Al-Esraa university college journal for social and humanity sciences

The research aims to diagnose the role played by empowering
educational staff through three pillars (information sharing, freedom of
decision, and possession of knowledge) in enhancing their ability to achieve
their strategic goals, due to the lack of knowledge about the importance of
this relationship inside the schools, the field of research. Therefore, the
importance of this research lies in enhancing knowledge in this field and
proposing mechanisms to address the problem. The researcher relied on the
principles of the descriptive analytical approach in writing the research with
its theoretical and applied aspects. The questionnaire was also used in
collecting data, which was distributed to several Educational staff, totaling
289 individuals working in a sample of private schools in Baghdad. The
researcher used the measures of central tendency because they are
consistent with the nature of the data that was collected in its statistical
processing using the program (SPSS v23). The results confirmed the interest
of the schools studied in empowering their Educational staff and investing
the results of that in achieving their strategic goals. Accordingly, the
researcher recommended the necessity of working on following up on
developments in the field of empowering Educational staff and its most
important methods, and investing the results of that in updating the strategic
goals of the schools and achieving them as planned.

This study examines the representation of women in the novels
of Jane Austen against the tension of tradition and rebellion. Austen's female
protagonists find themselves navigating instances of patriarchal authority
that divert them from their expectations of love, marriage, social class and
family. While Austen's heroines often adhere to the social conventions of the
Regency era, there are non-aggressive forms of individual resistance that
emerge through the characters' own moral codes, intellectual clarity, and
emotional integrity. The analysis of key characters—like Elizabeth Bennet,
Emma Woodhouse, and Anne Elliot—shows us that their resistance is not
entirely through the act of rejecting tradition, but by creating space for
personal agency and self-respect within that tradition. From a dispassionate
literary space, Austen critiques the rigid structures of a patriarchal system,
while reminding us that reform and agency are possible. In conclusion, this
paper argues that Austen's feminist utopia lies in the nuanced representations
of women who, against so many constraints, are attempting to self-define
themselves—both remarkably futuristic and deeply human.

This article aims to investigate movement and storytelling as pathways
of Indigenous resurgence in Richard Wagamese’s Medicine Walk (2014). It
employs a qualitative approach based on textual analysis of Medicine Walk
by applying Leanne B. Simpson’s concept of “Biskaabiiyang” that is literally
translated as “return to ourselves”, and radical Indigenous resurgence. The
findings reveal that Wagamese deployed storytelling and kinetics as
decolonizing modes of resisting the colonial policies of dispossession, cultural
displacement, colonial shaming and assimilation by reclaiming the Indigenous
people’s resilience and kinship ties with their community, land and culture.
Storytelling and movement reassert the Indigenous people’s return to and
presence on their land to dismantle the colonial system that seeks to
undermine their sovereignty by disrupting their interconnectedness with
their land. The article recommends applying more Indigenous frameworks to
Wagamese’s novels, especially those that are concerned with protagonists
suffering from residential school trauma and which were solely examined
through trauma studies frameworks. Future studies should consider the
mobilization of Indigenous people to envision a decolonial future of freedom
and sovereignty

Trauma leaves profound and indelible effects that cannot be easily
erased. It is like a knife that strikes deeply and leaves permanent scars across
a lifetime. In many cases, trauma may lead to devastation, including the
disintegration of identity or even death. The wounds it inflicts have the
potential to construct a new, often fractured identity for the victim, turning
life entirely upside down. Therefore, the current study entitled “An analysis
of Trauma in Elif Shafak’s Gaze” examines Elif Shafak’s The Gaze (2006), using
Cathy Caruth’s theory of trauma. The selected main character is an obese
girl, in which she suffers from a childhood sexual abuse, compulsive eating,
and eventual suicide. Trauma in Caruth’s theory lies the notion of
“belatedness, the idea that trauma operates through latency, resurfacing
through repetition”. the study argues that the obese girl’s fragmented
memories, repetitive dreams, and compulsive eating are examples for the
delayed return of trauma that Caruth identifies as central to Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD). The paper shows, how Shafak portrays trauma not
only as a personal wound that the person suffers from, but also as the public
matter in which the society create an identity for the victims through their
judgmental lens towards an obese. The methodology is qualitative; its
primary sources are the excerpts from the novel and the character’s
statements are analyzed.

The aim of this research was to identify the impact of organizational
leadership dimensions on organizational citizenship behaviors through a
survey of the opinions of a sample of employees in the Department of
Immigration and Displacement in Salah al-Din, The research community was
represented by the Department of Immigration and Displacement in Salah
al-Din, while the research sample included employees in this department,
The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data from a sample of 40
individuals working in this department, In order to identify the level of
availability of research variables in the organization being studied and to test
its hypotheses, some statistical measures and indicators were used, including
(spssver23), Based on the analysis and testing of the research results, the
research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence
of a positive moral impact of organizational leadership in its dimensions on
organizational citizenship behaviors in the researched society, The researcher
recommends that the Department of Immigration and Displacement in Salah
al-Din should adopt organizational leadership patterns in its work, given its
role in enhancing organizational citizenship behaviors

The importance of social media sites is increasing day by day, as the
importance of these sites stems from the huge and rapid extent of spread that
they have achieved in the recent period, as social media followers have begun to
use them as a means to express themselves and create the content they desire
after these means have given them different tools that enable each user to be the
creator of the content and control its publication and promotion, Thus, social media
influencers emerged. This term is given to a person who has (10 thousand followers
or more) on any social media platform, and this results in more interaction with
this person and being influenced by what he presents through these social media,
The influencer seeks to share the content he provides across multiple platforms.
This content he provides may be illegal, which leads to civil liability towards the
influencer. The legislator did not explicitly address this in the Iraqi Civil Code. When
illegal content is provided, it is necessary to compensate the injured party for the
damage he has suffered, Given the magnitude of the damages caused by illegal
content, this study aims to establish the basis for the civil liability of social media
influencers for the illegal content they provide

It is known that the existence of international criminal courts is not a
recent matter, International criminal courts did not exist before the outbreak of
World War, and after the end of World War, voices rose calling for the necessity of
establishing international criminal courts to try major criminals, including leaders
and heads of state, Indeed, many international criminal courts were established.
Temporary, including the Nuremberg Tribunal of 1945 AD and the Tokyo Tribunal
of 1946 AD After that, the international community moved to establish mixed
international criminal courts, such as the International Criminal Court for Cambodia
and the International Criminal Court for Lebanon, but the community settled on the
necessity of spreading a permanent international criminal court, and this is what
actually happened in 1998 AD, when many countries signed the Rome Statute on
Establishing a permanent International Criminal Court.

The Police is a state legal security institution of a social nature that ensures
the maintenance of public order, law enforcement, security stability and community
progress. On the basis of this, the police are at present an essential entity in every
system and society, It plays an important role in social development, identifying
the causes of societal deviation, Community protection through educational
courses and outreach programmes by various media as well as its essential role
in maintaining security and stability unlike its previous role, which was limited
to the fight against crime, the prosecution of offenders and the application of
laws However, today's police in Iraq face considerable challenges in fulfilling this
important role, Most notably, multiple penal sanctions, weak procedural safeguards
and terrorist organizations, which have had a significant impact on undermining the
effectiveness of the police's role in social development and confronting delinquent
behaviour, especially since such extremist organizations often denounce the
injustice, repression and corruption of security actors in order to win support. Police
are often at the frontline of violence emanating from these organizations and their
first responders. If the police have high community confidence, they can be the
fortifying shield to combat this extremist ideology and prevent it from happening.
In addition, the Iraqi Police Corporation suffers from inadequate training of police
items in social development, culture and awareness of the criminalization of
corruption and the criminalization of human rights abuse, which negatively affects
the police's current role.

National unity in Iraq is both a complex challenge and a unique opportunity,
given the great diversity of its social, ethnic, and religious components. After
2003, and with the successive political and security changes, Iraq faced significant
challenges that impacted the concept of this unity and the means of achieving it.
The Iraqi constitution plays a crucial role in protecting the country's national unity.
It serves as the supreme legal framework that defines the nature of the state,
regulates relations between its various components, and seeks to achieve a balance
between the rights of individuals and groups while preserving Iraq's sovereignty
and territorial integrity. Therefore, this research aims to identify the role of the
constitution in protecting national unity in Iraq, using a descriptive and analytical
approach. The research concludes that while the constitution consolidates a
unifying national identity, internal conflicts and the preference for sub-loyalties
(sectarian and ethnic) at the expense of national identity weaken the constitution's
ability to build a shared sense of belonging. The research also recommends that, to
ensure the fair and effective implementation of the constitution, it is essential to
strengthen the independence of the judiciary and activate its role as a protector of
the constitution and citizens' rights

The most important aspect of the federal system in practice is the duality
of legislative power. Federal states form two chambers within the legislative
authority. The first is the House of Representatives, and the second is the Federal
Council, which achieves a balance in the distribution of power so that all parties
participate equally in decision-making. Iraq adopted the federal system according
to its constitution in force in 2005. However, this system has not yet been fully
implemented due to the obstruction of the formation of the second chamber of the
legislative authority, namely the Federal Council. We find that the constitutional
legislator did not give this chamber its expected role in the constitutional texts and
referred its formation to the House of Representatives through the enactment of
a law. Moreover, the House of Representatives and other bodies have delayed its
formation to this time. In this simple study, a number of obstacles that caused the
obstruction of the formation of the council will be addressed, in addition to some
possible solutions that will facilitate the return of the federal system to its correct
course by enacting and implementing the Federal Council Law.

This study aims to analyze the role of financial analysis as a strategic tool
to enhance institutional performance, using Al-Rafidain Bank as a case study. The
research highlights the importance of financial analysis in supporting decisionmaking,
achieving organizational goals, increasing operational efficiency, and
improving the quality of banking services.The findings indicate that Al-Rafidain
Bank pays considerable attention to the application of financial analysis tools,
particularly in measuring profitability and sustainability, which contributes to
improving operational efficiency and financial performance. The study also reveals
a positive awareness within the bank’s management regarding the importance of
engaging employees in specialized training programs in financial analysis, which
reflects positively on the enhancement of human resource capabilities and increased
productivity. However, the study also identifies several challenges, including weak
responsiveness to employee complaints, limited awareness of the importance of data
in decision-making, a lack of transparency in information flow, and weak adherence
to timelines in delivering banking services—factors that negatively affect the level
of trust between management, employees, and clients. Based on these results,
the study concludes with several key recommendations, most notably: continuing
to invest in advanced financial analysis tools and expanding their application to
include forecasting economic variables; organizing regular training programs for
employees focused on modern financial analysis technologies; establishing effective
institutional mechanisms to ensure transparent information flow; improving
the work environment through employee participation in decision-making; and
promoting a culture of accountability and openness. The insights derived from the
case of Al-Rafidain Bank confirm that activating financial analysis as a strategic
practice requires integration between financial planning, capacity building, and
information system enhancement, in a way that strengthens the bank’s competitive
advantage and elevates its overall institutional performance.

Blockchain technology has revolutionized numerous industrial sectors,
with accounting and auditing being among the most significantly impacted. This
study conducts a narrative review of the literature to explore the current landscape
and potential future developments of continuous auditing through the integration
of blockchain technology. By analyzing a wide range of sources published in the
relevant Google Scholar database, this research identifies key trends, prevailing
practices, and emerging opportunities associated with integrating blockchain into
audit methodologies. The review highlights how blockchain can contribute to the
development of traditional audit processes, enhance data integrity, and reduce the
manual tasks associated with audits. Furthermore, this study examines the benefits
of this technology and its relevance to the auditing profession, as well as the
challenges that economic entities encounter when adopting blockchain technology.
As this technology continues to evolve, its integration into auditing practices is
likely to redefine industry standards and strengthen the role of auditors in ensuring
financial accountability

This research aims to analyze the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
on improving the financial performance of an industrial company Al-Mansour
Pharmaceutical Industrial Company, which is listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, The
Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was used as an analytical and classification
tool based on a set of financial indicators, including Return on Investment (ROI),
Return on Equity (ROE), Systematic Risk, Unsystematic Risk, and Total Risk. Financial
data were collected from the companies’ quarterly reports, and were processed and
analyzed in detail by constructing a specialized model using the (SVM) algorithm,
to evaluate the company’s financial performance forecast its results. The findings
demonstrated the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in providing accurate
indicators that enhance predictive capability and support improved financial
decision-making. The study recommends adopting Artificial Intelligence techniques
in financial data analysis within the Iraq Stock Exchange, as they play an essential
role in enhancing performance efficiency and creating added value for companies.

The British–Russian rivalry over Afghanistan was one of the most important
causes that led to the outbreak of the Second Afghan War, particularly after the
Russian expansion into Central Islamic Asia and its occupation of several regions
in the second half of the nineteenth century. This posed a threat to Afghanistan,
which Britain sought to counter by making it a buffer zone in order to safeguard its
interests in India. Moreover, Emir Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan grew increasingly
concerned and requested assistance from the British. However, they imposed
conditions in exchange for supplying him with weapons and protecting his territory
from Russian expansion. These conditions included his approval of appointing a
British representative in Kabul to monitor Russian movements and to take control
of Afghanistan’s foreign relations. He rejected this out of fear that Russia would
make the same demands, in addition to the Afghan people’s rejection of any foreign
presence on their soil. This exacerbated the situation and ultimately led to the war
in 1878. Nevertheless, the British failed to achieve their objectives, as members of
the British mission were killed following the outbreak of uprisings against them.
Despite their resources, British forces were unable to impose their control and were
compelled to withdraw in 1881 after suffering human and material losses. Their only
achievement was the control of Afghanistan’s foreign relations after Emir Abdur
Rahman Khan pledged to this arrangement, but he soon reneged on his promise
and established contacts with Russia.

The present study aims to examine knowledge hiding behaviors within the
academic environment by analyzing the levels and patterns of such behaviors among
faculty members at the College of Media, Al-Iraqia University. The study addressed three
main patterns of knowledge hiding: rationalized hiding, evasive hiding, and playing dumb,
while also testing gender differences in the adoption of these behaviors. The research
employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire consisting of 12 items,
with four items allocated to each pattern. The sample size reached 144 participants,
covering faculty members across different academic ranks and administrative positions.
Data were analyzed using the SPSS V.26 software to extract means, standard deviations,
and to test gender differences in each of the knowledge hiding patterns.
The findings revealed that knowledge hiding behaviors exist at a moderateto-
high level, with the overall mean score of knowledge hiding reaching (3.65).
Among the patterns, playing dumb recorded the highest mean (3.71), followed by
evasive hiding and then rationalized hiding. Moreover, significant gender differences
were found across all patterns, indicating that female faculty members were more
inclined to adopt knowledge hiding strategies compared to males. This reflects the
impact of psychological and organizational factors in shaping these behaviors.
The study concluded that the phenomenon does not merely represent an
individual behavior, but rather reflects an organizational culture and academic policies
related to trust, psychological safety, and the protection of intellectual capital. The
research recommended enhancing a culture of voluntary knowledge sharing, developing
policies to protect intellectual property rights, and fostering an academic environment
built on trust and openness to reduce the motives for knowledge hiding while promoting
innovation and improving the quality of the educational process.

This study aimed to identify the extent to which social media platforms influence
the standards of television program production from the perspective of professionals
working in Iraqi satellite channels. To achieve this objective, the research employed
the survey method and relied on a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample
of 200 specialists. The key findings revealed that production professionals perceive
social media as an integral component of television work (mean = 4.58). The results
also indicated that these platforms have significantly affected topic and content
selection (20.4%) and have altered traditional prime-time schedules (36.2%), with
a notable emphasis on the use of hashtags (25.9%) and short-form content (24.4%).
The study recommended that media institutions should strike a balance between
professional standards and the demands of digital interactivity.

Images of heroism and sacrifice are images that are regular in ancient Arabic
poetry, Islamic, Umayyad, Abbasid, and modern poetry as well. Each era has its own
artistic and thematic characteristics. Images of heroism and sacrifice have taken
an important place in modern poetry with its own structure; they have crystallized
around the homeland. Especially resistance literature, including the related poetic
texts in the poetry of Abdel Rahim Mahmoud, we find that the duality of heroism
and sacrifice is as if they are inseparable, especially if it is for an important, great
and pivotal motive, which is the occupied homeland, and the occupied Palestinian
land in particular, and the martyred poet Abdel Rahim Mahmoud embodied Images
of heroism and sacrifice in his poetry, and this embodiment was crystallized in his
poetry as art and subject, and he represented the stolen, occupied homeland in the
best way, and it was his authentic obsession that did not leave any poetic text he
wrote. He wrote it, and this is what we followed in the poet’s collection of poems
and presented it with procedural analysis and detailing its technical, rhetorical and
lexical details, and at the level of contextual significance and significance at the level
of poetic texts employed to depict images of heroism and sacrifice in the poetry of
Abdel Rahim Mahmoud.

The Zaydīyah constitute one of the Shīʿite sects that emerged prominently
in the history of Islamic civilization, particularly in the context of political events
and the establishment of their independent states throughout history. Beyond
their political role, they also made significant intellectual contributions, offering
distinctive perspectives on Islam and its various theological, jurisprudential, and
historical issues, as well as on broader epistemological and philosophical questions.
Accordingly, this study seeks to examine this intellectual dimension by addressing
the central question: What are the Zaydīyah’s intellectual contributions to Islamic
civilization? To answer this, the research relies on one of the Zaydīyah’s major works
that documents their intellectual heritage—Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-Wardiyyah fī Manāqib al-
Aʾimmah al-Zaydiyyah by Ḥamīd ibn Aḥmad al-Maḥallī (d. 652 AH).
Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach,
employing a quantitative method in collecting, categorising, and analysing the
works cited in this book—both numerically and graphically—to reach an informed
conclusion. The findings indicate that the Zaydīyah made substantial contributions
to the intellectual life of Islamic civilization. Their scholarly output was both rich
and diverse, encompassing a wide range of Islamic sciences, most notably theology
(ʿilm al-kalām) and jurisprudence (fiqh), wherein they articulated their doctrinal
understanding of Islam and its sciences. Importantly, although Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-
Wardiyyah presents a valuable overview of the Zaydīyah’s intellectual legacy, it
does not provide a comprehensive record of their works. Hence, there remains a
pressing need for further research into Zaydī heritage across other primary sources

William Wallace is regarded as one of the most prominent national figures
in late thirteenth-century Scotland. His name is closely associated with resistance
against English domination during the reign of King Edward I (1239-1307). He was
born during a period marked by intense political instability following England's
intervention in the Scottish succession.
Wallace emerged as a military leader during the First War of Scottish
Independence (1296-1298), leading popular uprisings against English rule. He
achieved his most significant victory at the Battle of Sterling Bridge in 1297, which

marked a turning point in the conflict and demonstrated the Scots' ability to resist
English military power. Following this victory, Wallace was appointed Guardian
of Scotland, acting as a representative of national authority in opposition to the
occupation.

However, this triumph was short-lived, as the English defeated him at the Battle
of Falkirk in 1298. Despite this setback, Wallace remained a symbol of resistance,
both through his continued military efforts and his role in fostering Scottish national
unity. He was captured in 1305 and executed in London on charges of treason.
Nevertheless, his execution contributed to immortalizing him as a national hero and
a fighter for Scottish independence. His role extended beyond the military sphere,
becoming a historical and cultural icon who inspired later generations and helped
entrench the concept of political independence in Scottish national consciousness.
He also came to symbolize resistance for those struggling on behalf of their people.
After his death, a new phase in Scottish history began, led by Robert the Bruce, who
ultimately secured Scotland's independence in 1328.