Journal of Misan Researches

The current research aimed to develop a guidance program focused on developing learning strategies among primary school teachers in Maysan Governorate. The researcher relied on psychological and guidance literature to develop the research instrument, which initially consisted of ten items. Apparent validity was verified by presenting the instrument to a group of judges, while construct validity was confirmed by applying the instrument to a sample of (200) male and female primary school teachers. The researcher relied on the weighted mean and percentage weight to determine the effectiveness of the items. The results showed that seven items received a weighted mean of less than (3), necessitating the development of an eight-session program. The program was presented in its initial form to specialized experts to obtain their opinions, and all sessions achieved an acceptance rate exceeding (80%). The program was applied to a random sample of (25) male and female teachers, and the results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-application, as the calculated t-value reached (24.89), which is higher than the tabular value of (2.010) at a significance level of (0.05). These results indicate that the guidance program has a tangible impact on developing educational and cognitive capabilities in the field of learning strategies among primary school teachers

Justice is one of the oldest studies directed at human thought, and it is the basis for the virtues and merits of morality. The Mu'tazilites and Imamis have a special importance, as it is one of the principles for them, and it is the principle on which the Islamic religion is based after monotheism, while the Ash'aris do not accept that from the principles. The discussion of justice between the Mu'tazilites and the Ash'aris revolves around the criterion of the goodness and ugliness of actions (subjective, rational, or legal), as the Mu'tazilites believe that the criterion is subjective, and the Imamis believe that as well, but for them the mind, independently of revelation, is able to diagnose the goodness and ugliness of some actions, but not all of them, as is the case with the Mu'tazilites. On the other hand, the Ash'aris believed that the criterion for the goodness and ugliness of actions was legitimate, because they believed that reason, independently of revelation, was unable to diagnose the goodness and ugliness of actions.
On the issue of imposing unbearable obligations, the Mu'tazilites and Imamis believed that such an act was ugly and could not be done by God Almighty, while the Ash'aris permitted imposing unbearable obligations. As for the issue of purpose in the actions of God Almighty, both the Mu'tazilites and the Imamis believe that God Almighty does not do any action without a purpose, but the purpose according to the Imamis is the perfection and goodness of creatures and not an independent goal in addition to itself, and on the other hand, the Ash'aris believe that God has the right to do whatever He wants without the necessity for His action to include a purpose.
As for choice, it was never, according to the Imamis, in the form of delegation, as is the case with the Mu'tazilites, which leads to the selection being taken away from the essence of God Almighty, and the emergence of a kind of divinity for man that ends with the rejection of actual monotheism. Which made the Imamis refute and reject this, and agree with the Ash'aris, but with this difference between them: the Ash'aris denied the system of causes, reasons, causes and reasons, while the Imamis did not deny that. For the Imamis, justice is the axis on which the four principles are based, and the basis for the necessity of their existence

The divine will was for the Islamic community to be a harmonious, loving society, blessed with the pure servitude of Allah Almighty, free from any blemish that might divide its members and undermine its unity. Division in Islam is tantamount to disobeying Allah, His Messenger, and the guiding Imams. Sins often occur as a result of following the whims of the soul, which commands evil. The most prominent effects of these sins include disobeying parents, consuming usury, drinking alcohol, and speaking ill of one's parents, which leads to weakness and debility.
One of the motives that lead to the sins committed by man and which have afflicted the Islamic nation yesterday and today is distancing oneself from the religion of Allah Almighty and not adhering to the rope represented by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and the family of the Prophet (peace be upon them). Today, we are working to solve this according to the Qur’anic approach represented by correct thought and true Islamic belief, so that the culture of the Holy Qur’an may prevail among young people, especially in the educational environment, to build the family, on correct Islamic foundations to ensure a righteous society that fights negative phenomena with degrading content, with a sound intellectual weapon, deriving its components from belief, jurisprudence and logic, according to the
approach of Sharia in Islam

This research deals with the policy of the Umayyad government institution towards the inhabitants of the regions located in the Islamic Maghreb, By examining the methods used by military leaders and administrative governors in those areas These methods are restricted by the directives of the central authority in Damascus, and aim to sustain the state of expansion of military operations on land and sea, In order to impose the Umayyad authority on them, and to strive diligently to keep these regions a source from which to collect money and rare treasures for the Umayyad court, without taking into account the rights of citizenship among the inhabitants, Rather, politicians deliberately followed the principle of racial discrimination based on preferring Arabs over Berbers, In addition to the manifestations of tribal fanaticism between the Yemenis and the Qaisis, and the prevalence of torture of the dismissed governors and the confiscation of their property, This arbitrary policy had serious repercussions that led to a massive revolt against the authority of the Umayyad ruler

Upon ascending the throne of Imperial Russia (1762–1796), Empress Catherine II placed exceptional emphasis on the pursuit of internal reforms. She was firmly convinced that the strength and stability of Russia could only be secured through a comprehensive reassessment of the state’s internal structures and institutions. Guided by this conviction, Catherine undertook a series of ambitious and systematic reforms that spanned multiple spheres of public life, with cultural and intellectual development occupying a central position

Acquiring grammatical concepts among second-year middle school students). To achieve the research objective, the researcher followed the method. The researcher chose a sample of (60) second-year middle school students at Al-Rasoul Secondary School for Boys, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Maysan Governorate, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. The researcher rewarded the students of the two research groups in variables (chronological age, calculated in months, the academic achievement of parents, intelligence test, and grades of the previous year in the Arabic language subject). After the researcher determined the scientific material, the researcher formulated the behavioral objectives, the final number of which was (72) behavioral objectives. The researcher prepared model teaching plans for each of the subjects specified for the experiment. After completing the experiment, the researcher used appropriate statistical methods to determine the significance of the differences between the two groups, which are: the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Chi-square, difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha equation. It showed that Results: Students in the experimental group, who studied Arabic grammar using the cognitive mapping strategy, outperformed students in the control group, who studied the same subject using the traditional method. The researcher then made a number of recommendations he deemed appropriate and proposed several suggestions that might contribute to the completion of the learning experience

The present research aims to identify serious creativity in mathematics among outstanding students and to determine the significance of statistical differences according to the gender variable (males – females). It also aims to identify the level of academic achievement motivation in mathematics among outstanding students and to determine the significance of statistical differences according to the gender variable (males – females), as well as to examine the correlational relationship between the two variables: serious creativity and academic achievement motivation in mathematics among students of outstanding schools. To achieve the objectives of the research, a sample was selected from the research population, which consists of students of outstanding schools in Maysan Governorate / Al-Amarah District for the academic year (2024–2025), during the second semester. The sample consisted of (150) male and female students who were selected through the simple random sampling method. The researcher developed two instruments for the study: the first instrument was a scale of serious creativity in mathematics, while the second instrument was a scale of academic achievement motivation in mathematics. The psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of both scales were verified, and they were applied to the research sample. After extracting and analyzing the data, the researcher reached the following conclusions: the students of outstanding schools possess a high level of serious creativity and a high level of academic achievement motivation in mathematics. Furthermore, there are no statistically significant differences according to the gender variable in either of the two variables, and there is a strong positive correlation between them. In light of these findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

Self-address in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry represents an artistic tool and a rhetorical device through which the poet conveys his psychological struggles and inner conflicts. Poets employed this technique to express internal tensions, to review the self, and to reveal human attitudes through a direct style known as self-monologue. This research aims to explore the phenomenon of self-address in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry by analyzing and interpreting selected poetic models. It highlights a significant aspect of the pre-Islamic poetic experience, where the poet engages in dialogue with himself, expressing his thoughts, reflections, and imaginations—whether with contentment and approval, or through self-examination and evaluation of past actions. This often results in deep feelings of guilt, regret, or transcendence over what was done, forming a standard of judgment through which the poet’s vision emerges, either by affirming positive actions or acknowledging shortcomings, along with their details.
The moments of self-address, analyzed through a descriptive-analytical method, were linked to specific expressions with diverse purposes and objectives. This revealed the manifestation of the concept of the “self” both linguistically and terminologically, as well as in its pre-Islamic poetic forms. The first part of the study addresses self-address in states of satisfaction and approval, while the second part explores self-address in other states, namely blame and regret. The study concludes with a summary of the most important findings

This research studies the novel “The Prophetess” by Iraqi novelist Anaam Kajah Ji in an attempt to explore the impact of grammatical structures in highlighting the individual differences between one character and another, by delving into the insides of these characters, analyzing their psychology, and identifying the qualities that they manifest through them in the fictional world.
The multiplicity of characters and their different environments and ideologies allow for multiple structures and connotations, and allows the reader to show the individual differences between them and deepen the narrative reading at different levels

The crisis in Pakistan between 1969 and 1971 marked a pivotal moment in the country’s modern history. It ultimately led to the secession of East Pakistan, a region rich in natural resources and human capital. This study explores the roots of the crisis beginning in 1969, shedding light on the failure of General Ayub Khan’s government to contain the growing tensions, which eventually compelled him to resign. He was succeeded by General Yahya Khan, who likewise failed to resolve the crisis. The situation escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which ended with Pakistan’s defeat and Islamabad’s reluctant acceptance of the new reality—the separation of East Pakistan and the establishment of the independent state of Bangladesh

The Second Gulf War (1990–1991) was one of the most significant events the world witnessed in the late twentieth century, and it had a notable impact on the migration of Soviet Jews to Israel. During this period, the number of Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union to Israel began to rise. Moreover, since the late 1980s, the Soviet Union had been undergoing profound political, military, and economic transformations that ultimately led to its collapse and disintegration. However, before the end of the Second Gulf War, the situation changed, as the rate of immigration to Israel declined sharply. Conversely, the rate of reverse migration, emigration from Israel, particularly among Soviet Jewish immigrants, increased, due to the war against Iraq by the international coalition forces and Iraq’s missile attacks on Israel

The pursuit of power originated in the beginnings of human history, manifesting in various forms and motivations, starting from individual desires for control and dominance and reaching to the expansionist ambitions of nations. The struggle for power has shaped societies and fuelled conflicts, including major wars like World War I and II. Driven by this notion, this paper attempted to render a critical reading of William Golding's novel, "Lord of the Flies" regarding the struggle for power and the forms of governance and leadership in society within the narrative text that finally resulted in chaos and savagery. This study aimed at investigating the struggle for power and determining the forms of governance and leadership in this literary work. As analytical approaches, Marxist literary criticism and the notion of binarism have been adopted to analyse the conceptual framework of this study. The findings of this paper asserted that the power struggle leads to a plunge into chaos and cruelty, exposed two forms of governance and leadership represented by democracy and dictatorship, and the merits, demerits, and results of each form, and how a corrupt regime, governance, and leadership can ruin society. The final conclusion of this study is that Golding's novel presents a dark view of human nature and its tendency to descend into savagery in the absence of organised governance and wise leadership. The significance of this study lies in providing better comprehension of the power struggle and the forms of governance and leadership within the narrative text. It contributes to enriching the literature in this novel, and the field of political English novels

This study attempts to explore the function of themes and symbols in Toni Morrison’s “Recitatif.” It concentrates on the role of themes and symbols and representing the significance of the narrative events. Therefore, the analysis accentuates the life of the protagonist, Twyla, who suffers from tensional and discrepant living conditions. The interpretation of the protagonist and events will depend on three interrelated literary elements, namely, the protagonist, the narrative events, and the spatial setting. First, the protagonist will be discussed in relation to her social and psychological barriers. Second, the narrative events will be tackled in the light of Morrison’s fictional descriptions of these barriers. Third, the spatial setting will be analyzed through tracing the orphanage where Twyla spends time with another girl, Roberta. In this sense, the study’s methodology follows a textual and qualitative analysis of these elements with special emphasis on themes and symbols that reveal their genuine meanings

Within the poetry of Mark Strand and Raad Zamil, the search for the absent self—what might be interpreted as "a form of alienation"—occurs frequently. Far from being a surface-level sensation of displacement, the absent self arises through profound trauma, loss, and absence rather than through self-assured assertions. It implies that the self is not entirely present but rather absent and disjointed, estranged from a steady sense of identity. From an existential standpoint, philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre contend that the self is a dynamic process rather than a static entity (Heidegger 174; Sartre 86-116). Because of this ontological instability, a person's sense of self may cause them to feel perpetually lost or unfinished. According to Fredric Jameson's analysis of postmodern culture, the modern state is marked by "a new depthlessness" and "a consequent weakening of historicity" (6). These factors contribute to the deterioration of social relationships between people, making them feel unimportant and undefined, rendering the absent self a symbol of identity breakdown. Jameson further argues that postmodern subjects experience a "fragmentation of the subject" (14) that results from structural conditions rather than individual pathology. This fragmentation manifests in what he terms "the dissolution of an autonomous sphere of culture" (48), where traditional boundaries between self and society collapse.
Both Strand and Zamil examine this state through their unique yet poignant poetic vocabularies. Contemporary postmodern theorists argue that fragmentation reflects "societal upheaval, psychological distress, or existential uncertainty" (Akbar and Yavari 3). Two of the most significant poets of the 20th century write poems that depict their experiences of alienation in various historical and cultural situations, relating their personal, societal, and political circumstances to their sentiments of alienation, fragmentation, and isolation (Abd and Fattah 514). Both Strand and Zamil attempt to portray dimensions of their traumatic experiences in their poetry. Though emerging from different cultural roots and poetic traditions, they share significant convergences in their exploration of the themes of alienation, loss, and silence. Akbar and Yavari note that in modern literary practice, characters and poetic speakers "are no longer seen as coherent and unified entities" (3), reflecting this broader disintegration of stable identity. They reflect a world in which the quest for identity is shaped by internal self-struggle, displacement, and cultural fragmentations—a state of ongoing remembrance and survival. Such fragmented representations respond to the specific conditions of late modernity, where subjects experience profound disconnection from traditional sources of meaning (Akbar and Yavari 4).
Strand is recognized for his introspective and melancholic poetry that explores the challenge of maintaining a distinct self-image in an alienating society. Harold Bloom observes that Strand's poetry consistently challenges the distinctions between self and absence, exhibiting "the American Sublime in its negative or nihilistic phase" (qtd. in Gregerson and Jarman 45). Strand himself stated in a 1971 interview: "I feel very much a part of a new international style that has a lot to do with plainness of diction, a certain reliance on surrealist techniques, and a strong narrative element" (Vine and von Hallberg 348). His well-known poems, including "The Man in the Mirror" and "Eating Poetry," deal with loneliness and self-discovery.
Similarly, Zamil conceptualizes alienation as a manifestation of his feelings of powerlessness and dissatisfaction with the world around him. Much of his suffering comes from external forces that compel his "self" to become absent and powerless. He is estranged from his sense of time, his authentic self, his desires, and aspirations. Nadia Khaza's analysis of alienation in Raad Zamil's poetry identifies it as one of the most common psychological crises that people, particularly artists, face (Khaza 1). This estrangement results from their visions, dreams, and explosive energy being crushed in the face of repressive reality (Khaza 2). Khaza further argues that this alienation leads to "a state of frustration and despair, which ultimately leads to self-sufficiency and surrender" (3), a pattern clearly visible throughout Zamil's oeuvre. The poet's marginalization reflects what Khaza identifies as "the breakdown in the creator's relationship with systems and all of their symbols, which plunges him into a whirlpool of loneliness" (5). Thus, Zamil's poetics align with broader trends in Iraqi exile poetry, where psychological and physical dislocation combine

This study investigates the use of hidden meanings in Martin Luther King Jr.’s iconic speech "I Have a Dream" through the lens of pragmatic and discourse analysis.The study examines the selected excerpts from the speech to identify pragmatic strategies and discourse devices employed to convey implicit meanings. Findings reveal that figurative language such as metaphors and symbols constituted about 30% of the pragmatic devices used, speech acts accounted for 20%, deixis for 10%, and context-dependent meanings for another 10%. Discourse analysis showed repetition and parallelism at 15%, antithesis at 10%, intertextuality (especially religious references) at 5%, and a unifying narrative metaphor structuring the speech. These findings highlight the crucial role of multiple pragmatic and discourse strategies in shaping the emotional and persuasive impact of the speech within its historical and cultural context