Al-Zahraa Journal for Health and Medical Sciences

The experiment was conducted at a medical research center in the experimental animal unit using female Albino Wistar rats. The number of rats was 50 at 3 months of age, and their weights at the start of the experiment ranged from 200 to 242g. It was divided into five groups: the control group (T1), which was fed the standard casein protein diet. T2 is fed a 50% concentration of soybean seeds extract. T3 is fed a 75% concentration of soybean extract. T4 is fed with fenugreek extract at a concentration of 50%. T5 feeds on fenugreek extract at a concentration of 75% indicates the results to the presence of significant differences in the weight gain of internal organs in mice treated with heart 0.274g, liver 2.294g , uterus 0.074 g, lung 0.676 g, adrenal glands 0.036 and spleen 0.071 at treatments T5 compared treatments (T2,T3,T4), respectively. Based on the results indicate a significant increase in sex hormones Estrogen 123.87, LH 103.98, TSH 0.008 and Prolactin 5.64 µg/mL) in the treated T5 while FSH 103.64 µg/mL indicate a significant decrease in the treated T5.

Liver damage is a serious disease that has a close relationship with toxic compounds such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). This study was conducted to determine the possible protective and therapeutic effect of beta amino butyric acid (BABA), a non-protein amino acid, on this damage in male rats. Thirty adult mice were randomly divided into six groups (the experiment lasted 30 days). The negative control group received only saline, the positive control group received CCl₄ (0.08 of body weight (, and the remaining four groups (A, B, C, and D) received CCl₄ for liver damage and were subsequently treated with increased doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) of BABA (both substances were injected into the peritoneum). After laboratory tests of biochemical indicators, including measurement of plasminogen-1 activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and Protein phosphatase (PP) in serum using (ELISA), the results showed a significant reduction (P≤0.01) in these biochemical markers (PAI-1 and PP) in the group injected with CCl₄ only, indicating liver dysfunction, compared to the negative control. In contrast, the groups injected with low doses of BABA (50 and 100 mg/kg) showed significant improvement in these markers, suggesting that these doses can reduce this damage and restore liver function, while larger doses (150 and 200 mg/kg) showed partial improvement. These findings open a wider scope for research into the use of BABA as a potential treatment for liver damage, suggesting it could be a promising treatment to reduce liver disease caused by toxic compounds by reducing inflammation, regulating blood clotting.

The therapeutic properties of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum are the subject of a current experimental investigation. The isolated population was stimulated and cultivated on SDA medium, and the fungal organisms utilized in the study were acquired from the College of Science, University of Karbala laboratory. Mint then Ocimum basilicum were extracted from those plants, which were taken from the botanical garden, thoroughly cleaned, and dried in the open before being processed into a fine powder using a grinder. Following treatment with peppermint and Ocimum basilicum, the viability of a lung cancer cell line was assessed using the MTT assay on a Soxhlet device. Using a 25%concentration, the results demonstrated the effect of the plant extracts on the development of the common skin disease Trichophyton rubrum. The results indicated statistically significant differences between the two extracts at this concentration, showing a marked increase in inhibition of 47.84% for peppermint and 49.63% for Ocimum basilicum, with a p-value of 0.0061. At the 25% concentration, both Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita extracts showed an effect on A549 cancer cells, with peppermint inhibiting 43% and basil inhibiting 37%. The consequences of preparations of Ocimum basilicum and peppermint Mentha piperita on colon cancer cells are shown. The Mentha piperita extract had a 38% percent inhibitory impact when given at a 25% percent dosage, whereas the Ocimum basilicum extract demonstrated a 44% percent inhibiting impact.

The environmental stability and movement of antibiotics depend on physical, chemical, and biological reactions that produce transformation products (TPs). These transformation products of antibiotics show different levels of toxicity and potency compared to their parent compounds. The environmental contamination of aquatic sediments with antibiotics has become a major environmental concern because these substances retain their toxic properties and resistance-promoting abilities while harming benthic ecosystems. Sediments function as lasting storage sites that release antibiotics into water over time while enabling the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their genetic information. The underwater environments transform substances through the natural processes of water interacting with sediments. The speed of transformation depends on four main factors, which include oxygen levels (aerobic or anaerobic), temperature, light exposure, pH values, matrix effect, and sediment composition. The analysis of sediments faces ongoing difficulties because of their diverse nature, the minimal amounts of antibiotic residues, and insufficient standardized laboratory procedures. The identification and quantification of antibiotics and their transformation products TPs depend on LC–MS/MS systems, which provide superior sensitivity and accuracy. The review demonstrated practical applications of these systems via case studies, which prove analytical methods work and demonstrate their environmental value. The current state of knowledge lacks essential information about the transformation products TPs, and there is no standardized controlling system in place. Scientists need to combine new chemical methods with various environmental monitoring systems and global research partnerships to combat antibiotic contamination while enhancing environmental risk assessment and protecting water sources from antibiotic resistance and long-term contamination.

The optimum conditions for removal (adsorption) of carmosine dye on the CuFe2O4 NP surface at pH 4, 50°C, an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g, a dye concentration of 5 mg/L and a contact period of 30 minutes were done. The maximum efficiency of dye removal demonstrates about 99 % at 50°C and pH equal to 4 that due to the acidic natural of this dye. Based on kinetic model, the order of adsorption of dye on CuFe2O4 NP surface was found to be Pseudo-Second Order. Furthermore, as a result of the thermodynamic analysis, negative values of Gibbs Free Energy change and positive values of enthalpy change indicated that the adsorption method took place spontaneously with an endothermically. The enthalpy change value is 51.35308 kJ mol-1 that proved the adsorption kind is chemical adsorption. The activation energy of adsorption for this dye on the CuFe2O4 NP surface is obtained as a negative value because of the reaction occurs in multi-steps, which depending on the found two various charges on CuFe2O4 NP surface : Cu2+ and Fe3+. The suggested binding mechanism of dye on CuFe2O4 NP surface was performed.

Sitagliptin (SIT), an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used in the management of type 2 diabetes, has been formulated in various ways to optimize its delivery and improve patient outcomes. The conventional dosage form is immediate-release tablets, which allow for quick absorption. However, researchers have explored advanced formulations, including extended-release matrix tablets, such as those created with xanthan gum matrices, which can yield approximately 99.6% drug release over a period of 10 hours. Additionally, polymeric micro/nanoparticles have been developed, offering sustained release profiles ranging from 12 to 24 hours. These innovative approaches aim to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Sitagliptin while minimizing peaks and troughs in drug levels, ultimately leading to better glycemic control and improved patient adherence to treatment regimens. Fixed‐dose combination tablets (notably SIT+metformin) such as Janumet (immediate-release) and Janumet XR (extended-release) have been introduced to simplify therapy. Emerging carriers – including SIT-loaded nanoparticles, transdermal patches, and mucoadhesive buccal films – have shown promise in bypassing first‐pass metabolism and sustaining drug release. These formulation innovations aim to enhance SIT’s bioavailability, extend its action, and improve patient adherence.

Benzimidazole is an aromatic heterocyclic chemical molecule that is white and solid. It is created when the heterocyclic imidazole aromatic ring and the aromatic benzene ring fuse. Its usual formula is C7H6N2, and it is also known as 1H-1, 3-benzimidazole and 1H-benzo[d]imidazole. The unique characteristics of the chemical molecules formed from the benzimidazole substance, along with its several significant therapeutic capabilities and well-known biological uses, have piqued researchers' interest in its study and use during the past few decades. Since benzimidazole resistance is common in many fungal populations, effective resistance management strategies must be put into place as soon as possible to postpone or stop additional changes in the target infections' sensitivity. For benzimidazoles, there are no particular guidelines. Alternations and mixes are both effective ways to reduce the likelihood that resistance may emerge. When using tank mixes, the benzimidazole fungicide must be sprayed at the recommended dosage in conjunction with the proper dosage of a partner fungicide that is both effective and non-cross-resistant.

This study investigated the efficacy of adsorption for Leishman dye from aqueous solutions using a bentonite–diethylaminoethyl cellulose composite (Bt–DEAE-cellulose). The effects of adsorbent mass, contact time and acidity on dye removal were studied in a batch adsorption system. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to evaluate the composite, demonstrating a mesoporous structure and effective surface modification. Dye removed almost 95% when the ideal adsorption conditions were, 0.007 g of adsorbent in 25 mL of 100 mg L⁻¹ solution, 30 minutes of contact time, and pH=8. The Langmuir model yielded the greatest adsorption capacity 700 mg.g-1, while Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir isotherms provided a good description of the equilibrium data. Adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic between 288 and 318 K, according to thermodynamic characteristics (ΔG < 0; ΔH < 0). These findings show that Bt-DEAE-cellulose is an effective and inexpensive adsorbent for handling dye-containing wastewater, including Leishman dye