Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science

Forensic technology plays an essential function in investigations and guarantees the management of justice, and it is an important thing of modern crook justice. Crime scene investigation (CSI) is considered obviously one of its maximum well-known and large subfields. The numerous forensic techniques used in crime scene investigations are examined on this assessment with a focus on their significance, effectiveness and problems. Present day techniques and technology confirms that it has revolutionized the sector of forensic science on the equal time as focusing at the techniques involved in safeguarding, gathering and evaluating proof. A comprehensive evaluation of the forensic strategies relevant to crime scene investigations is given on this estimate, confirming the critical role that every technique performs particular and unique evidence evaluation. Forensic scientists can significantly assist within the studies of crimes in addition to the aid of the use of those strategies and supporting justice.

Plant tissue culture (PTC) is a fundamental, critical, and instrumental element of plant biology. PTC enables studies of morphogenesis, embryogenesis, clonal propagation, advances in agriculture, and production of secondary metabolites; thus, making it an essential platform. Many uses of nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promise, including microbial disinfection, somatic alterations, callus differentiation, cryopreservation, biotransformation, organogenesis, and enhanced production of bioactive compounds. There are countless uses of NPs across sectors such as biotechnology, electronics, energy, medicine, skincare, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This review compiles what is presently known about the use of NPs in plant tissue culture on the premise of favorable results. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant tissue culture by discussing the ways in which they work, the areas in which they are used, and the problems that exist when using them. A systematic search through peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed was completed. This review only includes research published between 2010 and 2025, specifically studying the use of nanoparticles in vitro on plant systems.

Common NCDs, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity have become increasingly prevalent in populations worldwide. These are complex issues in relation to the underlying mechanisms of public health and involvement of immune system. The relevance of clinical immunity in the development and/or course of these diseases appears to be even more evident when considering shared inflammatory and immune pathways, including those involved in renal failure or removal; recently developed immunotherapies. This review emphasizes three main concepts: the impact of the immune system on clinical physiology, how immune dysregulation leads to a select set of chronic diseases and extrinsic factors (foods, pollutants, lifestyle habits-of-mind) that modulate immunity. It also reviews new immunotherapeutic strategies such as anti-cytokine development, checkpoint inhibitor therapy, regulatory-cell-based approaches and nanotechnology-based interventions, and microbiota-targeted therapies. The studies highlight the importance of transitioning from traditional treatment approaches to one that is immune-focused, precision-based and personalized—to be guided by a comprehensive understanding of the immune interactions in individual patients\' diseases. The paper ends with suggestions for pragmatic steps, including promoting interdisciplinary research, stimulants for therapeutic innovation and identifying immune biomarkers for early detection, that could optimally improve the patient\'s outcome.

For infection control in the high-risk dental environment, the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is not only crucial, but its correct and consistent use is a matter of urgency. A study in public teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan, and involved 117 General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) has revealed systemic problems in the use of PPE that could have serious consequences in the dental setting.
According to the results, 74.4% of clinics lacked written infection prevention and control policies, and shockingly, only a 10.6% percentage of GDPs received adequate supplies of PPE. A whopping 88% staff hadn’t any formal training in the use of PPE, and therefore, practitioner compliance to this is quite unpredictable. In one area, glove use was up to 91.5% but the instant removal of damaged gloves was just 54.7%.
The mask compliance was somewhat satisfactory, but, the procedure wasn’t consistently executed; only 18.8% of the GDPs changed their wet masks between patients. Coming in last were protective eyewear with a deplorable 26.5% and gowns with a despicable 22.2% adherence. The general picture here is of PPE usage that is not up to par and is fundamentally undermined by the absence of clear policies, inconsistent access to equipment, and lack of training.

The environmentally friendly synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) has appeared as a long-term and efficient alternative to traditional fabrication methods. Conventional techniques often include dangerous substances, high temperatures, and expensive instrumentation, posing significant risks to both Human health and the natural world. In contrast, green synthesis leverages Natural resources that are renewable, like plant extracts, microbial cultures, or bio polymeric matrices to act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. This approach is not only cost-effective and easily scalable but also minimizes the environmental footprint by using eco-friendly solvents, primarily water and ethanol, under mild reaction conditions. To ensure the quality and structural properties of the synthesized (Ag2O) NPs, various characterization techniques are employed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are critical for investigating the morphology, particle size distribution, and surface topography at high resolution. These are complemented by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis, and electron microscopy for structural integrity. Due to their unique physicochemical attributes, green synthesized (Ag2O) nanoparticles exhibit exceptional performance in photo catalysis, antibacterial activity, and various biomedical applications. This review oriented abstract emphasizes the ecological and functional superiority of green methodologies, highlighting their pivotal role in advancing environmentally responsible nanotechnology.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles play a major role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. This condition leads to cognitive impairment and cell death. It is challenging to transport therapeutic medications over the blood-brain barrier, which is which limits the availability of effective treatments for this disease. Nanoliposomes are amphiphilic bilayer structure that can carry medicinal chemicals across the blood-brain barrier. Because of this, they are often used to deliver drugs. The objective of this study is to examine how nanoliposomes reduce the detrimental consequences of Alzheimer\'s disease by focusing on Aβ oligomers, diminishing neuroinflammation, and maintaining neuronal integrity. Adding ligands that target Aβ to nanoliposomes makes the treatment work better and have fewer side effects. Sphingolipids, gangliosides, curcumin, and monoclonal antibodies are all examples of ligands. Animal models of Alzheimer\'s disease have also shown that nanoliposomes can help with memory and congnitive functions. There have been big steps forward in using biological systems, but there are still problems with biocompatibility, scalability, and getting regulatory approval. Nonetheless, considerable data from preclinical studies indicates that nanoliposomes may serve as a crucial tool in the treatment of Alzheimer\'s disease. This technique would provide a new and personalized approach to treating this terrible disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is among the most common and specific symptoms of COVID-19, persisting in a significant proportion of patients as part of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Zinc (Zn), an essential micronutrient, has been implicated in immune modulation, neuroregeneration, and olfactory function. Zn deficiency may contribute to the persistence of hyposmia after COVID-19. This review evaluates the role of Zn deficiency in post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction and examines the evidence for Zn supplementation as a therapeutic option. The study is a sort of narrative review, wherein articles indexed on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar between 2019 and 2025 are searched for any relation between zinc and changes in smell perception during COVID-19. A number of articles show that individuals with low blood zinc levels are at a high risk of developing anosmia and changes in taste perception. The molecular explanation for this could be the differential expression of zinc transporters in the olfactory mucosa. There are also clinical trials that show that taking zinc, with steroids or without, accelerates recovery of smell disturbances during COVID-19. However, the evidence is not uniform, with no consensus on the nature of the zinc supplement regimen. It appears that zinc deficiency is indeed a risk factor for post-COVID anosmia, but zinc treatment may show promise but requires further rigorous trials for its true efficacy.

In this review their alkaloids in sweet orange are discussed since ialkaloids are a large iclass of chemical compoundsi that are iderived from secondary metabolism and have the most significant attribute of any chemical compound in the world: the presencei of basicinitrogen atoms atiany point on the moleculei. Citrus sinensisi(orange) is commonly grownifor its fruit, which is both nutritious andimedicinal. Plants are responsible for producing numerous metabolites that have different physiological properties. The most researchedimetabolites areiphytochemicals, which are primarily secondaryimetabolites generated from plants and are characterized by a variety of structures, quantities, locations and activities, even in the same species. The consumption of citrus fruit has been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health due to the antioxidanti, ianti-inflammatory,icancer-fighting, protective cardiovascular and neurological properties of secondary metabolites in citrus fruit. Citrus fruits can be considered as a source of alkaloids and the most important biologically active constituents of the C.sinensis fruits are phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. ioctopamine, isynephrine, ityramine, iN-methyltyramine and ihordenine). This review focuses on the alkaloids present in the sweet orange, their chemical structure, biosynthesis, pharmacological activities, and extraction methods.

By eliminating ligatures and decreasing friction, self-ligating brackets provide a novel alternative to conventional orthodontic brackets. They are classified as active (e.g., SPEED) or passive (e.g., Damon), utilize clamps or slides to secure archwires, thereby improving patient comfort and efficiency. Since the 1930s, current designs have evolved to emphasize reduced friction, convenience for users, and enhanced cleanliness. Advantages encompass reduced chairside duration, fewer visits, and enhanced periodontal health, however disadvantages entail elevated expenditures and mechanical vulnerability. Their design concept prioritizes minimal pressures and physiological tooth movement, reinforced by characteristics such as accurate slot engagement. Nevertheless, issues such clip breakage and de-bonding concerns remain. The recycling of self-ligating brackets is impractical because of material deterioration. Notwithstanding their limitations, self-ligating brackets are increasingly favored for their therapeutic efficacy, but their cost-effectiveness is still a subject of contention. This study delineates their history, advantages, and obstacles, emphasizing their capacity to transform orthodontic practice.

Iraq is a relatively biodiverse country, particularly rich in bird species. This is due to a combination of factors that make this location a haven for many different bird species and subspecies. Therefore, the current review revealed the prevalence of nematodes, tapeworms, and protozoan parasites in quails across different environments. Additional factors influencing parasitic infection in quails including age housing management system and the presence of another animal were identified based on their prevalence across various farms. The construction of chicken and quail farms has made this species more vulnerable to a number of poultry illnesses. Due to the paucity of research on parasitic infections in quails this article reviews prior research on intestinal parasites in quails creates a thorough database to act as a reference for researchers and highlights the importance of ongoing education regarding appropriate and preventive measures for quail intestinal parasite control.

Osteoporosis and conjugated bone disorders consider as a public health issue connected with deficiencies in nutrients like vitamin D3 and calcium. This case-control research looking to examine the relationship among serum vitamin D3 and calcium and their impact on bone health. The study results show a direct connection between decreasing vitamin D3 and problems with bones. The statistics even show that owning low amounts of vitamin D3 is more likely to cause bone disorders than having low levels of calcium. This review tempted the correlation among serum levels of vitamin D3 and calcium and bone health. The results show that a deficincy of vitamin D3 is strongly connected to a number of bone disorders, such as osteoporosis. Calcium is very important for healthy bones, but the levels of calcium in the blood don't look to be a good method to said if there are problems with bones. These findings shows the prominence of focusing on vitamin D3 concentrations in exhibition populations. More studies and researches are needed to learn about how calcium impacts the growth of bone illnesses.

Background: Hyssopus officinalis L. (hyssop) is a traditional herb that already has established use, which implies inherent antimicrobial activity that would be applicable in the present crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to identify the phytochemical composition, the antimicrobial action, and synergistic effect of the H. officinalis extracts in combination with standard antibiotics (Vancomycin and Erythromycin) to MDR clinical isolates (MRSA, E. coli and K. pneumoniae). Procedures: n-hexane, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared. Initial phytochemical screening and total phenolic content (45 ug gallic acid equivalent/ml in the ethyl acetate fraction) was measured. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by broth micro dilution method (to find out the MIC) and the agar well diffusion method to evaluate the individual and combined treatments on the three bacterial strains. Findings: Polar extracts (ethanol and ethyl acetate) had great intrinsic activity with an MIC of 25 percent in all the isolates. The ethyl acetate extract as such had a significant inhibitory effect especially against MRSA (18 mm). More importantly, the extract had a synergistic effect with Vancomycin as it managed to regain its activity against a resistant MRSA and K. pneumoniae (producing up to 11 mm of inhibition zones). On the other hand, the extract was antagonistic in the presence of Erythromycin leading to total deactivation of the action of the drug on MRSA. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extract of H. officinalis is an effective antimicrobial substance, and an effective antibiotic adjuvant. Its ability to revert the effects of Vancomycin on MDR pathogens justifies its possible use in combination therapy but additional mechanistic efforts are needed to better comprehend and overcome the observed antagonistic effects.

Nanotechnology has improved the solubility, bioavailability, and controlled release of poorly soluble drugs and reduced off-target toxicity by precision targeting in medicine, food preservation, and industry for 40 years. This research studied polymeric, liposomal, and mesoporous nanoparticles (NPs) of structural features, fabrication methods, biological interactions, and therapeutic uses for drug transport efficiency and long-term safety. The experimental and clinical data on particle size, shape, surface chemistry, encapsulation techniques, drug transport kinetics, biodistribution, and cytotoxic responses both in vitro and in vivo for the conventional formulations. After 48 hours, poly(isohexylcyanoacrylate) nanocarriers delivered 56% of the injected dose to the liver and 1.6% to tumors, whereas liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) increased tumor formation and lowered systemic toxicity by reduced macrophage clearance and cytotoxicity, PEG-coated NPs boosted tumor uptake and circulation. Silver or zinc oxide NPs prevented microbial degradation in strawberries, asparagus, and chicken, whereas mesoporous silica carriers stabilized hydrophobic agents and controlled payload release. The AuNPs and high-aspect-ratio particles generated oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, affecting cytotoxicity. Thus, NPs increase therapeutic index but need surface property and release profile adjustment to address immune recognition, organ accumulation, and chronic toxicity.

The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is linked to gastric disorders such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. There may be a link between H. pylori infection and the risk of extra gastric illnesses, such as colorectal cancer, according to new research. the current knowledge of the virulence factors and the relationship between H. pylori infection and colorectal cancer. Studies indicate that H. pylori infection may affect colorectal carcinogenesis by indirect effects on systemic inflammation, hormonal changes, or direct effects via bacterial translocation, while the precise mechanisms behind this link remain unclear. Some epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between H. pylori infection and the risk of colorectal cancer or adenomas, although results are inconsistent. Further research is needed to clarify the nature of this association, understand the underlying mechanisms, and determine the potential implications for colorectal cancer prevention and management.

Reactive species within cells and external agents constantly attack cellular DNA. Different repair pathways reduce toxic and mutagenic effects, and this article describes 130 known human DNA repair genes. There is currently only one system to remove the primary DNA lesions caused by ultraviolet light, despite notable features such as four enzymes that can remove uracil from DNA, seven recombination genes linked to RAD51, and numerous recently identified DNA polymerases that avoid damage. By comparing with model organisms and identifying common folds in three-dimensional protein structures, more human DNA repair genes will be discovered. Clinical applications such as better radiotherapy, anticancer medication treatment, and a deeper comprehension of the forces that cause cellular ageing should result from modification to DNA repair.

In human immune response against invading viruses, the innate immune system plays a critical role in the early defense towards variable viral infections before the adaptive immune response triggered, particularly against influenza viruses, like with influenza A virus type. Dendritic cells and macrophages are key players in this type of immunity, which is activated to kill infected cells and release antiviral cytokines like interferon-gamma that either reduce the infection or recruit other types of immune cells, like T cells, to the site of infection. The purpose of the study was to look at how innate immune cells contribute to the formation of viral reservoirs and long-term maintenance. Innate immune cells play a critical role in influenza spontaneous control. This study studied previous studies on the Influenza type A Viral infection and who Innate immune cell control this infection. Databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed were investigated. Neutrophils are examples of innate immune cells that can react to infection by phagocytosing virus-infected cells, creating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are crucial for immobilizing invasive viruses, and releasing inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, macrophages present antigens, phagocytose viruses, and produce cytokines to stimulate additional immune cells, including T cells. By stimulating T-cells, dendritic cells can operate as a mediator to activate the innate and adaptive immune systems. In order to develop treatment strategies aimed at improving basic immune responses and minimizing severe infection, it is crucial to comprehend the distinct roles of each innate immune cell in the defense against influenza.

: Interest in focused treatments for different types of osteoporosis has increased as a result of growing awareness of the liver, kidney, and bone interaction. Injury to the liver and kidneys caused by various disorders can disrupt bone metabolism, suggesting a new regulatory relationship among the liver, kidneys, and bones. But little is known about how the liver-bone center contributes to primary and secondary osteoporosis. Thus, investigating the precise regulatory motion of the liver-bone center may provide new curative strategies for the treatment of liver and bone disorders. Chronic liver disease is a prevalent health issue worldwide, especially in East Asia. Osteoporosis (OP), a prevalent metabolic bone disorder, has garnered heightened attention in ageing populations. In recent years, a growing association between osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD), belonging to the larger category of CKD-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD), has been noted. Changes in parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism are characteristics of CKD-MBD, which greatly increases the risk of fracture.
This review aims to examine the correlation between chronic renal and liver illness and their effects on bone throughout the patient's lifespan.

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between vitamin D, vitamin B12, and glycemic control (HbA1c) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. For this investigation, a total of seventy volunteers were enlisted. Standard biochemical techniques were used to assess serum levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, and HbA1c, and SPSS was used for statistical analysis. The average vitamin B12 level was 363.89 ± 122.17 ng/mL, the average vitamin D concentration was 26.64 ± 12.12 ng/mL, and the average HbA1c level was 5.32 ± 0.81%. Vitamin D and HbA1c showed a weak negative connection (r = -0.28, p = 0.048), indicating that lower vitamin D levels might be linked to worse glycemic management. HbA1c and vitamin B12 (p = 0.75) and vitamin D and vitamin B12 (p = 0.86) did not significantly correlate. The findings indicate that Vit-D may play a minor but significant role in glucose regulation, whereas Vit-B12 appears to have no direct influence on glycemic status in this cohort. Further studies with increased sample magnitude recommended to substantiate these preliminary data.

Background: Cancer is considered the second cause of death after strokes in Iraq. This paper discusses cancer diseases in Iraq with special reference to the ten most common diseases and mortality, as well as cancer diseases and mortality of children and comparisons for both sexes. Material & Methods: Publications of Iraqi Cancer Board, Annual Report, Iraqi Cancer Registry, 2022 on the prevalence and mortality of common cancers in Iraq, analysis of the ten most common types of cancers in Iraq for both genders as well as for children of age (0 - 14). Results: The analysis of data on the prevalence and mortality of higher cancer diseases in Iraq indicated that male cancers were higher than female, leukemia, brain, and breast cancers are considered the highest cancer prevalence and mortality, as well as in children, the general trend of cancers is positive. Conclusion: there is an increase in the rates of cancers and limited rates, with the possibility of reducing the risks of these cancers through attention and developing plans to combat them and reduce their effects and early detection. In Iraq, the cause of the spread of cancer diseases, especially in the southern regions of Iraq, due to environmental pollution and the entry of toxins into drinking water, in addition to radiation resulting from the successive wars in Iraq.

Breast cancer was and remains the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, thus finding dependable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance is imperative, and this study explores its relationship to the clinical pathological characteristics of patients with breast cancer.220 women include 120 with breast cancer and 100 healthy controls, their age between 17 to 63 years, participated in a cross-sectional observational study. The presence of metastases, tumor stage, and histological grade were all correlated with serum levels of CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 from many types of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma, Marker levels increased progressively with advancing clinical stages and histological grades. CEA and CA125 were particularly associated with higher tumor grade and advanced disease stage, while CA19-9 showed a moderate association. Higher CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 blood levels are strongly linked to more advanced stages and aggressive histological grades of breast cancer. Although more validation is required to validate their specificity and clinical relevance, these indicators may be used as supplemental tools in the prognostic assessment and clinical management of breast cancer.

Background: Thyroid cancer is a cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. This paper discusses the prevalence and mortality of this type of cancer by continent and region for females and males with reference to the countries with the highest and lowest injuries and deaths.
Material & Methods: Publications from WHO, the International Agency for Research & Cancer, and Cancer Today 2024 on the incidence and mortality of male and female thyroid cancer in global continents and UN regions were used, with a comparison made to find their indicators, especially survival rates, illustrated with charts.
Results: The results indicated that the number of incidences is not few, but the mortality rate was limited due to the development of medical technology, and the results indicated that the number of incidences and mortality in females is much higher than in males.
Conclusion: The cause of thyroid cancer is still unknown, but since the thyroid gland is very sensitive to radiation, radiation exposure can cause cancerous changes in it. Thyroid cancer is more common in people who have been treated with radiation in the head, neck, or chest areas. The results obtained were a comparison between logic and continents and that the patient needs follow-up and health care.

Anomalies of urinary tract can cause when present considerable pain for patients. Radiologic imaging is critical in determining the cause of urinary tract diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the congenital anomalies of the urinary system in patients seeking treatment at Ibn Sina Hospital from March 2021 to December 2022. Material & Methods: This was a retrospective study. It was conducted in Ibn Sina Hospital at Khartoum City, Khartoum State, Sudan, during the period from March 2021 to December 2022. It involved 507 patients; the data was collected using a comprehensive, suitable data collection sheet, and then it was analyzed using SPSS 25. Result: The study involved 507 patients and revealed that 457 (90.1%) of them did not have congenital anomalies, while 50 (9.9%) have congenital anomalies. Among these patients, 44% were between 40 and 54 years old, and 38% were aged 25–39, with an average age of 41.8±12 years. In terms of gender, 56% were male. Among the patients with kidney conditions, 34% had ectopic kidney, 15% had horseshoe kidney, and 12% had polycystic kidney. The least common conditions were ureteropelvic junction obstruction (2%) and vesicourethral diverticulum (2%). Conclusion: The ectopic kidney was the most common pattern of congenital anomalies of the urinary system. Followed by horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney, and the least one ureteropelvic junction obstruction and vesicourethral diverticulum, respectively.