two sessions daily) on how to use the writing process, which included five steps: the pre-writing, writing the first draft, review, editing and publishing. The research findings revealed that writing process approach influenced student Persuasive writing skills. The paired t-test results have demonstrated significance at the p <0.05 between pretest and posttest.

It turned out through the study of Turkish site geopolitical "geopolitical" .banha occupies a site "strategically" important "in the Middle East, they were and still represent a liaison between the continents of the world three" Asia, Europe, Africa, "which gave great importance strategy at the regional level and internationally, especially after what has become the Middle East of the most important strategic areas in the world, because of its oil reserves and resources of a global behemoth, "as well as strategic location, and the occurrence of Turkish among three important oil regions in the world. Especially owning the only global maritime corridor navigational which connects Bahrain black, medium to each other, and the proximity of the Union Alsovitisbaka "and falling into the interlayer region between the northern and southern Hearts of the globe. As is known, the Black Sea under the sea" Turkey "For centuries, three of the 1475 -1774, then became Russia interests in the hope of reaching the warm seas in order to communicate with the outside world, which increased the Turkish weight in international politics, the longer the straits Bosporus and Dardanelles aisle watercourses only for the exit of the Soviets from the black Sea, the two at the same time passages only ones that lead to the Soviet coast.
Moreover, the Turkish site reflects its different options in its foreign policy, especially towards the west, for its important location on the Mediterranean, as well as "being exercised sovereignty over the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles under the Charter or the Montreux Treaty and the Turkish virtue of its oversight of the two straits have the possibility of control if required. the importance of its extended to include an agreement on the establishment of military bases and installations belonging to NATO, "NATO", US bases and beyond the ambitions in the Middle East, especially the Gulf Arab oil and the strategic area and link Turkish West and Maatertb on it from the obligations and conditions

The current research aims at identifying:-
1- college students flexible ego.
2- Statistically significant differences of the flexible ego for the university students according to gender ( males – females ) and specialty ( scientific – literary ) and grade (first-forth)
3- university students adaptive efficiency ..
4- Statistically significant differences of adaptive efficiency for university students according to gender (males-females). Specialty (scientific-literary) and grade (first-forth).
5- Statistically significant correlation between the flexible ego and adaptive efficiency for college students.
The research is limited to Baghdad universities students, the first and forth grades for the academic year (2015-2016).
To achieve the aims of the research, the researchers depend on the following:
1- Building a scale of the flexibility of ego for university students according to related literature and theoretical background.
The scale in its final formula, after the application of validity and reliability terms, consists at (39) items distributed into (6) areas:, proactive, foresight ,independence ,configure relations, humorous and moral values
2- Building a scale of adaptive efficiency which consists 0f (30) items distributed into three areas :flexibility, reality testing, problem solving the researchers have conducted a statistical analysis of the items of the scale .This however turns out to be a discriminatory strongly statistically significant at the level of (0.05).Moreover the relationship of correlation function exists statistically between the degrees of each item.
To achieve those aims ,the researchers have applied the two scales on a sample of (400) students from Baghdad University, for the academic year (2015-2016).afterwards ,the data have been analyzed using statistical bagful of social Sciences (SPSS) and (Microsoft Excel).
Experimental results show that:
1- University students have a high level of flexible ego.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the degree of the university students flexible ego according to gender (male- female) and speciality (first-forth).
3- University students have a high level of adaptive efficiency.
4- There are significant differences in university students adaptive efficiency according to gender (male-female), while the differences were not statistically significant for the variables of speciality (scientific-literary) and grade (first –fourth).
5- There is a statistically significant correlation between flexible ego and adaptive efficiency for the university students. Based on these results the research has come up with recommendations and suggestions.

Like other nations, pre-Islam Arabs had their own economic resources and activities. They had known some financial and commercial activities in their markets like buying and selling. They had several types of sales of goods and products. One of the matters related to selling is the credit.
One of the aspects of financial transactions is profit and companies of different types. Throughout the current study it is discovered Arabs were talented in financial and commercial transactions in their markets

This study tackles The Concept of Gentleness in Holly Quran and Prophetic Sunnah (An Objective Study). Islam urges people to keep following good morals. One of the good morals that Islam urges us to follow is gentleness or compassion. Every aspect of life without compassion or gentleness is meaning. Since the nation is in need of gentleness. The study has chosen this subject. This research has two parts, each part has two requirements. The first requirement include the meaning and the definition of pity in the Quran and the Surah.
The second part has also two requirements, the first includes the types of pity and the second includes a warning of turning pity into humiliation.
The research ends with a conclusion and an index and the references.

The following research aims to identify "Constructing and Implementing a Guidance Program in a Style of Roll Playing in Reducing Negative Emotional Infection for Preparatory School Students" through checking the validity of the following null hypothesis:
- There are no statistics significant differences at level (0.05)between grades of experimental group individuals and grades of control group in post-test on scale of negative affective infection.
The researcher built the measurement of his research in constructing guidance program and measurement of negative emotional infection based on the theory of Hatfield and the number of items of the scale were (20 items) and was presented to a group of experts in the field of psychological counseling, whom agreed to use it and after amendment of some items. The scale was applied to a sample of (608) for the academic year 2017-2018. They were chosen in a simple random way and extracted the psychometric characteristics (validity and stability), where the stability of the scale (0.88) achieved by Alpha Cronbach and (0.72) by repeating the test and this is considered a high indicator for stability. The researcher relied on the experimental method to verify in implementing the counseling methods to verify the hypotheses of his dissertation, the researcher implemented the negative emotional infection measurement on a sample of (180 students) in order to know the students who have a high level of negative emotional infection of and dividing them into (Two experimental groups and one control group) (10 students per group). The researcher depended in style constructing the theory of social learning (Pandora), were the experimental group was exposed to the counseling program and the control group was not exposed to the program, and the number of counseling sessions were (12session). After using the statistical tools the results of the research showed the following:
- There are statistically significant differences at (0.05) between the experimental group and the control group after implementing the counseling program.
Depending on the current research results, the researcher put a set of recommendations and suggestions as follows

The current study aims to evaluate the performance of the high leadership of Diyala University from the viewpoint of the members of the teaching staff. The researchers used a checklist as a tool for the current study. It consists of (19) items. The results was analyzed by using the suitable statistical means.
The results were as follows:
1. The general average of the colleges which constituted the sample of the study exceeded the criterion adopted in the current study with a weighted mean average of (3.50) and a weight percentage of (70).
2. The general average of the colleges which constituted the sample of the study exceeded the criterion adopted in the current study except the college of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.
3. The college of Education for Pure Sciences got the first rank with a weighted mean of (4.26) and weight percentage of (85.2).
4. The college of Medicine got the second rank with a weighted mean of (3.82) and weight percentage of (76.4).
5. The college of Education for Human Sciences got the third rank with a weighted mean of (3.51) and weight percentage of (70.2).
6. The college of Sciences got the fourth rank with a weighted mean of (3.39) and weight percentage of (67.8).
7. The college of Agriculture got the fifth rank with a weighted mean of (3.36) and weight percentage of (67.2).
8. The college of Veterinary Medicine got the sixth rank with a weighted mean of (3.32) and weight percentage of (66.4).
9. The college of Physical Education and Sport Sciences got the seventh rank with a weighted mean of (2.49) and weight percentage of (49.8).

The aim of this research paper is to find out the level of students' attitudes towards the subject of educational psychology at the College of Basic Education - University of Diyala and to find the differences between the average mean of research sample subjects responses according to the variable of specialization (scientific - human) and gender (male - female) for the academic year (2017-2018) ,the second course. The researchers used an attitude scale towards educational psychology as a tool for the current research. The scale consisted of (40) items. The results were calculated by appropriate statistical means. The sample of the study consists of 462 students. The study came up with the following results:
1. The attitudes of students at college of Basic Education towards educational psychology is positive at medium level.
2. There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the responses of the research sample at the level of significance (0.05) according to the gender variable (male - female) in favor of females.
3. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) depending on the variable of specialization (scientific - human

Because of its water abundance, fertility and temperate climate, Iraq has been an ideal direction for the emigrating tribes which sought proper situations for life. Simultaneously, it has been an ideal target for invaders who sought power and wealth. Accordingly, Iraq turned into a crucible where different nations have been melted to produce different identities. These identities have had a long history of struggle as well as of cooperation.
This research attempts to categorize the Iraqi identities and the factors responsible for their emergence, strength and survival. The research also aims to analyze the brutal sectarian conflict which erupted during the few years following the collapse of Ba’ath regime.
It is concluded that Iraqi identities could be divided into two main categories; primordial identities, which are old to the extent that their origins are not known (such as Mandean, and Yazidi), and socially constructed identities, which have been shaped through turning points in the history of the society (such as Shia and Sunnah). The struggle among socially constructed identities is harder and more complicated than that among primordial ones. Further, two factors are responsible for the dynamic of the sectarian conflict; the ideological characteristics of the ethnic group and the balance of political, human and military power among the groups.
The research does not underestimate the essential role played by the regional and global powers in escalating and complicating the ethnic conflicts which took place in a Iraq, especially after 2003.
Finally, the research argues that the creation of a strong national identity which is able to subordinate all the secondary identities is the only way by which Iraq can turn its ethnic diversity into strength in stead of weakness

The current study investigates the impact of the Saudi Aramco Research Science Initiative (SA-RSI) on the participating gifted and talented Saudi female students’ acquisition of higher-order thinking skills. In this investigation, a particular emphasis is placed on the students’ metacognitive skills, time-management skills, problem-solving skills and decision-making skills. This study also measures the participants’ ability to engage in metacognitive thinking in terms of planning, self-monitoring and self-assessment. A scale was applied while measuring the students’ acquisition of skills in time management, problem solving and decision-making. The researchers employed multiple training methods and strategies in order to stimulate and enhance the participants’ abilities, especially in the areas of metacognitive thinking, problem solving, decision-making and time management. The study data indicate significant pre and post differences at the level of significance of 0.01 in the participants’ mean scores pertaining to meta-cognitive thinking skills, problem-solving skills, decision-making skills and time-management skills.
Section one

The issue of anxiety in second or foreign language learning has been widely studied because it has significant impact on the learners progress and performance. This study is a case study which aimed at measuring the speaking anxiety level of undergraduate students at college of Basic Education and to detect instructors' use of certain strategies to reduce their students' speaking anxiety. The study hypothesizes that the frequent use of certain interventions by college instructors is supposed to reduce students speaking anxiety. For this purpose, 40 fourth year students and 20 instructors at college of Basic Education were taken as the subjects. Two instruments are used to achieve the studies goal which are; Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) designed by Horwitz et al. (1986) to assess the degree of the students' anxiety and a Questionnaire based on Tsiplakide's & Keramida (2009) research where many classroom interventions are used to reduce foreign language speaking anxiety. The aim is to detect instructors' frequent use of such strategies to reduce students' speaking anxiety level. The results of (FLCAS) showed high speaking anxiety level with the mean(3.49) of the 40 students , while the questionnaire also showed a frequent use of such strategies with the mean (3. 94) which indicates a positive correlation between the two (R= 0.1875) .A negative correlation was hypothesized to be found since the frequent use of strategies should lead to anxiety reduction.