Diyala Journal of Human Research

Greenland is one of the largest islands in the world and occupies a significant geopolitical position because it is located in the heart of the Arctic region. This places the United States under the control of special states that are trying to gain power and influence in the North Pole region. Greenland is located in the heart of the Arctic region because it influences the Arctic region, and therefore the United States is the one that controls the island and is trying to define its geopolitical role in the island, due to its interest in the importance of its geopolitical location and its geological weight, as it has carbon resources on the one hand and contains creative earth minerals on the other. Therefore, this study comes from the United States of America. The geopolitical position of Greenland is located to the east, as it is considered the main hub in the Arctic and is considered a geopolitical point that poses a threat to the soil. The study in the United Kingdom has a large percentage of carbon earth minerals, 1.5 million tons of earth minerals, at a constant rate until now.

The present study aims to examine the effect of a proposed counseling program based on the reality therapy approach in enhancing Job engagement among female employees. A review of relevant literature and previous studies on work engagement was conducted, which led to the development of a Job engagement scale. The researcher adopted the definition of Job engagement proposed by William Kahn (1990) to construct the scale items. The final version of the scale consisted of 33 items. For the purposes of the study, the researchers designed a counseling program grounded in the reality therapy model developed by Borders and Drury (1992). The program was implemented with the experimental group over 12 sessions, at a rate of two sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and a set of statistical methods. The results indicated that the counseling program based on the reality therapy approach had a significant effect in enhancing Job engagement among female employees. Based on the findings, the researchers offered several recommendations and suggestions for future work

The research aims to identify
. Spontaneous thinking among middle school students.1
. 2-The significance of statistical differences in spontaneous thinking according to the variables of study type (excellent - ordinary) and gender (male - female).
. 3-To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a spontaneous thinking scale according to Wendt's theory (2007) after following the scientific steps in its construction and verifying the apparent validity and construct validity. The reliability was verified by the retest method, as the reliability coefficient in the retest method reached (87%), while the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability reached (79%). The researcher applied the research scale to the research sample, which consisted of (400) male and female students from the distinguished students and their normal peers from the preparatory stage in the central district of Baqubah, after they were selected using the stratified random method with proportional distribution and using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), and processing the study data statistically using statistical methods (t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, standard error equation for measurement, t-test for the significance of the correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha equation, multiple regression analysis). The research reached the following results:
The research sample members exhibit spontaneous thinking.1
2.There are statistically significant differences in spontaneous thinking according to the variables of study type (excellent - ordinary), which is in favor of ordinary students, and gender (male - female), which is in favor of females. In light of the results, the research came up with several proposals and recommendation

The current study aims to investigate the effect of a counseling program based on the cognitive restructuring approach in enhancing learned optimism among intermediate school female students. A review of the relevant literature and previous studies addressing learned optimism led to the construction of a learned optimism scale. The researchers adopted the definition provided by Seligman (1990) to develop the scale scenarios, resulting in a final version comprising 23 items. For the purpose of the study, the researchers designed a counseling program based on the cognitive restructuring approach as presented by Borders and Drury (1992). The program was administered to the experimental group in 12 counseling sessions, delivered twice a week, with each session lasting 45 minutes- except for the introductory session, which lasted 50 minutes. The data were analyzed using SPSS software along with a range of statistical methods. The results revealed that the counseling program based on cognitive restructuring had a significant impact on enhancing learned optimism among intermediate school female students. In light of these findings, the researchers presented several recommendations and suggestions

The present research aims to: •Examine job embeddedness among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate.•Identify significant statistical differences in the job embeddedness scale based on gender (male and female) and marital status (married and unmarried).•Investigate personality types according to the MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate. •Explore significant statistical differences in the MBTI personality types based on gender (male and female) and marital status (married and unmarried).•Determine the correlation between job embeddedness and personality types among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female employees working at the Diyala Sewerage Directorate. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional distribution. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher employed the Job Embeddedness Scale developed by Mitchell et al. (2021). To verify the psychometric properties of the scale, both face validity and construct validity were extracted. Reliability value was obtained using two methods: •Test-retest reliability, which resulted in a score of 0.82. •Cronbach's alpha, which produced a score of 0.87. Consequently, the final version of the job embeddedness scale consists of 24 items.Additionally, the (Hammed, 2024) MBTI personality types of scale were used, adapted from Yung (1968). The psychometric properties of the scale, both face validity and construct validity were extracted. Reliability value was obtained using two methods: •Test-retest reliability, which resulted in a score of 0.83. •Cronbach's alpha, which produced a score of 0.80. Therefore, the personality pattern scale (MBTI) will consist of 49 items in its final form.For data analysis, the researcher utilized statistical methods including (One-Sample T-Test, Independent Two-Sample T-Test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Correlation Coefficient Significance T-Test, Cronbach’s alpha, and Chi-Square Test). Data was processed using the SPSS statistical software package. Key Findings:• Employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate exhibit a significant level of job embeddedness. •The predominant personality types among employees are Emotional Type, Decisive Type, Open Type, and Sensory Type. •A statistically significant correlation was found between personality types (Emotional, Decisive, Open, and Sensory) and job embeddedness

This study investigates the linguistic and stylistic implications of machine translation (MT) from Arabic into English across three distinct genres: literary, journalistic, and academic writing. It examines how neural machine translation (NMT) tools—particularly Google Translate and DeepL—affect lexical choices, syntactic structures, pragmatic nuances, and culturally embedded expressions in the target language. Through a comparative analysis of machine-generated translations and human-produced equivalents, the research identifies consistent patterns introduced by MT, including lexical flattening, syntactic over-regularization, and the loss of metaphorical or culturally specific content.
Using representative texts—a short story (Heart of Glass by Ashti Kamal), a political news article from Reuters (June 20, 2025), and an academic paper (The Science of Language in the Era of Generative AI by Levy et al., 2025)—the study demonstrates both the strengths and limitations of MT in preserving textual fidelity. The findings indicate that while MT performs well in terms of surface fluency and grammatical accuracy, it frequently fails to convey rhetorical nuance and contextual depth. This raises important concerns about its cumulative influence on English usage among non-native speakers.
The study contributes to the fields of translation studies, digital linguistics, and multilingual pedagogy by underscoring the need for critical engagement with machine-generated texts and by advocating for hybrid translation models that integrate computational efficiency with human interpretive expertise

The process of Translation enters the message of a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) making no alterations to the meaning of the message. The purpose of any literary translation would be to realize the author's imagination and intent without losing clarity with respect to the readership. Translating any proper name would be a special challenge since the process of shifting an expression may rely on whether the translator is stage-oriented or source-oriented.
With increasing cultural exchange, translating children's literature has become a most important means of introducing young readers to other cultures. Yet proper names remain a challenge in translation due to their cultural nature. While some scholars consider proper names untranslatable, some are looking at options for translating them meaningfully into the TL. This abstract indicates the complexity of translating proper names and the necessity of bringing in an awareness of culture into the process of literary translation.

This study aims to focus on the importance of motivation as a means to enhance the learning of Modern Standard Arabic among students in various university majors, particularly in addressing the challenges associated with mastering writing and speaking in Standard Arabic. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, distributing a questionnaire to a group of students from diverse majors to measure their level of motivation for learning Modern Standard Arabic and to identify the factors that encourage them to learn it. The results of the study indicated a positive relationship between an increase in students’ motivation and an improvement in their proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic. It was found that certain factors, such as professional goals, cultural identity, and the role of the teacher, have a significant impact on students’ motivation. The study emphasized the importance of developing teaching methods that are stimulating and provide learning environments that support interactive learning and make use of modern technology. The study recommended raising awareness of the importance of Modern Standard Arabic, designing educational programs that meet students’ needs and majors, and training teachers in instructional methods that stimulate students and strengthen their connection to their native language.

This research aims to study water resources and their impact on determining the agricultural area and its reflection on the quantity and quality of wheat production in Diyala Governorate, as wheat is one of the most strategic crops cultivated on a large scale. The total area of arable land in the governorate is (7 million dunams), with the area allocated for wheat cultivation reaching (637,847 dunams) according to the 2020 agricultural plan—the highest percentage during the research period. This percentage varies depending on the agricultural plan, which is based on the available water resources in Diyala Governorate.
It is noteworthy that one dunam of wheat requires approximately 1,625 m³ of water for irrigation from the growth period until maturity, relying on surface irrigation systems. Irrigation is carried out in spaced batches as needed. The most common irrigation method in the region is surface irrigation, dependent on irrigation projects in Diyala Governorate. This is because most of the governorate’s climate falls within the arid zone, with rainfall rates below 200 mm annually, making it impossible to rely solely on rainfall for agriculture—except in the northeastern parts of the governorate, where the average annual rainfall reaches about 400 mm. While this amount is sufficient for wheat cultivation, the fluctuation in rainfall quantity and timing makes it unreliable for consistent agricultural practices.

In Maqam al-Kurd, music is not merely employed as a décorative aesthetic element; rather, It evolves Into a cultural structure that raises deep questions surrounding identity, belonging, and the self.
This study adopts a cultural perspective to trace the manifestations of music within the narrative and to deconstruct its layers as a signifier of shifts In identity and selfhood within broader social and historical contexts.
The analysis seeks to uncover how music functions as a cultural bridge, connecting art with memory and Identity, and how It contributes to the creation of meaning within the fictional world. Ultimately, music emerges as a symbolic medium through which marginalized communities reclaim space and resist erasure and authoritative power.

This research aims to represent and discuss the concept of the Italiae Critic and Novelist Umberto Echo to the theory of possible worlds which he attempted to apply to many narrative texts, including his novels, with the aim of discover the meaning and the purpose of the narrative text. The research also presents the first roots of the theory of possible worlds among Arab and Westhen philosphers.
The philosophical conceptions of possible worlds were one of the motivations that the Italian novelist and semiotician Umberto Echo relied on in his analyses of the story, as he employed many of the theoretical and practical foundations of the theory of possible worlds in the task of revealing the intention of the narrative text, and how it is produced, which is known as the theory of the text in modern criticism. So what does Eco mean by the intention of the text, and what are the foundations on which he chose the theory of possible worlds to reveal this intention, and how did he employ the criteria of this theory in his analyses of possible worlds in narrative texts? This is what our attention will be directed to answering in this research.
Then presents the most prominen foundations of this theory according to Umberto Echo, and the most prominent observations on it.

This research aims to represent and discuss the concept of the Italiae Critic and Novelist Umberto Echo to the theory of possible worlds which he attempted to apply to many narrative texts, including his novels, with the aim of discover the meaning and the purpose of the narrative text. The research also presents the first roots of the theory of possible worlds among Arab and Westhen philosphers.
The philosophical conceptions of possible worlds were one of the motivations that the Italian novelist and semiotician Umberto Echo relied on in his analyses of the story, as he employed many of the theoretical and practical foundations of the theory of possible worlds in the task of revealing the intention of the narrative text, and how it is produced, which is known as the theory of the text in modern criticism. So what does Eco mean by the intention of the text, and what are the foundations on which he chose the theory of possible worlds to reveal this intention, and how did he employ the criteria of this theory in his analyses of possible worlds in narrative texts? This is what our attention will be directed to answering in this research.
Then presents the most prominen foundations of this theory according to Umberto Echo, and the most prominent observations on it.

The present study aims to explore the effect of a counseling program based on Choice Theory in reducing conspicuous consumption among university female students. A review of related literature and previous studies on conspicuous consumption led to the development of a relevant measurement scale. The researchers adopted the definition provided by Veblen (1960) for constructing the scale items, resulting in a final version composed of 26 items. For the purpose of the study, the researchers designed a counseling program based on the Choice Theory approach as presented by Borders and Drury (1992). The program was implemented with the experimental group in 12 counseling sessions, conducted twice weekly, with each session lasting 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and various statistical methods. The results indicated that the counseling program based on Choice Theory had a significant effect in reducing conspicuous consumption among university female students. Based on these findings, the researchers offered a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The civilization of the Arab Islamic nation possessed the many wor of scholars
, which were met with the attention of researchers in academic studies that were taken from Muslim narrators and newsmen, including (Al-A’mash) and others, who began with their records of historical events and the transmission of that news. Thus, this history recorded with chains of transmission carries with it teachings that changed the course of humanity as a whole. Among these scholars is Abu Mashair Abd Al-A’la (the subject of our research), whose study was a small part of returning the favor to him

The current research aims to identify (Emotional Injustice among University Students), and the significance of statistical differences in emotional injustice according to the variable of gender (males - females) and specialization (Scientific - Humanities). To achieve the aims of the research, the researcher built an emotional injustice scale according to Gallegos Theory (Gallegos, 2021), as the scale consisted of (20) items, and the apparent honesty and construct validity were verified, as well as the stability of the test and re-test methods, where the stability coefficient reached (0.85), and the Alpha-Cronbach's coefficient (074). The scale was then applied to the research sample, which consisted of (400) male and female students from University of Diyala. The research sample was selected by a stratified random method with proportional distribution, where the following statistical methods were used (t-test for one sample, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the t-test for two independent samples). The results revealed that the members of the research sample do not have emotional injustice compared to the hypothetical average of the scale and with significant differences, and the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of gender (males- females) and in favor of females, with statistically significant differences according to specialization (Scientific - Humanitarian), and in favor of the Humanitarian specialization.

The present study aims to investigate the following:
1. The level of national loyalty among employees at the University of Diyala.
2. Statistically significant differences in the national loyalty scale based on gender (male vs. female).
3. Statistically significant differences in the national loyalty scale based on age groups (25–45) and (45–60).
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a National Loyalty Scale based on Connor’s (2007) theory, adhering to systematic methodological procedures. The face validity of the scale was ensured through expert review by specialists in educational and psychological sciences and in measurement and evaluation. Construct validity was established through correlational analysis of the scale’s items. Reliability was confirmed using the test–retest method, which yielded a coefficient of 0.91, and Cronbach’s alpha, which yielded a coefficient of 0.75.
The researcher selected a stratified random sample of 400 male and female employees for the purposes of statistical analysis and to determine the study’s results. The sample was proportionally distributed across the faculties affiliated with the research population. Data were analyzed using several statistical methods, including the one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and independent samples t-test.
The study yielded the following results:
1. University employees exhibit a high level of national loyalty, which stems from their love for their country and willingness to make sacrifices for its sake.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the national loyalty scale based on gender, indicating that patriotic sentiments do not differ between males and females.
3. There are no statistically significant differences in the national loyalty scale based on age, suggesting that age differences do not influence national loyalty.
In light of these findings, the researcher offers several recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The current research aims to find out (the effect of a counseling program based on the behavioral dialectic method in reducing marital distress among married women). The current research is determined by the teachers of married women in Governorate of Diyala / Khalis District for the year (2024/2025) and their number amounted (1557). The literature and previous studies dealing with marital distress were reviewed. The results resulted in constructing the marital distress scale and the researcher adopted the definition of Guttman (1993), Gottman's definition of marital distress in order to build the paragraphs of the scale, which in its final version consisted of (32) items. The researcher designed for the purposes of the study a counseling program, based on the counseling method (behavioral dialectic) of (Borders & Dryra, 1992), which was applied to the experimental group in (10) sessions, two sessions of each week, the duration of the session (45) minutes, and the data were processed using a (SPSS) program and a number of statistical methods. The results showed that the counseling program in the dialectical behavioral method was effective in reducing marital distress among married women. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the level of positive disintegration among middle school female students. The researcher followed the descriptive approach in preparing the research. The current research is limited to middle school female students in the government morning schools of Baqubah District Center, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education for Diyala Governorate for the academic year (2024-2025) The number of schools is (30) with a total of (15953) female students. The scale that was built by the researcher was applied to a sample of (369) female students distributed over 8 schools. The researcher built a positive disintegration scale that consisted of (25) paragraphs distributed over five areas with (5) paragraphs for each area. The researcher verified the validity of the scale through apparent validity and construct validity indicators. As for reliability, it was extracted by retesting and reached (0.84) In the method of Cronbach's alpha equation for internal consistency, which reached (0.93), and to process the research data, the researcher used a number of statistical methods, including: the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha equation, and the Chi-square test. The research results showed a low level of positive disintegration for the research sample, and the researcher came out in light of the research results with a number of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals

The research focuses on tracing the critique of phonetic terms related to sound features in linguistic studies. This critique consists of a set of judgments, opinions, and evaluations put forth by modern scholars regarding these traditional terms, which were the result of direct observation at the time. With the advent of modern phonetic studies and the reliance on various advanced devices and imaging techniques, some concepts have evolved, and others have changed. Consequently, this has led to a critique of the terms expressing those concepts, followed by the development of new terms that align with the newly established concepts

The current research aimed to identify the emotional plague among students of Diyala University. The current research aimed to identify the level of emotional plague according to the variable of gender (males, females), specialization (human sciences), and social status (single, married). To achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a scale of emotional plague and followed the scientific steps in its construction, in addition to verifying the validity and reliability and processing the data statistically using the t-test for one sample and the t-test for two independent samples. The research reached the following results: The individuals of the research sample suffer from emotional plague and there is an effect of the variable of gender, specialization, and social statu

Education in Balad was primitive through the Kuttabs, then it began to develop with the establishment of the first official schools in 1923, which was Balad First Elementary School for Boys. With the increase in the number of students, the number of elementary schools increased, and intermediate schools were opened, such as Balad Intermediate School in 1950. Education in Balad also witnessed another kind of development represented by the opening of schools for girls and a number of other religious schools such as Sayyid Sadiq Al-Hindi School and the Muntada Al-Nashr Association School.

A summary of what was in our research tagged with (the phonetic faces that Sibawayh improved in his book), we limited ourselves to what he stipulated that it was good and from the phonetic side only. Because of the great service it contains for the readers in the Holy Qur’an..., the research plan came drawn through an inventory of the material, which consisted of an entrance and two axes: Convergent letters that are from one way out), and the sources are proven, and with this we ask God for repayment in the work.

The research aims to study and analysis the reality of the spatial distribution of health services in Al-Khalis City for 2022, Within a geographical vision through which it is clear how important this distribution is and the extent of its efficiency for these services by providing the necessary service to the population at the level of the study area, especially after the population increase and urbanisation witnessed by the region, Therefore, the researcher used a number of criteria to show the efficiency of this service, which included functional and cadastral standards such as Al-Khalis General Hospital in health centres, private medical clinics, and radiology clinics, medical laboratories, pharmacies and the number of medical cadres in each institution, as well as the efficiency of functional and spatial standards within the Iraqi standards determined by the Iraqi Ministry of Health.

This research addresses a mathematical exploration of the poem " Shajarat Altha’abeen" included in the third volume of the Complete Poetic Works of the poet Adeeb Kamal al-Din. Through its mathematical exploration, the research aims to delve into the depths of the characteristics of poetic language, drawing on a selected poem from these works that reflects the aesthetics of poetry. This is accomplished by contemplating his poetic language, which is characterized by clarity and fluidity. It avoids complexity and excessive ambiguity, relying on a style that sometimes activates suggestion and sometimes explicitness.
The mathematical reading of poetic language reveals the poet's tendency to use narrative to create a smooth communication in the poem and crystallize its meanings. This reading is achieved by applying the mathematical pattern and its linguistic dimensions to the poetic text, making it an effective method for teaching and understanding. Mathematics serves as a ray of light shining on the fields of science, providing scientists with intellectual tools that enhance their research capabilities. No science can escape the magical influence of mathematics, as it is a means of achieving an intellectual leap in the fields of linguistics.
The research must address a set of pivotal questions, namely:
- What makes mathematics a modern technique in the field of linguistics?
- How does linguistic analysis move toward the horizons of mathematics?
- Does the recipient's competence qualify him to apply mathematical theories in the space of poetic discourse?
This research, entitled "Mathematical Set Theory and Its Dimensions in the Poem (The Tree of Snakes) by Adeeb Kamal El-Din," comprises three axes. The first axis is devoted to clarifying the concept of mathematical linguistics, on the one hand, and reviewing the procedural and analytical structure, on the other. This axis will address the cognitive and practical dimensions of this unique field. The second axis is devoted to exploring mathematical set theory, as the beauty of mathematical concepts overlaps with the precision of linguistics. The third axis addresses the influence of mathematical set theory in illuminating meanings and constructing connotations in a way that elevates thought and opens new horizons for understanding. Among the research findings are:
- The overlap between the fields of linguistics and mathematics is due to the duality of origin and branch in linguistics, and the duality of constant and variable in the world of mathematics.
- Set theory is the solid foundation of mathematical thought as a whole. The concept of a set as a central element is based on a fundamental principle that asserts that the value and existence of any element are linked to close relationships that connect it to the other elements of the set.

This research paper aims to trace the transformations of Mohammed Khudair’s critical vision through a meta-critical lens—that is, within the framework of the critique of criticism. The objective is to uncover the critic's understanding of the literary text and how he interprets and analyzes it according to his unique critical perspective. This reading constitutes the aesthetic pole of the text and raises several key questions:
Does the process of textual analysis require philosophical thinking, along with literary and critical awareness, and an appreciation of the text's pleasure? What does "understanding" mean for Mohammed Khudair? Is it a spontaneous subjective activity, or an objective form of knowledge? Does interpretation necessitate an awareness of the cultural, intellectual, and aesthetic contexts of the text? How did Khudair engage with texts—how did he understand and interpret them? What kind of aesthetics emerged from his approach, considering his dual identity as both a literary writer and a critic?

The current study aimed to identify the effect of a counseling program using the motivational interviewing technique in reducing school burnout among third-grade intermediate female students. This was achieved by testing the following null hypotheses:
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students.
2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the control group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students.
3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental and control groups' scores in the post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students.
To achieve this, the researcher adopted the school burnout scale developed by Salmela etal.(2009), which consists of 9 items distributed across three domains. The counseling program was designed according to the motivational interviewing technique and consisted of 12 sessions, delivered at a rate of two sessions per week. The results indicated that motivational interviewing had an effect in reducing school burnout among the students in the experimental group in the post-test.

Norman Mailer, who is one of the prominant novelists in post-war American literature, argues the WWII effects in his novel The Naked and the Dead. He sheds light on the horrible events and death happen in the novel. Moreover, he focuses on the negative aspects of the war and its devastating effects on both the oppressors and the oppressed. This paper aims at expressing the inner thought of the Americans who suffer a lot during and after the war time.
Mailer depicts the individual as either the one who submits to wrongful forces or that who tries to be spiritually independent. He also presents characters as either horrified, powerless, and victimized like Lieutenant Hearn, Trooper Red Valsen, and others or horrifying, powerful, and victimizers like General Cummings and Lieutenant Croft. Mailer also concentrates on the theme of death which happens to some characters as the war effects.

This study examines the strategic shift in U.S.–China relations between 1969 and 1974 through an analysis of the Nixon Doctrine. It highlights the political context, secret diplomacy, President Nixon’s 1972 visit to Beijing, and the Shanghai Communiqué. The study also explores the mutual benefits for both sides and how this rapprochement contributed to reshaping global dynamics during the Cold War. The topic was chosen for its historical and strategic significance, as it represents a pivotal turning point in international relations with a long-term impact on the global balance of power and the interactions among major powers.

This research examines the social and professional biography of Fouad Siniora, tracing his career from banking to holding prominent political positions until 2005. It highlights his upbringing, education, and the influence of his social environment on shaping his personality, as well as his economic and administrative roles that paved the way for his entry into the political arena.
The research reviews the financial policies and economic reforms he adopted during his tenure as Minister of Finance, as well as his close relationship with the late Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. The study aims to analyze the factors that contributed to Siniora's rise in the Lebanese political scene and assess his impact on Lebanon's economy and politics up until 2005.

This research, entitled (Intertextuality and Textual Interrelation: A Study of Arab Critical Concepts and Applications), is a serious attempt to address a concept that has long occupied the minds of Arab critics and the West alike.
The Arabs also hinted that the seeds of this Western concept were circulating among the Arabs since ancient times, such as: Al-Jahiz, and others who were addressed in the research, and their statements were presented in detail; Intertextuality is a complex phenomenon.
We rarely see a text that is devoid of intertextuality with another text.
It is a process of joking and intermingling the present with the past. This is present in our lives.
Today, we cite the sayings and opinions of previous nations, whether we like it or not. It is a concept that has deep roots in antiquity.
However, the West took some hints and signals from the Arabs, such as plagiarism, telepathy, and the absent text, etc., and they framed the term to become a term in its own right, with its foundations, concepts, and mechanisms.
This research includes three sections, preceded by an introduction and a preface, followed by a conclusion that summarizes the most prominent results reached by the research, and then a list of sources and references from which the research drew its scientific material