Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Maritime power is a crucial element for emerging nations. It allows countries to assert their influence over global supply chains and fulfil their goals of maintaining the flow of goods and services to and from their borders. In this context, China has recognised that it cannot attain its aspirations for global hegemony without a strong naval force, which serves as the key tool in redefining its role in the international system. The Indian Ocean, in particular, represents a vital gateway for China to achieve these objectives. The importance of research is that it rooted China's maritime strategy towards the Indian Ocean and clarified the relationship between the growth of Chinese naval power, economic effectiveness, and the exercise of international influence. The problem lies in the multiplicity of visions regarding the extent of China's awareness of the importance of naval power in achieving its global ambitions. Some narratives emphasise its primary importance, while others focus on its complementary importance. The main question, therefore, is: to what extent does China's rise and influence in the Indian Ocean depend on its growing naval power? The hypothesis suggests that China's maritime strategy is strengthening its rise as a global power. The country's naval presence in the Indian Ocean is crucial for realising its ambitions by 2049. China's international initiatives, especially the Belt and Road Initiative, cannot succeed without strengthening its naval power and presence to safeguard its economic interests across Asia, Europe, and Africa. It is also the main gateway for reshaping China's relations with the countries in the Chain of Pearls, and its decline based on challenges and opportunities will determine whether China can reach the top of the international hierarchy.

This research addresses the geopolitical transformation that the Russian Federation has undergone since 2022, as an active revising force in the international system, seeking to reshape the rules of international interaction and end the era of unilateral hegemony that has prevailed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The researcher explains that this transformation was not a product of the moment, but rather the result of a historical accumulation of structural tensions between Russia and the West, which were clearly manifested in the Russian-Ukrainian war, which constituted a decisive turning point that prompted Moscow to move from a strategy of peaceful change through diplomacy and international institutions to a strategy of coercive change based on military force and the imposition of a geopolitical fait accompli.

The topic of public policy formulation in the Sultanate of Oman is one of the important topics that shed light on how to design and implement public policies that affect the lives of citizens and society in general.
The research addresses key components including the legal and regulatory framework, the economic environment, and the cultural and social heritage, which form the foundations on which public policies are based. It also addresses the processes and methods used in policy formulation with a focus on the importance of community participation and strategic planning.
The research topic is also one of the vital topics that reflect how public affairs are managed in the Sultanate. The study aims to analyze the basic factors that affect the process of public policy formulation with a focus on the necessary components that contribute to formulating these policiessuch as the legal, regulatory, economic and social environment.
There are many basic components that affect the formulation of public policies, including political, social, economic and cultural factors. These components are considered the basis that enables understanding how to make political decisions and plan for the future of the country. Moreover, public policies are affected by modern global trends such as globalization, technology and environmental issues, which adds an additional dimension to the nature of policies and methods of their implementation.

Technological advancements in recent decades have brought about a qualitative shift in surveillance, in terms of tools, techniques, institutional structure, objectives, and desired outcomes. Surveillance has become a global issue, transforming from a physical, spatial, and punitive system to a moral, legal, and network-based one, relying on modern digitization. Once the domain of the state, used for security, reform, and maintaining order, it has been privatized and driven by profit, shifting from the production of material goods to the sale of future consumer behavior. These transformations have been the focus of research by several thinkers, most notably Jeremy Bentham, Michel Foucault, and Shoshana Zuboff, whose writings have significantly influenced theories of surveillance, from the Panopticon to surveillance capitalism.

The research attempts to study public policies in post-conflict societies by analyzing the theoretical framework of this relationship and its associated characteristics, and identifying the effects of conflict on the structure and functions of the state, relying on Iraq as a case study that represents a clear example of the complexities that accompanied countries emerging from violent conflicts, by addressing the most prominent security, political, economic and social challenges that hindered and still hinder the implementation of public policies in it, and clarifying the strategic objectives for reconstruction and consolidating stability. The research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach that links theory and practice.

In view of the geopolitical transformations taking place in the regional and international environments, Iraq seeks, through the Development Path Project, to expand the circle of openness to its regional and international neighborhood through its foreign policy, as the expansion of its geopolitical space towards theworlddid not come from a vacuum, but rather through its awareness of these transformations, as well as its awareness of For the set of geopolitical advantages that it enjoys, and how to employ them in order to return to its natural status as an important centerin theregion by virtue of its distinctive geographical location, which serves as a link and communication link between the East and the West, as well as how to exploit the opportunities available to it economically, politically, and security, and address the challenges that itmay face.His desired project.Thus, the research focuses on the opportunities and challenges of this project and its impact on the economic and political situation, in order to achieve sustainable development and get rid of the rentier character inherent in the Iraqi economy