Journal of Medical and Oral Biosciences

With the new emphasis on timely management of malocclusions to avert the consequences of untreated malocclusion, interceptive orthodontics has both simplified, and eliminated the need for future intervention. The 2×4 appliance is a kind of fixed orthodontic appliance that is specifically indicated in the period of mixed dentition to address transitional dental problems such as anterior crossbites, open bites, deep bites, crowding, and rotations. This narrative review describes the uses, advantages, disadvantages, and the modifications of the 2×4 appliance. Thedatabases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and grey literature databases were searched for clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports/series looking in English using multiple searching terms. Out of 64 articles, 35 were relevant articles that screened, appraised and summarized in this review. The 2×4 appliance is indicated for mixed dentition patients who present with either mild or moderate malocclusions, especially when removable appliance compliance is a significant concern. Owing to their advantages, the usage of such appliance is recommended by orthodontists and pedodontists.

Post-curing temperature plays a vital role in enhancing the mechanical properties of denture base resins fabricated using 3D printing technologies such as Digital Light Processing (DLP) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) printers. In this study, the surface hardness of denture base specimens was evaluated following post-curing treatments at 60°C and 80°C. The results demonstrated that increasing the post-curing temperature significantly improved the hardness of samples from both printer types. DLP-printed samples showed greater improvements in hardness compared to LCD-printed samples across both temperature ranges. This difference is due to the higher energy exposure and more efficient photopolymerization of DLP systems. Both the LCD and DLP groups performed significantly better in hardness at 60°C compared to the control group. This indicates improved polymer bonding. Post-curing at 80°C produced the highest hardness values, particularly for theDLP group, suggesting that higher temperatures may help form denser polymer networks. Despite these benefits, it is important to take precautions to prevent material degradation or stress at higher processing temperatures. The results suggest that post-curing 3D-printed denture bases at 80°C may increase their surface hardness. Furthermore, DLP-produced materials perform better mechanically than LCD-printed ones.

rritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic biopsychologicalDisorderthat is characterized by altered bowel habits with abdominal discomfort or pain with the absence of organic pathology. It carries significant feedback on self-confidence and quality of life. Medical students are expected to develop irritable bowel syndromebecause they are subjected to stress due to over academic pressure. This study designed to Investigate irritable bowel syndrome prevalence among medical students, & to detect the impact of the disease on their social and academic life.A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students in March and April (2024) at university of Baghdad college of medicine. All participants were asked to complete a confidential self-administered questionnaire. Diagnosis of IBS was according to Rome III criteria.A total number of 300 medical students completed the questionnaireshowed61 (20.3%) of medical students withIBS. A statistical significant was foundbetween IBS and non IBS.Students who have IBS have statistical significant regarding anxiety conditions, following the entry into the college of medicine and in the skipping of social activities, embarrassment in the public places, impact on the hobbies, performance, avoidance of a certain type of food, effect on mental wellbeing, and impact on academic life performance (p<0.05).In conclusion,thisstudy revealed that the transition into medical school significantly increases the prevalence of IBS among students. And there was a strong impact of IBS on social life and academic performance on medical students.

The medical profession is worldwide known as extremely stressful, with doctors facing significantrisks to their mental, emotional, and physical well-being, leading to high rates of exhaustion. This study explores the potential of medical conferences to serve as a mediation to support doctors' mental health and professional well-being. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 167 doctors attending two professional medical conferences. Data were collected using a survey comprising demographic questions, validated psychological scales (GAD-7 for anxiety and WHO-5 for well-being), and conference-specific perception issues. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The response rate was 60–80%. Results indicated that participants, on average, experienced mild anxiety (mean GAD-7 score: ≈6–9) and moderate well-being (mean WHO-5 score: ≈50–65). A strong positive perception of the conferences' benefits was reported (mean score: ≈3.8–4.3 on a 5-point Likert scale), with 60–75% of respondents agreeing that attendance reduced professional stress and increased motivation. Higher perceived benefit was significantly correlated with higher well-being scores (r ≈ 0.35–0.50, p < 0.01). Active networking and session participation were associated with lower anxiety scores. Regular conference attendees also reported better well-being and lower anxiety than first-time attendees. In Conclusion, the results of the current study showed that participation in medical conferences is positively associated with reduced anxiety, decreased professional stress, and improved psychological well-being among doctors. These events provide a valuable platform for emotional renewal, peer support, and professional development, serving as a complementary strategy to mitigate burnout and enhance job satisfaction in the medical workforce.

Hepatitis viruses keep up to remain a significant worldwide health threat owing to their chronic nature, severe hepatic consequences, accompanied withthelimited effectiveness of standard treatments. Nanoliposomes, which are lipid-based nanocarriers, havea lot of potential for improving the administration of antiviral drugs by making them more bioavailable, targeting the liver, and changing how the immune system works. This study intends to focus on the latest developments in the design, physicochemical properties, and processes of nanoliposomes that stop the hepatitis virus from spreading, with an emphasis on the hepatitis B and C viruses. Recent investigations demonstrate their capacity to improve antiviral drug stability, promote hepatic macrophage targeting, and impede viral multiplication,while diminishing systemic toxicity. Additionally, the research article addresses biocompatibility issues, the constraints of existing methodologies, and future prospects for the incorporation of nanoliposomes into combination therapies that include nucleoside analogues, immune-stimulants, and vaccines. Nanoliposome-based systems are a promising and potentially transformative approach for enhancing the therapeutic management of viral hepatitis.