Journal of Medical and Oral Biosciences

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is a common age-related condition characterized by the deterioration of the joint's articular surfaces. Approximately 50% of the general population experiences TMJ disorders. This studyaimed to evaluate the degenerative changes in the condyles of patients with and without posterior teeth. The panoramic images of 237 patients aged between 18 and 75 years (mean age 33.6 ± 14.4 years; 109 males and 128 females), categorized into two groupsbased on dental status: Group A consisted of patients with complete upper and lower posterior dentition, while Group B included those who were completely edentulous in the upper and/or lower posterior regions. The images were selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Various condylar changes were assessed, including hypoplasia, hyperplasia, internal resorption, erosion, subcortical sclerosis, osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and ankylosis. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Among the 237 patients, 79.7% had intact posterior dentition on the right side, and 76.8% on the left side. The most frequently observed degenerative changes included internal resorption (18.1%) on the left side and condylar hypoplasia (25.3%) on the right side.A significant difference in degeneration was noted between edentulous and dentulous individuals, particularly on the right side, with higher rates of internal resorption (p<0.05). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that the absence of posterior teeth significantly increased the risk for bone changes (p< 0.05) and erosion (p< 0.05). In conclusion, retaining posterior teeth is protective against specific TMJ degenerative changes, underscoring the importance of occlusal stability.

Brain and central nervous system cancer is one of the most dangeroustypes of tumors affecting the central nervous system, as it arises as a result of abnormal growth of cells inside the brain. Cancer may be primary, that is, it arises directly in the brain, or secondary when cancer moves from another organ in the body to the brain, and the severity of the disease varies depending on the type of tumor, its location, and extent of spread. This reviewintends todiscuss one of the dangerous cancers to human life, accompanied with analyzing its global data, and making the necessary comparisons.Publications from WHO, the International Agency for Research & Cancer, and Cancer Today 2024 on the incidence and mortality of male and female brain and central nervous system cancer in global continents and UN regions were used, with a comparison made to find their indicators, and the survival rates in different regions were discussed, illustrated with charts.The results indicated that the number of incidences is not few, but the mortality rate was very high, which reflected on weaksurvival rates. The results indicated that the number of incidences and mortality in females was lower than in males.In conclusion, a brain tumor is a growth of cells in or near the brain. Brain tumors can occur in the tissues of the brain. They can occur near brain tissue. Such nearby places include nerves, the pituitary gland, the pineal gland, and membranes covering the surface of the brain. The analysis proved that the mortality rate was very high, which directly affected the survival rate, especiallyfor males

Diabetes is a major worldwide health concern that is becoming more prevalent.In addition to the onset of diabetes mellitus, deglycation is linked to prediabetes. Blood glucose levels in prediabetes are still below the cutoff point for diabetes even though they are higher than usual. Research into the disease's biomarkers can help manage or alleviatethe symptoms of diabetic mellitus (DM). Thus, supporting physician evaluations requires early diagnosis and classification of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). The Iraqis' pre-diabetes Association has released several guidelines on medical dietary therapy for diabetes, emphasizing the importance of lowering both microvascular and macrovascular issues in diabetics.The Mediterranean diet, a low-carb/high-protein diet, a vegan diet, and a vegetarian diet were the four diets whose effects on diabetes were investigated. Despite the fact that medication nutrition therapy and lifestyle are regarded as the cornerstones of diabetes prevention and management, there is controversy regarding the most effective prevention. The association between dietary intake and pre-diabetes morbidity has been the subject of numerous investigations

Regenerative endodontic procedures are designed to eliminateclinical symptoms, promote periapical healing, and restore a functional pulp–dentin complex with continued root development. However, treatment failure may occur and require retreatment. In such situations, the removal of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)poses a significant clinical and technical challenge. This narrative review critically appraises recent advances in MTA removal techniques following failed regenerative endodontic therapy, with particular emphasis on removal efficiency, effects on radicular dentin, and subsequent management considerations. A systematic electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify English-language articles published between 2017 and 2025 using keywords related to regenerative endodontics, MTA retrieval, chemical solvents, and assessment methods. From an initial yield of 70 articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria based on relevance, methodology, and scientific merit. The available evidence indicates that complete removal of set MTA from theroot canal system cannot be achieved using a single technique. Mechanical methods showed limited effectiveness, while ultrasonic activation enhanced MTA retrieval but consistently left residual material. Chemical agents, particularly acidic solutions, demonstrated superior MTA softening and removal potential. However, their application was associated with reduced dentin microhardness and signs of dentinal erosion, as confirmed by micro-CT and SEM analyses. Inconclusion,the findings highlight the absenceof a standardized and clinically optimal protocol for MTA removal and emphasize the need for further well-designed studies to establish safe exposure times, effective concentrations, and evidence-based guidelines that balance removal efficiency with preservation of radicular dentin integrity