Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Maritime power is a crucial element for emerging nations. It allows countries to assert their influence over global supply chains and fulfil their goals of maintaining the flow of goods and services to and from their borders. In this context, China has recognised that it cannot attain its aspirations for global hegemony without a strong naval force, which serves as the key tool in redefining its role in the international system. The Indian Ocean, in particular, represents a vital gateway for China to achieve these objectives. The importance of research is that it rooted China\'s maritime strategy towards the Indian Ocean and clarified the relationship between the growth of Chinese naval power, economic effectiveness, and the exercise of international influence. The problem lies in the multiplicity of visions regarding the extent of China\'s awareness of the importance of naval power in achieving its global ambitions. Some narratives emphasise its primary importance, while others focus on its complementary importance. The main question, therefore, is: to what extent does China\'s rise and influence in the Indian Ocean depend on its growing naval power? The hypothesis suggests that China\'s maritime strategy is strengthening its rise as a global power. The country\'s naval presence in the Indian Ocean is crucial for realising its ambitions by 2049. China\'s international initiatives, especially the Belt and Road Initiative, cannot succeed without strengthening its naval power and presence to safeguard its economic interests across Asia, Europe, and Africa. It is also the main gateway for reshaping China\'s relations with the countries in the Chain of Pearls, and its decline based on challenges and opportunities will determine whether China can reach the top of the international hierarchy.

This research addresses the geopolitical transformation that the Russian Federation has undergone since 2022, as an active revising force in the international system, seeking to reshape the rules of international interaction and end the era of unilateral hegemony that has prevailed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The researcher explains that this transformation was not a product of the moment, but rather the result of a historical accumulation of structural tensions between Russia and the West, which were clearly manifested in the Russian-Ukrainian war, which constituted a decisive turning point that prompted Moscow to move from a strategy of peaceful change through diplomacy and international institutions to a strategy of coercive change based on military force and the imposition of a geopolitical fait accompli.

The topic of public policy formulation in the Sultanate of Oman is one of the important topics that shed light on how to design and implement public policies that affect the lives of citizens and society in general.
The research addresses key components including the legal and regulatory framework, the economic environment, and the cultural and social heritage, which form the foundations on which public policies are based. It also addresses the processes and methods used in policy formulation with a focus on the importance of community participation and strategic planning.
The research topic is also one of the vital topics that reflect how public affairs are managed in the Sultanate. The study aims to analyze the basic factors that affect the process of public policy formulation with a focus on the necessary components that contribute to formulating these policiessuch as the legal, regulatory, economic and social environment.
There are many basic components that affect the formulation of public policies, including political, social, economic and cultural factors. These components are considered the basis that enables understanding how to make political decisions and plan for the future of the country. Moreover, public policies are affected by modern global trends such as globalization, technology and environmental issues, which adds an additional dimension to the nature of policies and methods of their implementation.

Technological advancements in recent decades have brought about a qualitative shift in surveillance, in terms of tools, techniques, institutional structure, objectives, and desired outcomes. Surveillance has become a global issue, transforming from a physical, spatial, and punitive system to a moral, legal, and network-based one, relying on modern digitization. Once the domain of the state, used for security, reform, and maintaining order, it has been privatized and driven by profit, shifting from the production of material goods to the sale of future consumer behavior. These transformations have been the focus of research by several thinkers, most notably Jeremy Bentham, Michel Foucault, and Shoshana Zuboff, whose writings have significantly influenced theories of surveillance, from the Panopticon to surveillance capitalism.

The research attempts to study public policies in post-conflict societies by analyzing the theoretical framework of this relationship and its associated characteristics, and identifying the effects of conflict on the structure and functions of the state, relying on Iraq as a case study that represents a clear example of the complexities that accompanied countries emerging from violent conflicts, by addressing the most prominent security, political, economic and social challenges that hindered and still hinder the implementation of public policies in it, and clarifying the strategic objectives for reconstruction and consolidating stability. The research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach that links theory and practice.

In view of the geopolitical transformations taking place in the regional and international environments, Iraq seeks, through the Development Path Project, to expand the circle of openness to its regional and international neighborhood through its foreign policy, as the expansion of its geopolitical space towards theworlddid not come from a vacuum, but rather through its awareness of these transformations, as well as its awareness of For the set of geopolitical advantages that it enjoys, and how to employ them in order to return to its natural status as an important centerin theregion by virtue of its distinctive geographical location, which serves as a link and communication link between the East and the West, as well as how to exploit the opportunities available to it economically, politically, and security, and address the challenges that itmay face.His desired project.Thus, the research focuses on the opportunities and challenges of this project and its impact on the economic and political situation, in order to achieve sustainable development and get rid of the rentier character inherent in the Iraqi economy

This research aims to analyze Iraq’s external strategic performance after 2017, marking the end of the war against ISIS, and to explore its future strategic options amid the intensifying competitive nature of its regional environment. The research positions Iraq as a case study to examine the impact of a conflict-driven regional landscape on a state\'s external strategic conduct. The study is grounded in the hypothesis that there exists a reciprocal relationship between the effectiveness of a state\'s external strategic performance and the level of competitive interactions in its regional environment. The higher the intensity of these interactions, the more they influence the strategic effectiveness of states transitioning from instability to stability.

Despite the varying policies of successive US administrations, the Middle East remains a crucial area of interest for US national security, and they will not allow China or any other power to challenge their dominance in the region. This is especially true given that China's rapid economic development is fundamentally dependent on the region's energy resources. Therefore, this study clarified the political behavior that both the United States and China have adopted towards the region. China has adopted the economic dimension as its behavior in the region, moving away from the military dimension that the United States has adopted in its orientations towards the region, in anticipation of not clashing with the United States’ policy based on its military presence in the region. The study results showed that China’s behavior towards the Middle East region has relied on all economic and trade cooperation with the countries of the region, without any competition or clash that could provoke the United States, which has a military presence. Therefore, the importance of the study lies in understanding the behaviors of decision-makers in the United States and China towards the Middle East region, which is considered a meeting point of interests for both parties, while avoiding any clash between them.

One of the most important goals of public policy taken by countries is to reduce negative phenomena that cause disruption in human behavior, resulting in extensive damage in various sectors of the State\'s political, security, economic and social life, This breach is caused by a number of reasons, The most important of which is the phenomenon of drug spread among community members, which is based on the deprivation of one\'s mental, health and financial abilities, Therefore this phenomenon has been and continues to receive significant attention from States to reduce it in general, And Iraq’s policy after 2003 in particular, Which sought, through its various legislative, executive, institutional and judicial mechanisms, to combat the negative effects resulting from it, Despite all the attempts made by the Iraqi state after the process of changing the political system to combat the phenomenon of drug spread, However, it faced major challenges that has stood against those policies, Which we will discuss in detail in the course of the research, With a range of treatments for it.

Syria's diverse ethnic demographics, including Assyrians, Armenians, Kurds, Christians, Druze, Ismailis, and Alawites, A major role in the system of government have played a significant role in shaping the country's future. However, on December 8 of last year, the scenario changed dramatically after Assad fled to Moscow and his regime collapsed The new government, led by the leader of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, interim president Ahmad al-Sharaa, presents a new reality that is different from the previous regime, especially in the issue of minorities and their protection. Therefore, the issue of minorities was given special importance, and constituted the first major test for al-Sharaa in the political sphere. It is clear that protecting minorities in Syria is of paramount importance for establishing democracy in Syria, and the same is true for al-Sharaa and his government.

: This study provides a critical analysis of the role of the United Nations in managing post-conflict societies by examining both the theoretical foundations and practical applications of its interventions. Using a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the research explores the legal frameworks and policy tools guiding UN peacebuilding efforts through case studies from Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Kosovo. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of UN interventions largely depends on their adaptability to local contexts and the degree of coordination with national and regional actors. While UN strategies in institutional reconstruction, governance promotion, transitional justice, and post-conflict recovery have yielded notable achievements, persistent challenges—such as funding constraints, coordination gaps, and tensions between global norms and local dynamics—continue to undermine long-term sustainability. The study concludes with recommendations emphasizing context-sensitive, participatory approaches and the prioritization of local capacity-building to enhance durable peace outcomes.

This study aims to Analysis the practices of political marketing in the media-based electoral campaigns of the Kurdistan Region Parliament’s sixth term, held on October 20, 2024. The election witnessed the emergence of new and unconventional patterns in political promotion mechanisms, particularly through the intensive use of digital media. The researchers adopted a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology to analyze the strategies employed by the three main electoral lists: the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), and the New Generation Movement, as these parties secured the majority of votes and parliamentary seats.
The study yielded several significant findings, most notably: the increasing effectiveness of digital media marketing in attracting youth voters, especially in urban areas; the impact of emotional media messaging on voter behavior; and the rise of political personalization alongside a noticeable decline in the influence of traditional media in favor of digital platforms. Furthermore, the research indicated that some electoral lists benefited from the support of digital influencers to expand their voter base, while negative campaigning had an adverse effect on the image of certain parties, despite its capacity to stimulate protest voting.
In light of these findings, the study recommends the enactment of legislation to regulate the content of digital electoral campaigns and to limit defamation and misinformation. It also advocates for the training of electoral staff in modern political marketing techniques, the promotion of critical political awareness among the public, and the encouragement of professional and positive campaign discourse that enhances transparency and fosters effective and informed participation in the democratic process.

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In a conversation with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, former US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger complained that "the American security bureaucracy sometimes cannot be managed perfectly." Political scientists Kasler and Jost used this quote as the starting point for their research paper, "Lost in Transmission: Bureaucracy, Noise, and Communication in International Politics." Between the constants and variables of change, their research rests on the premise that: Traditionally, scholars have pointed to the gaps between sender and receiver as stemming from the noise of the international system, along with receiver errors such as psychological biases and organizational inefficiencies. However, international communication is a two-way process. Their argument demonstrates that senders can contribute to misunderstandings through transmission noise. Some misunderstandings arise from the bureaucracy's inability to effectively articulate what leaders want to say.