Iraqi Journal of Science

This study focused on the synthesis of novel polymers incorporating the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring. Four polymers were specifically prepared by blending polymers (6-9) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in defined ratios, resulting in the formation of blended polymers (10-13). The synthesized polymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The results showed that the structure aligned with the proposed synthetic polymers. Furthermore, the physical and thermal properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the biological activity was examined against two strains of pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative (E. Coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus). The findings demonstrated greater activity than Amoxicillin as a standard antibiotic.

Adropin is a newly identified protein involved in the regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism; it has also been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Despite the fact that it may offer a potential link to T2DM, conflicting reports exist in the literature with respect to the association between adropin and T2DM; further investigation was thus conducted. The aim of this study is to assess the association between serum Adropin levels and glycemic indices in patients with T2DM. This study included 100 participants; fifty of them had T2DM without any complications, compared with 50 apparently healthy subjects representing control group. The age range for the T2DM patients was 18-75 years, while the control group ranged from 22-58 years, with an equal distribution of sexes in both groups. Adropin and fasting insulin hormone were measured by ELISA kits. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) levels were also measured while Insulin resistance (IR) and glycemic indices were calculated. The concentrations of Adropin were higher with significance (P<0.05) in T2DM group when compared with control group and a positive correlation was found between Adropin and insulin levels in both groups. The Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis (ROC) showed that Adropin can predict T2DM when its level >1250.7 pg/ml with AUC=97.9%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.1%. Measurement of glycemic indices include (Insulin, HOMA-IR, S%, B%, G/I ratio, QUICKI, McAuley, and TyG index) revealed that IR and TyG index were higher in T2DM while B%, S%, QUICKI index, and McAuley index were lower in T2DM. Adropin is connected to T2DM and may be used as prognostic marker for T2DM. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended confirm these results.

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant public health concern, characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. To assess the risk of kidney damage, researchers have identified tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and fatty acid-binding protein-1 (FABP-1) as valuable biomarkers. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of specific biomarkers in assessing CKD and its associated mechanisms in Iraqi patients. The study was conducted from December 2023 to May 2024. Ninety subjects, aged 48–65 years; including 60 patients with CKD (38 male and 22 female) attended the Baghdad Teaching Hospital/ Medical City/ Dialysis Unit- Baghdad, Iraq. In addition, 30 healthy people (15 male and 15 female) were selected as a control group. The findings reveal a significant (p= 0.001) in serum TIMP-2 and FABP-1 levels among CKD patients as compared to the control group (6.30±2.19 vs. 0.62±0.21) ng/mL and (9.38±3.14 vs. 1.80±0.01) ng/mL respectively. In addition, the present results revealed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between serum TIMP-2 and FABP-1 and levels of various parameters, including fasting glucose, lipid profile, and renal function tests. Conversely, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between serum TIMP-2 and FABP-1 levels with serum total protein, albumin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate in the CKD group. In conclusion, the study concludes that elevated serum levels of TIMP-2 and FAB-1 in CKD patients underscore their critical role in renal dysfunction. Therefore, these factors may serve as biomarkers of kidney injury progression among patients with CKD.

This study investigates the potential link between serum levels of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and bone health in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. As Gal-3 is known to be expressed in bone cells and may influence bone remodeling, we aim to quantify serum Gal-3 levels in this population and examine its correlation with bone mineral density (BMD). In cross-sectional study, 45 postmenopausal women with OP and 45 healthy control group (HS), aged between 43-50 years, were registered. Patients and HS were categorized based on T score on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum levels of calcium (Ca), Vitamin D3, and Gal-3 were measured both groups. The concentration of serum Gal-3 concentration was significantly increased in OP patients compared to the HS at (P< 0.001). Additionally, serum Gal-3 levels was positively correlate with BMD of the lumber spine (L1-L4) levels T score (r= 0.689, P=0.0001). Depended on the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the criterion value of the Gal-3 was >11.905 ng/ml. In this study, OP postmenopausal women showed an increase in Gal-3, which is positively correlated with BMD of T-score on DXA. These results suggest a diagnostic role of Gal-3 in OP patients as well as its role in monitoring disease severity. Furthermore, this study is the first to assess serum Gal-3 concentration in patients with OP.

Ovarian cancer stands out as the most lethal gynecological cancer, characterized by its aggressive nature, which is largely attributed to the fact that it is often diagnosed at a late stage. Patients with ovarian cancer, particularly those with early-stage tumors, currently face challenges in obtaining a clear and efficient pre-surgical diagnosis. This paper aimed to determine the role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-14, and Vitamin C in patients with ovarian cancer. One hundred patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer at Al-Amal Hospital for Radiation and Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Teaching Hospital at Baghdad Medical City aged from 35 to 65 years were included in this study, divided into 50 patients untreated as a group I, and 50 patients treated as group II and 40 healthy women as a control group. The findings revealed a notable increase in the concentrations of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and matrix metalloproteinase-14 (P-value <0.0001) among patients with ovarian cancer compared to the control group. In contrast, vitamin C concentration was significantly lower than in the control group, (P-value <0.0001). A receiver operating character curve analysis showed a high sensitivity according to the area under the curve. The present results conclude that acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and matrix metalloproteinase-14 can be used as biomarkers for early-stage detection diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer.

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored receptor, known as the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), may serve as a valuable marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis, critical illnesses, and a range of inflammatory diseases. This study examines the impact of uPAR on clinical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. A total of 90 participants were enrolled in a case-control design, comprising 50% diabetic individuals with microalbuminuria and the remainder being healthy individuals aged range (35-63) years. Clinical parameters, along with demographic data, were collected from participants between November 2023 to January 2024. These parameters included age, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), lipid profile, urea, creatinine, and most importantly uPAR. Using an independent samples test with a significant level of 0.05, our experiment revealed that there was a significant difference between diabetic patients and healthy individuals when it comes to clinical parameters, p-value < 0.001. All clinical parameters were shown to be higher in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria compared to healthy individuals, except for high-density lipoprotein. An increased level of uPAR in patients with type 2 diabetic and microalbuminuria may be considered an effective biomarker for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, which is associated with a higher risk of complications of the disease, especially to cardiovascular diseases

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a significant global health concern due to its rapidly rising prevalence, coupled with the considerable side effects and risks associated with antidiabetic medications. Natural products are the main source of drug discovery which are believed to have lower side effects and toxicity than synthetic drugs in clinical treatments. The objective of this study was to reveal the antidiabetic activity of Basilicum polystachyon (Lamiaceae) as a potential medicinal plant, along with its chemical profile to solve the problem of this disease. Based on these results, 103 individual compounds were identified in the methanol extract of this plant. Molecular docking simulations revealed several major compounds with good binding energies, indicating that these compounds were potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors. While in vitro enzymatic assay showed that the methanol extracts had weak antidiabetic activity with IC50 value 289.61 μg/mL. However, considering the long-term effects of synthetic drugs in the body, this plant could be a potential source of a natural antidiabetic agent

The study was designed to investigate Dodonaea viscosa efficiency in the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper metals from contaminated soils. The phytoremediation of Dodonaea was assessed by cultivating the plant in pots. Plants were cultivated in an experiment with an average diameter of 26.5 cm and height of 30 cm for six months under different treatments of Cd, Zn, and Cu . Metals concentrations in soil and plant parts were measured using the XRF instrument. Bioaccumulation factor (BF), translocation factor (TF), and Contamination factor (CF) were values. The results indicated that D. viscosa absorbed metals from the soil in the following order: roots > shoots > soil, and three metals are effectively restricted in the root. For BF the order was Zn >Cu > Cd, in which D. viscosa absorbed heavy metals from the soil to their roots. TF for the Cd, Zn, and Cu metals were less than one. For CF results, the highest value was recorded under D4 for Cd in root 31.0 ±1.86 mg/kg, and the lowest level was 0.276 ±0.08 mg/kg under D1 for Zn in soil.

Nanoparticles produced through biological synthesis have shown significant potential in various therapeutic applications. This study was designed to explore the potential of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in alleviating kidney disorders, which are among the most prevalent health issues globally. The study included the preparation of ZnO-NPs using black currant extract. The ZnONPs were formed by dissolving black currant in a zinc oxide solution with pH adjusted to 12. During the mixing process, Zinc acetate dehydrate was reduced to ZnONPs, resulting in a color change of the solution from white to pale yellow color within a few minutes. The synthesized ZnONPs were separated by centrifugation (4000rpm/ 5min), characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods. The effectiveness of these particles was tested on adult male rats whose kidney disorders were induced by H₂O₂. The adult male rats were divided into four groups based on their dosage: the first (G1) received 0.5% H2O2, the second (G2) received 0.5% H2O2 and ZnO-NPs (10 μg /kg), and the third group received ZnO-NPs (10 μg /kg). They were mixed along with the control group, which only got distilled water. The findings indicated that G1 had the highest levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen at rates of 66.15, 44.46, and 4.60 μmol/l, respectively. In contrast, G2 showed levels of 45.52, 36.79, and 2.27 μmol/l, respectively, and G3 had rates of 41.41, 34.38, and 1.33 μmol/l, respectively. A high concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected in group G1 (14.30 μmol/l), a lower concentration in group G2 (9.91 μmol/l), and the lowest concentration of MDA in group G3 (6.59 μmol/l), which was close to the control group (6.55 μmol/l). As well as found significant changes in MDA concentrations between groups G1 and G3 or control. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels dropped in group G1 (2.26 μmol/l) but rose in groups G3 (4.72 μmol/l) and control (4.68 μmol/l). Histologically, the animals treated with both control and ZnO-NPs had similar approximate kidney structures, characterized by regular renal tubules and glomeruli. However, sections of the kidneys of H2O2-treated rats were inspected under a microscope, and necrotized glomeruli, atrophic glomeruli, and renal tubular epithelial necrosis were seen. The cortex of the ZnO-NPs treated group G2 was normal, but the glomeruli and some tubules had been largely damaged. Our results suggest that ZnO-NPs play a beneficial role in mitigating the harmful effects of H₂O₂-induced kidney damage in rats. Where ZnO-NPs can be considered as an antioxidant, and protective agent against kidney injury and cytoprotective activity

Fifty-five Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from urinary tract infections using classical methods and the VITEK system. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that 33 (60%) of the pathogenic E. coli isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). The study found that the majority of the isolates revealed resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime, and their resistance ratios were 94.54% and 72.72%, respectively. In contrast, the most effective antibiotics were ertapenem, imipenem and tigecycline, and their resistance ratios were 5.45%, 9.09% and 10.9%, respectively. The aim of the current study is to assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation activity of Salvia officinalis extract against MDR pathogenic Escherichia coli. All 33 isolates of MDR pathogenic E. coli displayed biofilm formation ability extended from moderate to strong. Ethanol extract of Salvia officinalis plant leaves revealed antibacterial activity against all MDR E. coli isolates at the concentration of 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, and higher than these concentrations. Additionally, Salvia officinalis extract also exhibited antibiofilm formation activity against all MDR pathogenic isolates at the concentration of 50 mg/ml.

Breast tumor is the most common lesion among women. This study was designed to investigate the role of apolipoproteins A1 and B (ApoA1 and B) as risk factors in the progression in blood serum of benign and malignant breast tumors patients. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were utilized to calculate apolipoproteins A1 and B levels in the serum of forty women with benign breast tumors (age range 16–65 years), forty women with malignant breast tumors (age range 33–75 years), and forty healthy women (age range 24 to 54 years) as a control group. The study included two groups of patients diagnosed with malignant breast tumors: stage II (low-level) and stages III and IV (high-level). The results of the current study showed a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the levels of ApoA1 in patients with benign breast tumors and breast cancer (24.319±2.76 and 26.526±2.66 ng/ml, respectively) compared with the control group (32.89 ± 5.60 ng/mL). Also, the results of this study demonstrate there were no significant differences in the level of ApoB in women with benign breast tumors (4337 ±160 ng/ml) compared with the control group (4392±90.57 ng/ml) with a slight increase in the level of ApoB in women with malignant breast tumors (4603.9±102.4 ng/ml). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in levels of ApoA1 and ApoB in breast cancer patients at low-level and high-level stages compared to the control group. The results of the current study indicated that the concentrations of ApoA1 and ApoB in women's blood serum may be useful predictors for the early detection of breast cancer and serve as a prognostic indicator of its development.

The presence of antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), in the aquatic environment is becoming a cause of great concern as the possibility of the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, even superbugs, is increasingly posing problems to the environment and human health. The main objectives of this study were to analyse the antibiogram profile, calculate the multiple antibiotic resistance indices, and assess the co-occurrence of resistance to several antibiotics in the isolates. Samples were collected from four sites: S1 Al-Muthana Bridge, S2 Al-Sarrafia Bridge, S3 Al-Senak Bridge, and S4 Al-Jadriyah Bridge from November 2023 until July 2024. This investigation included 32 Escherichia coli and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial isolates, confirmed both phenotypically and genotypically. The isolation of E. coli and K. pneumoniae is determined by membrane filtration techniques and biochemical analysis followed by the VITEK2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to establish the identity of the propagated isolates by identifying the β-galactosidase gene with E. coli-specific lacZ3 primers, and the malate dehydrogenase mdh housekeeping gene. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 15 selective antibiotics. The results showed E. coli exhibited complete susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, and Cefuroxime with average susceptibility (20%). While the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae was higher for: Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime, Gentamycin, Amikacin and Imipenem with average susceptibility (53.3%) out of 15 antibiotics. In contrast, the results of resistance showed that most of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates had a higher percentage of the resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged from 33% to 93%, which indicates a high dose of the antibiotic used.

This study aims to assess the diversity of algal flora from some spring water in Shawre Valley. The non-diatom algal composition of four selected spring sites studied was situated at Shawre Valley within Ranya district Sulaymaniyah governorate every month from September 2022 to April 2023. A total of 79 algal species were identified from 6 divisions. The majority of them belong to Chlorophyta, with 35 species (44.30%), followed by Cyanophyta, with 32 species (40.51%) Euglenophyta with 5 species (6.33%), Xanthophyta with 4 species occupied (5.06%), Rhodophyta with 2 species (2.53%) and Charophyta with only one species occupied (1.26%). The most representative genus was Oscillatoria, with 6 taxa identified, each of Calothrix and Oedogonium with 4 species, Merismopedia, Scenedesmus, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Cosmarium and Tribonema with 3 species were dominant.

Granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis has impaired oocyte maturation and reduced pregnancy rates. Apoptotic markers have been investigated and are supposed to be reliable predictors of in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. The present research aims to compare caspase-9 and cytochrome C levels in follicular fluid (FF) and their gene expression (CASP9 and CYCS) in blood in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Further, to investigate if the apoptotic markers can be used in predicting IVF pregnancy outcomes. Two groups of women were recruited: the non-pregnant group (n=40) and the pregnant group (n=40). The CASP9 and CYCS expressions were inspected with the Quantitative Reverse Transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), whereas their protein levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significantly lower gene expression and protein levels of caspase-9 and cytochrome C were observed in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Besides, a significant inverse correlation between pregnancy outcomes and apoptotic markers was detected. It is considered that caspase-9 had the best predictive value of pregnancy outcomes compared to cytochrome C. The findings have indicated that an elevated apoptotic rate of GCs may adversely impact oocyte growth, reduce pregnancy rates, and cause IVF failure.

This study shows that ethanol extracted from the (Tirmania nivea) has antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which are common in cases of contaminated burns in the Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital. The effectiveness of the extract was evaluated by the well diffusion method using different concentrations ( 25, 50and 100 mg /ml. The results indicated a variation in inhibition levels, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed an inhibition zone ranging from 2.667 to 9.0 mm, compared to a control in which no inhibition was shown. Similarly, the results of Staphylococcus aureus showed an inhibition zone of at least 8.667 mm and a maximum of 20.667 mm, compared to the control (ethanol), it was noted that Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher resistance compared to Staphylococcus aureus that showed higher inhibition zone. Biochemical analysis was carried out using Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect highly active compounds in the ethanolic extract.

This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of chrysophanol derived from Trichoderma viride against some plant pathogenic fungi. A total of 160 infected plant samples were collected during the agricultural season of 2020-2021 from six plastic houses: two plastic houses (tomato plants) in Al-Rashidiya district, two plastic houses (eggplant plants) in Al-Nahrawan district and two plastic houses (cucumber plants) in Abu Ghraib district, Baghdad governorate. Five species of phytopathogenic fungi were isolated from infected plants and identified depending on morphological and microscopic characteristics. The results of microscopic examination showed that there were two species (Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani) from the Al-Rashidiya tomato field, three species (Fusarium
solani, R. solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) from Al-Nahrawan eggplant field and three species from Abu Ghraib cucumber field (F. oxysporum, R. solani, and Pythium aphanidermatum). Among 160 infected plant samples, there were 42 isolates of F. oxysporum, 24 isolates of F. solani, 54 isolates of R. solani, 14 isolates of S. sclerotiorum, and 26 isolates of P. aphanidermatum. All isolates were subjected to a pathogenicity test by exposing sterilized local cress seeds to phytopathogenic fungal isolates. The results of this test showed moderate to high pathogenicity, but only 32 isolates recorded 100% pathogenicity, and 15 isolates from these isolates were selected for the antifungal test. Thirty Trichoderma spp. isolates were collected from the soil of three agriculture regions: Al-Rashidiya, Al-Nahrawan , and Abu Ghraib districts, and they were identified morphologically. These isolates were processed with ethyl acetate using the standard extraction method and then screened for producing chrysophanol by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that only 11 isolates produced chrysophanol, and isolate number 10 (Trichoderma viride) produced higher chrysophanol (7.74μg/ml) than the rest. Chrysophanol from T. viride was purified by preparative Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the final quantity was 6.5mg. Different concentrations of chrysophanol (20, 40, 80, and 120 ppm/ml) were prepared and then used against the isolated phytopathogenic fungi compared with the fungicide Beltanol at 40 ppm/ml. The chrysophanol concentrations 20, 40, and 80 ppm/ml significantly achieved a higher percentage of growth inhibition against S. sclerotiorum 1 followed by F. oxysporum 2, which recorded (48 and 44.75%) respectively, while P. aphanidermatum 2 was the least affected, which recorded 25%. The chrysophanol concentration of 120ppm/ml achieved 100% growth inhibition for all phytopathogenic fungi except for R. solani 2 and 5, which achieved 99%. Beltanol fungicide 40ppm/ml significantly achieved a higher percentage of growth inhibition against F. solani 4 followed by F. solani 1 recorded 94.25 and 93%, respectively, while S. sclerotiorum 1 was the least affected with 75.25% growth inhibition. When comparing the results of chrysophanol at the concentration of 80 ppm/ml with the concentration of 40ppm/ml of Beltanol fungicide, we noticed that chrysophanol is significantly superior to Beltanol in the
ISSN: 0067-2904
Al-Aaraji Iraqi Journal of Science, 2025, Vol. 66, No. 12, pp: 5460- 5472
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percentage of growth inhibition of most of the phytopathogenic fungi under test. While at the concentration of 120 ppm/ml of chrysophanol, we noticed a significant superiority in the growth inhibition of all phytopathogenic fungi under this study, showing 100% growth inhibition. The results of the current study showed that chrysophanol from T. viride can be used as an effective fungicide to eliminate phytopathogenic fungi rather than the use of a chemical fungicide.

Alkaloids were deliberated in the leaves and callus of Datura stramonium L. to evaluate different nano-stimulated treatments to augment bioactive substances in e established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) wercallus cultures Datura the callus.medium supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 1 mg/L and benzyl adenine (BA) at 0.5 mg/L. The results recorded a maximum callus fresh and dry weight (547.56 and 50.76 mg, respectively). The HPLC assay detected three alkaloids from the callus and leaves of D . stramonium . The analysis displayed that the callus cultures that developed on the cultural medium were lacking manganese NPs), recorded valuable content of hyoscyamine, -2oxide nanoparticles (MnOhyoscine, and atropine (10.9, 13.3, and 8.6 μg/g, respectively). These values indicate increases of 1.8, 2.1, and 1.6-fold, respectively, over the levels recorded from Datura leaves, which were 6.1, 6.4, and 5.4 μg/g, respectively. Moreover, NPs (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/L) were added -2several doses of MnOto the cultural medium to evaluate their effect on callus growth, alkaloid content, and antioxidant activity in the developed callus on these treatments. It was found that the dose of 250 mg/L recorded 31.9, 40.1, and 27.9 μg/g of hyoscyamine, hyoscine, and atropine, respectively. These levels showed a 2.9, 3.0, and 3.2-fold elevation compared to the control treatment. Regarding the radical scavenging assay (DPPH), the callus culture treated with a dose of 300 mg/L had a higher level of inhibition (55.6 %) than other treatments. Overall it found that the used of the nano catalyst had a positive effect in increasing the alkaloid compounds under study.

Graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) have drawn a lot of attention recently for their potential use in cutting-edge technology because of their outstanding physical characteristics. Graphene materials' nanotoxicity, on the other hand, has quickly grown to be a significant issue, particularly in the area of occupational health. Information on the toxicity of GNPs on the male reproductive system accessory gland is lacking. Consequently, this work aims to ascertain how Graphene nanoparticles affected the structure of seminal vesicles in male albino mice. Mice were given 0.1 ml oral gavages containing 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg of GNPs for 14 days. After the end of treatment, seminal vesicles were collected for histological processing. When compared to the controller group, the findings revealed a drop in the mean body weight and seminal vesicle index weight, as well as a reduction in the folded and lined epithelium of seminal vesicles height. As the concentration increased, damage to the seminal vesicles was observed, including a reduction in interstitial tissue, a reduction in fold height, blood vessel congestion, cell shrinkage, and cell destruction. In conclusion, the finding of this study determined that oral GNPs gavages at different concentrations have a detrimental impact on the activity of the male reproductive system.

The increasing prevalence of free radical-related diseases has led to a greater reliance on herbal medicines, such as Moringa oleifera (ML), as antioxidants. However, limited evidence exists regarding the combined effect of herbal and conventional antioxidants on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This research assessed simplisia characterization, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of ML water extract (ML-WE), and serum MDA levels in animal models using ELISA. Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: a negative control, a positive control, and five treatment groups. All treatment groups were exposed to lead for seven days, followed by supplementation with either ML-WE (200 mg/kg BW), vitamin C (36 mg/kg BW), collagen (27 mg/kg BW), or their combinations. ML-WE showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 81.761 ppm). MDA levels differed significantly among groups (p < 0.001). Combining ML-WE with collagen reduced MDA levels more than ML-WE alone (14.65 ± 0.66 vs 21.32 ± 0.95 nmol/mL, p < 0.05) but was less effective than collagen monotherapy. Similarly, ML-WE combined with vitamin C showed no statistically significant improvement. These results indicate that while ML-WE has strong antioxidant properties, no synergistic effects were observed in combination therapies.

Maintaining optimal glutathione (GSH) levels is essential for preserving cellular integrity, preventing oxidative damage, and mitigating inflammation, thereby safeguarding against a wide range of diseases. The present study was suggested to evaluate GSH level in COVID-19 cases and analysis some associations with disease biomarkers and characteristics, including D-dimer, ferritin, age, BMI, sex, Ct-scan, duration, and severity of infection. The results found that GSH was decreased in infection cases than the control group in a significant change (p= 0.011). D-dimer and ferritin showed significant elevation in cases with significant differences (p=0.003, p=0.000). The Ct-scan in the cases group was 33.18%, and infection duration (11.08) days, non-significant (non-sig) changes between both groups in BMI (p=0.346). GHS was higher in males than females in both groups, with non-significant differences. In the cases group, D-dimer was significantly higher in males, while in control, non-sig differences were observed according to sex, while ferritin levels and the clinical parameters displayed non-sig changes. GSH level showed elevation in simple and sever infection level in non-sig changes (p=0.291), D-dimer increased with severity of infection significantly (p=0.008), and ferritin also increased with infection severity significantly (p=0.000). The correlation analysis between GSH level and D-dimer revealed a significant inverse correlation (p= 0.037*) in COVID-19 cases. In contrast, the correlation of GSH with the remainder of the study variables showed a non-significant correlation in both groups (cases and control). Conclusion: The present finding concluded that GSH has a significant depletion in many COVID-19 cases and a negative correlation with D-dimer, suggesting a potential link between GSH levels and disease severity.

This study evaluates the specific activity levels of Ra-226 (186 keV), Bi-214 (609 keV), Cs-137 (662 keV), Ac-228 (969 keV), and K-40 (1460 keV) in soil samples from the Diyala Bridge/Baghdad area using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector for gamma-ray spectroscopy. Key parameters calculated include Radium Equivalent Activity, Gamma Dose Rate, External and Internal Hazard Indices, and the Gamma Index. In the results, the calculated Excess Lifetime Cancer Rate due to exposure to gamma ray were varied from 0.460×10⁻⁶ in sample (9) to 2.721×10⁻⁶ in sample (5), with an average of 1.236×10⁻⁶ across all samples. Also in this paper the concentration of Rn-222 in the air was estimated based on radium data, and doses from radon gas consumption and inhalation were calculated. The average inhalation dose from radon in soil samples was 47.941×10⁻⁹ Sv/y. All radionuclide activity levels were below permissible limits except in sample (5), located near the Iraqi Atomic Energy facility in Al-Twetha city.

This study encompasses the petrography, lithofacies analysis, and depositional development of the Zubair Formation in four boreholes (Ru-X1, R-X2, WQ-X1, WQ-X2) located within the Rumaila and West-Qurna oil fields. The Zubair Formation depositional basin was located in the Mesopotamian Foredeep during the Barremian age.
Zubair succession mainly consists of sandstone, specifically quartz arenite (or orthoquartzite), with about 93% or more quartz grains. Rocks containing over 20% lithic-fragments and minor feldspars are classified as lithic-arenites, and those containing over 30% clay content along with minor lithic fragments are classified as greywackes. Five main lithofacies have been identified within two dominant rock groups across two major successions. The first group, sand-dominated rocks, includes well-sorted, sub-rounded quartz arenite lithofacies; poorly sorted, sub-angular quartz arenite lithofacies; and poorly sorted graywacke lithofacies. The second group, clay-dominated rocks, consists of sandy claystone and shale lithofacies.
Three facies associations are identified in the studied succession: delta plain, shore-face, and back-shore. These associations were deposited over three cycles, dividing the Zubair succession into three units. The lower unit of the Zubair Formation is mainly composed of shale, with thin sandstone beds and lenses separating it into two parts. In the northern part of the study area, the upper part consists of sandstones, while the lower rock unit is dominated by shaly beds. The middle unit of the Zubair Formation is the thickest and features alternating shale-dominated and sand-dominated beds, forming three depositional cycles, most prominent in the southern part of the study area (Rumaila oilfield), whereas the northern part (West-Qurna) has two cycles. The upper unit of the Zubair Formation is mainly composed of well-sorted, sub-rounded quartz arenite lithofacies, indicating deposition in a shoreface environment and marking a sea-level rise in the Rumaila oilfield. In the West-Qurna oilfield, this unit is represented by delta plain and backshore facies associations. This cycle marks the conclusion of Zubair deposition during the transgressive stage, transitioning into the Shuaiba Formation.

This paper is based on two main concepts: the matching and interdiction.
Consider the graph G that each edge has a positive weight. The purpose of the
matching interdiction problem in the weighted graph G with the weight v(G) is to
delete a subset of vertices, denoted by
respectively. We show that the limit of this
proportion in some sequences of graphs tends to its maximum value. We prove that
the limit of this proportion can be decreased in the sequence of the wheel graphs.
Also, if the weight of all edges in the complete graph is equal, the approximate and
optimal solutions will be the same. At end, we generalize the results related to the
path graph when the purpose is to delete B even vertices.

In this article, we propose for a linear regression model a new biased estimator aimed at mitigating the impact of multicollinearity on the estimation of unknown parameters. The idea of the proposed estimator is constructed as a combination of the unbiased ridge estimator (URR) and the ordinary ridge regression estimator (ORR). The statistical properties for the new estimator and other existing estimators are found. We demonstrate the advantages of this new estimator using the mean squared error criterion, showing that its mean squared error does not exceed that of either the URR or ORR individually. This simulation study supports these theoretical results, revealing that the new estimator outperforms both the URR and ORR. This suggests that combining two estimators linearly can leverage the strengths of both, resulting in a superior estimator. To further validate the new approach, we also present a numerical example.

In this study, new generalized derivative and integral operators are introduced, stemming from the newly developed new generalized Caputo variable order fractional derivatives (NGCVFDs). Utilizing these operators, a numerical method is devised to address variable order fractional differential equations (VOFDEs). The solutions of VOFDEs are approximated using shifted Legendre polynomials (SLPs) as basis vectors, and the derivative operational matrix of SLPs is extended to a generalized derivative operational matrix in the context of NGCVFDs. The efficiency of the numerical method is assessed through various test examples. Additionally, the outcomes of the proposed method are compared with existing methodologies in the literature. The variable-order fractional differential operators of the generalized Caputo is categorized into three types in this paper:
(i) Different values in ρ and Fractional variable order parameters, (ii) Different values in fractional parameter whilst ρ parameters and Fractional variables orders are constant, and (iii) Different values in Fractional variables orders parameters controlled fraction and ρ parameters. The example of numerical methods show theoretical interpretation and prove effectiveness of suggested technique.

The primary goal of this research is to obtain an approximate solution to the Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV equations with the lowest error rate, specifically when the time derivative is associated with a fraction and subject to specific initial conditions. In this work, two basic concepts are presented, the fractional Caputo derivative of order α>0 and the Sumudu Transform (ST), along with some inherent properties of this transformation. To address the problem at hand, a hybrid approach was adopted using numerical methods, combining the Sumudu Transform and the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). The Adomian Decomposition Method, as it is known, works to deal with complex nonlinear boundaries that are difficult to deal with directly. The article's methodology is carefully designed to prioritize clarity and simplicity and avoid unnecessary complexity. The results derived from this proposed method show a commendable level of accuracy and agree closely with exact solutions. The paper performs a comprehensive error analysis, ensuring the robustness and accuracy of the results.

The goal of this study is to introduce a new concept on a lifting module. Let ???? be a unitary left ????-module, and let ???? be any ring with one. ???? is called ????????????????∗-lifting for short (????∗-lifting) for any ???? ≤ ????, there are some submodule ???? of ???? that is ????=????⨁????1, ????1≤???? and ????∩????1≪????∗????1.We prove some characterization of this class of modules. We show that every ????∗-hollow is ????∗-lifting also. The quotient of ????∗-lifting module is ????∗-lifting under some conditions. Some results about this concept are given. The relation between this concept and other modules related with it are presented. In addition, ????????-????∗-lifting was introduced as fallows: if for any submodule fully invariant ????≤ ???? , there is some submodule ???? of ???? that is ????=????⨁????1,????1≤???? and ????∩????1≪????∗????1.it was proved that for any direct summand of ????∗-supplement is ????∗lifting module.

One significant problem is the simultaneous absorption and diffusion of oxygen into the cells. When it comes to medical applications, it is crucial. There are two stages to the mathematical formulation of the problem. The stable case in which there is no oxygen transition in the isolated cell is examined in the first stage, and the moving boundary problem pertaining to the oxygen absorbed by the cell's tissues is examined in the second stage. A shifting border is a crucial component of the oxygen diffusion problem. In this paper, we present mathematical model of oxygen diffusion problem with time fractional derivative in Caputo sense. This problem is difficult to solve analytically, so we will use the variational approach to find the corresponding formula for the problem. The well-known Magri's approach formula cannot be used to find a variational formula corresponding to the presented problem, so a modified formula of Magri's approach will be found, and then the corresponding model is solved numerically. So the resulting solution is an approximate analytical solution.

In the current research, we dealt with the numerical method of Newtonian flow through the conical nozzle under incompressibility constraint by using a Taylor Galerkin Pressure Correction (TGPC) finite element algorithm. The governing equations that describe such problem consist of time-dependent equations for the conservation of momentum and continuity equation. The essential feature of this investigation is concerned with the effect of outlet dimeter of nozzle, length of the cylinder and conical angle on the component of solution. There, we found that the levels of velocity and pressure are increased as these parameters increase, it was found that the maximum velocity increased from 38.39 to 1254.67 when the ratio ????2/????2 increased from 1 to 5 and the maximum pressure also increased from 753.83 to 1254.67. The effect of conical angle was also studied, increasing the β angel from 21.8 to 90 resulted an increasing in the maximum velocity from 13.53 to 30.79 and an increase in the maximum pressure from 214.26 to 615.7. While the maximum velocity decreased from 675.8 to 67.79 when the outlet diameter increased from 0.5 to 1.5 also the maximum pressure decreased from 15.79∗104 to 2268.21.

This article studies and examine the concentration and heat transfer under long wavelength con[22ditions in an asymmetric channel with a porous medium while an applying a magnetic field and rotation to the peristaltic flow Powell-Eyring. Considering low Reynolds numbers, all nonlinear partial differential equations are extracted using the perturbation method and MATHEMATICA, (19) program. The fluid is subject to a magnetic field and changes in concentration. As it flows within a porous medium, we have used a set of parameters and compared them in terms of (velocity, pressure). Examples of these parameters are Hartmann number (Ha), Darcy number (Da), rotation (Ω), etc. We notice that some parameters affect the increase in velocity and others affect the decrease in velocity, and the same applies to pressure. We use graphs to express the speed and pressure gradient and their effect on the parameters affecting the equations of motion. Using a set of numbers to produce numerical results, the impact of various parameters is explored below and illustrated graphically.

Caristi’s Theorem plays as an important rule to guaranties the existence of the fixed point for a single valued mapping and a Set-valued mapping that defined on complete partial b-metric spaces. In our paper some new generalizations of Caristi’s condition have been introduced and we use them in them in our work to give the guaranties in which the single and set-valued mappings have a fixed point on partial b- metric spaces. As well as, some applications have been studied to illustrate the mechanism of using these generalizations of Caristi’s condition.

This paper aims present the main concepts of e*S–supplement submodules, weak e*S–supplement submodules, e*S–supplemented modules, weakly e*S–supplemented modules, cofinitely e*S–supplemented modules, and ⊕e*S–supplemented modules, as popularization of the concepts of supplement submodules, weakly supplement submodules, supplemented modules, weakly supplemented modules, cofinitely supplemented modules, and ⊕-supplemented modules respectively. We will prove some characteristics of these concepts.

Through the application of a Dirichlet boundary condition and under an additional integral-type condition, the recovery of the time-dependent coefficient in a one -dimensional parabolic equation is investigated in this paper. When data is entered, the solution is affected to a precarious status during exposure to random errors and noise. The Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach is implemented for the direct solution of the problem, while nonlinear numerical optimization is employed for the inverse problem. lsqnonlin, the MATLAB routine optimization tool, is applied to compute the last problem. The Tikhonov regularization approach must be used to produce smooth, stable answers. The evaluation and comparison with their identical answers were performed by running the root mean square error formula. It conclude that, the numerical results are consistent and accurate

Task scheduling is one of the main problems in cloud computing. Proper utilization of resources is promoted through cloud computing, and a well-planned task schedule can result in efficient use of resources. To improve the overall performance of the cloud system, task scheduling and resource allocation have become basic needs to efficiently and effectively balance workloads among cloud resources. This paper proposed the Gorilla Troops Optimization-Task Scheduling (GTO-TS) algorithm depending on the artificial Gorilla Troops optimizer (GTO). The experimental evaluation used Cloudsim Simulator and comparison of its results with four methods: Minimum Execution Time (MET), Minimum Completion Time (MCT), Minimum- Minimum (Min-Min), and Maximum -Minimum(Max-Min). The proposed algorithm (GTO-TS) distributes the workload evenly among the virtual machines (VMs) to reduce Makespan and optimize resource usage. The suggested algorithm (GTO-TS) outperformed the four traditional algorithms in terms of effectiveness, as demonstrated by the simulation results.

Automated fingerprint recognition and authentication have been widely used in biometrics applications and as a personal identity tool due to their dependability and unique characteristics. The person's fingerprint must be authentic and not altered or forged to be used to verify that person's identity. It is more difficult to determine whether a fingerprint is real /authenticated. The presented work aims to design two models based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) with the ability to detect whether the fingerprints are authenticated or not. The proposed methodology includes two levels: the first involves forgery detection of fingerprints. Whereas the second level examines fingerprint identification. Furthermore, a reliable deep learning technique that includes Transfer Learning (TL) and building the architecture of CNN from scratch was utilized to diagnose and identify fingerprints for 100 persons using the SOCO dataset. Thus, the results recorded higher accuracy at 98.69% and 99.08% sensitivity of forgery detection. Furthermore, it achieved an optimal rate for matching fingerprints and outperformed other TL models (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50) and related works. For this reason, it could be considered a successful model for Biometric fingerprint authentication and forgery detection.

Automatic question generation is a popular field for many researchers because it is vital in reducing the time and effort of educators in many fields. Still, the main focus is on the English language, and the tools for question generation in Arabic still need to be developed. This paper seeks to overcome this limitation by proposing a method to automate or semi-automate the task of question generation for the Arabic language focused on history topics, using natural language processing's rule-based approach and employing the Arabic language's structural characteristics. Our method successfully generated fill-in-the-blanks MCQ with distractors, and True/False questions with the correct answer, offering the capability of automatic grading without any reliance on external sources or pre-trained models. The proposed method was tested on an Arabic article that contained historical information about the Sumerian civilization and used to generate 100 fill-in-the-blanks MCQ and 100 True/False questions. A manual evaluation by history experts was performed on the generated questions. The generated MCQ achieved (82%) of acceptable questions, and the True/False questions achieved (70%). The findings in this research provided a promising approach toward automating the question generation for the Arabic language while minimizing the required computational resources.

Communication and information technologies have facilitated the rapid adoption of electronic medical records, leading to patient privacy and data security concerns. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to address these issues. However, scalability remains a significant challenge for blockchain-based electronic health records ) systems. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate an management system based on blockchain technology. Therefore, we propose a management model based on organizations and user roles and implemented it using Hyperledger Fabric and the InterPlanetary File System

Developing tracking in various applications motivates researchers to explore this field. In this work, an intelligent system is suggested to automatically detect moving colored balls in real time and calculate the speed and direction of these balls based on the deep learning algorithm RCNN. The data is compared with the Alex-net algorithm because it is a standard method. The proposed algorithm is one of the machine learning algorithms based on the principle of training and learning, which relies on the sequential classifier. The proposed system consists of a phone camera, colored balls, and different environmental lighting (changing from one to eight lights). There are two luxmeters used to measure the intensity of light. Four parameters are measured to evaluate the performance of algorithms and system setup: accuracy, average time, detection ratio, and speed. The best class and training were selected and approved for detecting the blue and green balls. This proposed algorithm can be used to detect any moving object. Results showed a high quality of ball detection and tracking with almost 100% accuracy.

Plant sicknesses pose big challenges to crop production and food safety. Early and correct disease prognosis is crucial for powerful disease manipulation and minimizing losses. Despite the superiority of traditional strategies like visual inspection, technological advancements provide new opportunities. This paper explores the software of deep studying equipment, especially Siamese networks, for plant sickness identity in pix. Siamese networks make use of shared weights to study similarities among wholesome and diseased plant images, permitting powerful discrimination based totally on visual characteristics. This approach minimizes the need for handcrafted functions and may generalize to new diseases, making it adaptable throughout various agricultural settings. Real-time photograph processing facilitates early disease detection and intervention strategies. Comparative analysis with traditional strategies, along with CNNs and SVMs demonstrates the effectiveness of Siamese networks in plant disorder detection. Overall, this study showcases the practical application of Siamese networks for correct and well timed plant disease identity in agriculture, offering flexibility, performance, and flexibility to new sickness eventualities.

This paper proposes an optimized Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNNs) for health care in IoT systems by selecting effective features and effective weight initialization based on genetic algorithm, to overcome the obstacles to training deep recurrent neural networks with restricted training data in feature space with high-dimensionality, such as over-fitting and vanishing/exploding gradients. Genetic algorithm is adopted for feature selection then the initial weights of the feature extraction layers are utilized to train the DRNNs, with the weights from the first stage of the feature selection layer being fixed. To enhance the network structures and determine the learning parameters, 10-fold cross-validation is employed. Performance evaluation of the trained DRNNs is conducted using test datasets not seen during the cross-validation process. Experimental results have revealed the effectiveness and advantages of the suggested approach.

In this study, families of frozen orbits for a satellite revolving around the triaxial
Moon are investigated. The Hamiltonian for this scenario is formulated, taking into
account the lunar gravitational zonal harmonic coefficients up to ????6 along with its
most effective triaxiality factors, namely 22 J , ????31, ????32 and ????33. Using canonical Lie
transforms, the Hamiltonian undergoes an average process where short-term
periodic elements are eliminated while retaining secular components up to the
second order. New families of critical inclination roots are obtained; one of the
roots lies in the vicinity of polar orbits, and the other is close to typical critical
inclinations. This research investigates how variations in eccentricity, semi-major
axis, and argument of periapsis affect these critical inclinations. A family of frozen
orbits around the apsidal line and their graphical representation are revealed. To
ensure such orbits, the argument of periapsis is solved. This establishes certain
constraints when selecting the inclination that meets the criteria for the frozen
argument of periapsis orbits. Significant perturbations in the critical inclination
occur in high lunar orbits.

The present study used the solar radio flux (F10.7 cm) and the sunspot number (SSN) created throughout five years, beginning in December 2019 and ending in December 2023, for the solar cycle 25. The number of sunspots and the solar radio flux were measured monthly using data from the WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels. A five-year link between the two variables was constructed, marking the start of the solar cycle 25 (2019 to 2023) years. Understanding their relationship and the degree to which they impact solar activity, which affects terrestrial and space technology, is also important. For sunspots, the highest value reached (127.6) in 2023, while the lowest value (1.8) was attained in 2019. With time, the value increased like the number of spots, rising and falling until it achieved its maximum value over the course of the five years (159.1 radio flux number) in 2023. Both serve as markers for rising and falling solar activity levels. Through statistical analysis and graphs for each of them that depict the pattern of solar activity for that time period, this study demonstrated the strong, persistent association between the number of sunspots and solar radio flux. Additionally, helpfully, the rising phases of the solar cycles 24 and 25 were compared over the same period, including the first five years. This forecasts what the 25th cycle's supplemental chart will look like for the next five years.

Hydrocarbon soil pollution is one of the most dangerous pollutants in the world. It occurs for several reasons and increases due to factories not adhering to environmental protection controls, the most prominent of which is oil production. This work used two sets of soil petroleum contamination to demonstrate principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLS) modeling. To determine the variables adopted in this study based on spectroscopic analysis within the spectrum range of 1700-1800 nm and 2200-2400 nm, the distinct absorption peaks at 1720, 1750, 2220, 2300, and 2350 nm indicated the crude oil content. Chemical analysis of the samples was used to measure the relationship and build a PLS and PC model, which helped obtain a high percentage of match of up to 90%. The work indicates that this technique may enhance field investigation of oil contamination, providing an accurate in-field technique.

Flash floods hit Simangulampe Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 1st, 2023. This incident resulted in loss of life, material damage, and environmental change around impacted areas. This study aims to map land cover changes due to flash floods and analyze the flash flood source area using remote sensing data integrated with GIS. Mapping was conducted using two Planet Scope images recorded before and after the disaster. The multispectral classification was used to obtain land cover maps from these images, and both of them were analyzed using the overlay method. 30 m SRTM DEM was used to delineate the watershed. Disaster source analysis assessed the extent of land cover change in the watershed upstream zone. The results showed a significant land cover change in the downstream zone due to debris material covering an area of 9.86 ha. The affected land cover was a built-up area of moderate and low-density vegetation. A source zone was found, characterized by an extent increase of bare soil upstream of 5.48 ha.

In the study of urban changes in the Dora area of Baghdad between 2013, 2018, and 2023, analyses revealed a significant increase in residential areas and a reduction in desert areas based on a shortest-distance classification for land use study. The findings highlight quantitative and qualitative shifts, with the first period (2013-2018) showing a 29.25% increase in residential space and the subsequent period (2018-2023) an additional 11.52% rise, reflecting a clear pattern of urban expansion. This transformation has impacted the area’s environmental balance, as the reduction of desert land coupled with increased pollution from the Dora Refinery and other urban activities has led to notable environmental consequences. Furthermore, economic and social effects have emerged, such as additional pressure on infrastructure and public services. These insights underscore the importance of sustainable expansion plans and the development of green spaces to help mitigate the environmental impacts.

Photovoltaic cells are among the most important and common renewable energy sources, especially in areas with high solar radiation, like Iraq, millions of pilgrims travel on foot every Hijri year in the month of Safar from various provinces of Iraq and from different countries to commemorate the Arbaeen anniversary of Imam Hussein by heading towards the Holy Karbala. During the pilgrimage, numerous organizations or stations (processions) are set up on both sides of the pilgrim's path to provide service to pilgrims. This study highlights the possibility of providing electric energy using renewable energy to these processions along the Baghdad-Karbala Road. The study aims to provide electric energy using renewable sources to these processions along the Baghdad-Karbala Road. Photovoltaic cells are among the most important and common renewable energy sources, especially in areas with high solar radiation, like Iraq. The best sites for solar cell stations will be determined using remote sensing applications and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by analyzing satellite images (Sentinel 2 and ALOS PALSAR) to calculate the necessary criteria. The hierarchical analysis process is used to determine the optimal locations for photovoltaic cells and to estimate the energy production rate using MATLAB simulations. This research provides valuable insights into the possibility of providing Husseini Camps (processions) with clean energy along the Baghdad-Karbala Road by taking advantage of solar radiation. This study provides a comprehensive and practical approach to ensure sustainable energy supply for the processions, and the results can guide decision-making and development of energy infrastructure in the future, as well as work on similar initiatives in other regions. The results showed that the study area receives high solar radiation, that a low slope characterizes the area's nature, and that the percentage of land suitable for constructing photovoltaic stations is more than 80%. Thus, it is possible to establish more than one photovoltaic station to supply the main electricity grid with renewable energy.