JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

The aim of this research was to develop educational units using infographics to teach the Arabian jump skill on a floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics for students. The aim was to identify the effect of educational units using infographics on students' learning of the Arabian jump skill on a floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics, and to identify the differences in post-tests between the experimental and control groups in learning the Arabian jump skill on a floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics for students. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups (experimental - control) with pre-tests and post-tests. The researcher chose the research community intentionally which was conducted on third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample included third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of (194) students. The research sample was randomly selected. Section (A) represents the experimental group of (35) students. Section (B) represents the control group of (35) students. The researcher concluded that the use of infographics contributed significantly to raising the level of learning and enhancing theoretical understanding related to dynamic skills, which was positively reflected in the quality of practical performance of the Arabian jump skill on the floor movement mat. This confirms that the use of infographics exceeds the effectiveness of traditional methods in teaching artistic gymnastics skills. In addition, the use of visual media, such as infographics, achieves integration between the cognitive aspect and practical performance, which is essential in teaching dynamic skills, as it contributes to consolidating technical concepts and organizing the mental processes necessary for dynamic performance. The study recommends adopting infographics as an educational tool. It is essential for teaching dynamic skills within physical education curricula, given its proven effectiveness in enhancing the learning process and the accuracy of practical performance. It is also essential to integrate infographics into the design of educational units, particularly in sports with precise dynamic sequences such as artistic gymnastics, to facilitate understanding and present them in an organized and accessible manner.

Football is one of the most popular team sports around the world, and the use of skill exercises is very important in it for the performance achieved by the player, because it is a set of training operations that occur during the exercise and help the player change his motor behavior from one thing to another , and from here comes the importance of the research through the exercises performed by the player, which is one of the training methods that aim to develop skill capabilities . As for the research problem , and through their follow-up of local matches, they noticed that there is a weakness in the technical performance of skills, and the reason is that the local player lacks training with modern means. As for the research objectives: to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in the research variables and the requirements of skill performance in youth football . As for the research hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in specific endurance and skill performance requirements. As for the research areas: The human field: Diyala Sports Club youth football players. The time field: The period from (17/10/2024) to (3/5/2025) , the spatial field: Diyala Sports Club football stadium.
The experimental method was used, as the research community for the current study is the youth of the Iraqi Premier League. The researcher chose the research sample intentionally , numbering (24), who are the players of the Diyala Youth. But The research sample is the model on which the researcher conducts the entirety and focus of his work. Therefore, (20) players were selected (10) players for the experimental group, and (10( players for the control group

The importance of this research is highlighted by its highlighting of the phenomenon of counterproductive work behavior in youth and sports forums in Diyala Governorate, which is considered one of the negative organizational behaviors that may affect the quality of institutional performance and reduce the effectiveness of programs and activities directed at the youth category. The importance of this topic increases as it touches a vital institution that aims to develop the energies of youth and direct them towards positive paths. The objectives of the research were to analyze the reality of counterproductive work behavior in youth and sports forums in Diyala Governorate by identifying its types, causes, and level of prevalence as seen by the working staff, and to determine the organizational and social effects of counterproductive work behavior within the forums, and to propose appropriate mechanisms to reduce it and improve the work environment in a way that reflects positively on the performance of youth institutions. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey style. The number of the research community was (139) workers. Accordingly, the most important conclusions were that the statistical data indicated that the low levels in a number of counterproductive work behavior axes, represented by (job withdrawal, slackness in performance, weak motivation, and counterproductive behavior towards colleagues and the institution), reflect the existence of a state of acceptable discipline and minimal negative behaviors among employees in the Youth and Sports Forums in Diyala Governorate, which is a relatively positive indicator of employees' awareness and commitment to professional behaviors. Reducing counterproductive work behaviors was recommended, as the researchers recommended adopting integrated organizational strategies aimed at reducing manifestations of counterproductive work behavior by promoting a culture of commitment and discipline, motivating positive behaviors, creating a supportive and stimulating work environment for cooperation and effective participation, and improving training and development programs for employees by providing administrative cadres in sports forums with advanced skills in counterproductive behavior to ensure the application of best practices in institutional work. These strategies also include periodic performance evaluation, enhancing motivation and institutional belonging, and achieving integration between the counterproductive work behavior axes.

The importance of this research lies in the use of modern devices to find out the sources of physiological adjustment and maturity in the player while utilizing the scientific foundations of the training program developed by the researcher. This activity requires that the effort should be divided across the three rounds, which requires a technique used to detect the sources of the respiratory system using a modern standardized device to assess the condition of the boxer during the rest, the fight, and afterward. This is to achieve two important principles: the first is the extent of the boxer's respiratory variables and the development of the ability to endure performance and win. The second is to implement training touches based on the scientific foundations related to respiratory endurance to enhance the physiological variables. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to investigate the effect of the proposed training method on developing boxers’ some respiratory variables and endurance performance, as well as to identify the differences in the boxers’ performance endurance in the pre- and post-tests. The experimental method was used to suit the research topic, as the research sample consisted of the Al-Shorta Sports Club boxers, numbering (six players), and homogeneity was achieved before dividing the sample into two groups, after which the experimental design for each group was adopted, in addition to determining the training program, which consists of (ten weeks), meaning (three) training units per week. Then, the researcher conducted the post-tests in the same way as the pre-test. The researcher concluded that there were significant differences at the practical application level of the test for all respiratory system variables. The physiological variables were not at a high level, demonstrating the results of the respiratory system's capabilities. Furthermore, the development levels of the results of the physiological systems specific to the respiratory system did not reach the planned level for the boxers in the research sample. Therefore, continuous field application is required to develop the level of performance endurance among the boxers in the research sample. The results showed significant differences in performance endurance. Using modern devices accurately determined the actual test for the number of boxers from a technical perspective.

The importance of the research lies in constructing and standardizing a test using a manufactured device for shooting accuracy from 7 meters. This modern addition to the measuring tools used in handball will contribute to the development of a new test using a manufactured device for the accuracy of some types of shooting for handball players. The research problem was identified after conducting personal interviews with experts and specialists. It became clear to us that the tests used to measure shooting skill on fixed squares without taking into account speed of performance. This does not meet the ambition and does not provide us with a true measurement for the test. Therefore, the need arose to construct a test that focuses on achieving shooting requirements during a match. The objectives of the research are constructing tests using a manufactured device to measure shooting accuracy from 7 meters in handball, identifying the degree of accuracy of players using the 7-meter handball shooting manufactured device. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach with the survey method to suit the research objectives. The research community included players of the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent for Handball in Iraq. The research community is (105) players. (10) Players were excluded because they were goalkeepers and the specificity of their performance did not match the research requirements. The size of the construction sample is (60) players at a rate of (57.14%), and the standardization sample (86) at a rate of (81.90%) after adding the construction sample to them. Thus, the total research sample is of (96) players at a rate of (91.43%). The scientific steps were followed to build the test and extract the scientific foundations. After completing the construction process, the standardization experiment was conducted. After obtaining the results, they were processed statistically. Among the most important conclusions was reaching the construction of a shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area, and determining the standard grades for the research sample in the shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area. As for the recommendations, it is necessary to apply the shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area to identify the players' level. Researchers and specialists can benefit from the shooting test.

This research sheds the light on the importance of the compound offensive skills in basketball, whether performed with or without the ball during the matches especially on the offensive side. The problem of the research lies in the fact that these skills, despite their importance, do not receive sufficient attention in the local training environment while the attention is directed to the offensive skills with the ball. Hence, the research objective was to identify the level of dynamic response speed among youth basketball players. Also it identifies the reality of their performance of compound offensive skills, as well as determines the percentage of the contribution of dynamic response speed to these skills. To achieve these objectives, the researchers used the descriptive approach, a survey method and a correlation study. They selected the research sample of (18) players of the specialized basketball school in Diyala Governorate, whose ages ranged between (17-18) years old. The exploratory experiment was conducted on Saturday 1/1/2025, followed by the implementation of the pre-test on Monday 1/13/2025. The main experiment began on Saturday 1/18/2025 and continued until 3/28/2025 at 9:00 A.M. The post-test was conducted on Saturday 3/30/2025 at 9: 00 A.M. The researchers analyzed the data statistically and discussed the results. It is concluded that there is a significant correlation between dynamic response speed and some compound offensive skills in basketball. The researchers recommended that focusing on improving dynamic response speed shows clear and positive influence on the accuracy of these skills among youth players.

This research aims at providing a scientific framework to understand the factors affecting the performance of chest pass and standing shooting skills in female basketball players. Understanding this relationship can help develop innovative training strategies aimed at improving performances based on accurate scientific data. This is highly important for sports science researchers to develop advanced and effective training methods. The research aims to identify the body types of female basketball players and to identify the relationship between body types and to determine the performance of the chest pass and standing shooting skills. The researchers adopt the descriptive approach with the survey method and the predictive correlation method for considering the research problem. The research community was determined intentionally to represent the players of the Iraqi Premier League for Women’s Basketball Clubs for the year (2024-2025), which represents (5) clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq of (60) players at a rate of (100%), represented by the clubs (Sabis Club, North Gas Club, Sennacherib Club, Afer Wadit Club, Akd Ainkawa Club) at a rate of (100%).The exploratory experiments sample was selected from the Bilad al-Rafidain Club of (12) players. The researchers concluded that the body types effect in a way or another to the performance of the chest pass and standing shooting skills. Accordingly, the level of chest pass and standing shooting skills was improved and the predictive values of these skills were determined with reference to the body types. Therefore, the researchers recommend relying on the predictive value obtained by the study and emphasizing the transition of female players with body types appropriate for basketball. Similar studies should be conducted on other samples or other sports.

The research aimed to identify some biomechanical variables, pressure, and symmetrical balance among young basketball players to identify a three-dimensional analysis of jump shooting accuracy among youth basketball players. It is also an attempt to identify the relationship between biomechanical variables, pressure, and symmetrical balance using three-dimensional analysis and jump shooting accuracy among youth basketball players. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach using correlational relationships to achieve the results of the research problem. The research community was defined as youth basketball players representing Iraqi clubs participating in Arab and international championships. The research sample is selected purposively of six players from Diyala Sports Club basketball team for the 2024-2025 season. The researchers select the best two out of five attempts, resulting in twelve observations. A pilot study sample of two players was selected from the same research community. The researchers concluded that the statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between biomechanical variables and symmetrical balance in jump shooting performance among basketball players. This indicates that improving any one of these factors can positively impact the overall performance of the players. It has been shown that players with better symmetrical balance demonstrate superior performance in the accuracy of the jump shot skill. This supports the hypothesis that balance and motor coordination are two essential elements in improving players’ performance. The researchers recommend applying advanced analysis techniques in training, advising coaches and researchers to adopt three-dimensional quantitative analysis methods within training programs

This study aims to evaluate the mastery of the snatch skill, a fundamental weightlifting exercise, by students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, through the use of error analysis method. The significance of the study lies in enhancing teaching by enabling students to review and correct their own errors, thereby boosting their self-confidence and motivation. The study included a sample of 32 first-year students, divided into two groups: an experimental group that used error analysis method and a control group that used the traditional method. The results showed a significant advantage for the experimental group in the post-test, confirming the effectiveness of error analysis in improving skill performance. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended generalizing this method in teaching sport skills and conducting further studies on other skills and different categories, with a focus on integrating modern technologies such as visual analysis into the educational process.

This research aimed to identify the levels of the hormones cortisol and glucagon, as well as speed-strength (explosive strength), in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. It compared cortisol and glucagon levels before and after exertion in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers, and also compared explosive strength variables between both groups. The researchers used a descriptive approach as it is the most suitable method for the research problem. The research community was selected purposively of ten wrestlers from the Army Sports Club specializing in Greco-Roman wrestling. It is divided equally between freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling. The SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data and obtain the results. The results were then presented and discussed. The researchers concluded that high-intensity training sessions had a positive correlation with increased cortisol levels, particularly in freestyle wrestlers, due to the physical exertion they underwent. The training regimen affected glucagon levels in freestyle wrestling compared to Greco-Roman wrestling. This is because physical activity depletes glycogen stores in the body which causes increasing glucagon secretion to meet energy demands. The researchers recommended conducting similar experimental studies on other club players to identify differences in hormones, functional variables, and physical characteristics. It is advisable to be considered particularly in individual events. The researchers also recommended further studies examining variables and hormones that are not addressed in this study, such as endorphins, leptin, and ghrelin. Furthermore, the researchers emphasized the importance that the coaches conduct regularly these medical examinations of functional and hormonal variables in all sports for its significant impact on performances.

The present research focuses on developing visual basketball exercises for students. This is one of the important topics due to its positive impact, as it presents information in an innovative and new way. Students learn by visually presenting a comprehensive model. Visual exercises are a vital element of learning and play a pivotal role in enhancing students' ability to perceive visual information, boosting focus and attention, and improving overall performance. Visual exercises contribute in improving students’ performance by enhancing their concentration and attention. The researchers believe that special exercises with adopting visual aids can play a significant role in improving offensive skills. This study aims at identifying the impact of specialized exercises using visual aids on students' learning of specific offensive basketball skills and to determine the differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups in learning these offensive basketball skills. The researchers used the experimental method with the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community was represented by second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year (2024-2025). The sample of the research included second-year male students from Five sections, totaling (457) students. The research sample was selected from section (B). The researchers randomly selected the control group, consisting of (20) students. The researchers selected the experimental group from the same section, consisting of (20) students through the lottery method. The field research procedures included conducting experiments and tests, which included (the chest pass test, the pat-and-stab test, and the ladder shot test). The application of the exercises began on Monday, 4/11/2024, with a duration of (90) minutes for the educational unit. The educational units include (15) educational units, at a rate of two educational units per week. Each training unit lasted 90 minutes, with the main part of the unit, which lasted 70 minutes as to be the focus of the study. Based on the results achieved, the study demonstrated a clear positive impact of specific exercises using visual aids on improving the learning of offensive skills. The visual aids contributed to providing clear and easily understandable instructions for the students. The study also proved the importance of visual aids as an educational device that improves players’ performance by integrating theoretical knowledge with practical (offensive) skills. The researchers recommend integrating visual aids into the sports education process and using them as an essential component of sports training programs to develop students' skill performance.

Objectives Research:
- To identify the most important physical tests for the players of the Education Directorate's basketball team.
-To identify the identifiable factors in physical tests for selecting players for the Education Directorate's basketball team.
-To develop a set of physical tests for selecting players for the Education Directorate's basketball team.
To achieve these objectives, the research sample was defined carefully. The research community consisted of players from school teams participating in the basketball competitions organized by the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate, specifically the Directorate of Sports and School Activities in Baquba, during the 2023-2024 season. The research population were (32) teams, each with (10) players, totaling (320) players. The research sample consisted of (240) players, representing (75%), from (24) schools, selected randomly. After conducting pilot tests, the validity of the tests was confirmed, ensuring their scientific properties (validity, reliability, and objectivity), in addition to distinguish the research sample. It shows also the method of choosing the tests to represent the final set.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
Through the inter-correlation matrix consisting of (16) physical tests, (5) factors were identified through the analysis. These factors were then orthogonally rotated using Kaiser's Varimix method, resulting in (4) factors. The fifth factor was neglected. A group of physical tests was developed based on the identified factors for this study, with its units representing the highest level of the factors in the physical tests. These tests are:
-Speed-strength test (forward support representing the first factor).
-Agility test (lateral rebound run representing the second factor).
-Hand-eye coordination test (representing the third factor).
-Transitional speed test (high start sprint) (representing the fourth factor). The final group of tests is characterized by its simplicity to be suitable for basketball players.

Standardized training programs implemented regularly lead to rapid and consistent improvements in the functional, physical, and technical efficiency of athletes, ultimately achieving the goals of the training process. The success of the program is measured by the progress achieved by the athlete in the specific activity. To develop training programs for different sports, the coach must first consider the principle of specificity in training, that is, specificity based on the dominant energy system. In other words, the coach must identify the dominant energy system in that particular activity. The most important recommendations are:
1. Coaches should base their training programs on the interval training guide.
2. The interval training program should be used to develop specific physical fitness components for handball

This study aims at developing educational units based on the Kempsch model to determine their impact on learning the volleyball receiving skill for fifth-grade primary students. The use of educational strategies, methods, techniques, and models aims to develop the educational process and improve learning. The units are designed according to the specific problem and are suitable for the research sample to achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control one, using pre- and post-tests. The research community consisted of (98) fifth-grade primary students from Noon & Al-Qalam School, distributed to three sections (A, B, and C). After random selection, section (B) represented the experimental group with (20) students while section (A) represented the control group with (20) students. The pilot sample was randomly selected from section (C) with (10) students. After completing the field research procedures, the results are discussed and analyzed statistically. The most important conclusion was that the units of Kempsch model played a significant and effective role in developing volleyball receiving skills among fifth-grade students. The most important recommendation is that the researcher recommends using educational units based on the Kempsch model to teach basic volleyball skills to fifth-grade students..

The research objectives are to identify the components of these specific exercises within the first-year football curriculum. Also it is important to determine the impact of these exercises on the technical, skill-based, and functional aspects of first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science. The researcher used the experimental method as it suited the research objectives and hypotheses, the research problem, and the necessary solutions. The research community consisted of 12 first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences during the 2023 academic year.
The results showed that the specific exercises adopted within the training program effectively developed the skills in shooting, passing, and dribbling with a football. In light of the researcher's conclusions, which demonstrated the effectiveness and impact of the specific exercises, the researcher recommends:
- The importance of using specific exercises within the football curriculum, based on scientific principles in planning and implementation.
- Evaluate the football curriculum and following up on the recommendations of scientific research published in this field.
- Conduct similar studies using other physical, skill, and functional tests to determine the impact of specific exercises on them.
- Conduct other similar studies for the course materials in the department's curriculum.