Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences

This study aimed to develop and apply a scale to measure the current reality of the ideal organizational environment in colleges of physical education and sports sciences from the perspective of their students, and to identify the existing state of this environment as perceived by the students.
The researcher used the descriptive survey method because it fits the nature of the study problem. The study population included students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University, totaling 300 individuals. The sample was divided into several groups. The researcher then created a questionnaire for the scale to identify valid statements, which consisted of 30 items.
The Likert method was used to create the questionnaire, employing a five-point scale to show the degree of agreement with each statement: Always, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never.
A pilot study was conducted ahead of the main application with a sample of 20 students on January 22, 2025, to ensure proper conditions during the main test. The scale was then used on a construction sample of 150 students from February 3 to March 2, 2025. Following this, the scale was administered to the main study sample, which included 100 instructors, from March 11 to April 2, 2025. The results were statistically analyzed and discussed.

The study aimed to identify the significance of differences in aerobic efficiency, fatigue index, and speed endurance between the pre-test and post-test after implementing a physical training program based on the timing of (the second part of the second zone) of interval training zones.
The researchers employed an experimental method with a one-group design, including both pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 28 football players from Duhok Sports Club, which competes in the Iraqi First Division Football League. The research sample included only 20 players after excluding three goalkeepers and five players due to injury or absence from post-tests. Therefore, the sample represented 71.42% of the total population.
The training program was carried out in the second part of the second interval training zone based on time, during both the general and specific preparation periods, for eight weeks, three days a week (Saturday, Monday, and Wednesday). On the other three days, the team performed their regular training, and Friday was a rest day.
The program included two mesocycles, each made up of four microcycles, totaling 24 training sessions. After conducting pre- and post-tests, collecting the study data, and performing statistical analysis, the researchers drew several conclusions, the most important of which were:
1. The training program proved effective in improving the studied variables (fatigue index, aerobic efficiency, and speed endurance) among the sample, as all showed significant gains when comparing pre- and post-tests.
2. The increase in the fatigue index is due to the direct effect of anaerobic exercises included in the training program, where short rest periods and high exercise intensity caused lactate buildup, leading to noticeable muscle fatigue—aligned with the traits of anaerobic endurance.
3. The participants demonstrated improved aerobic efficiency through regular interval training, which boosted their maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and enhanced the function of their respiratory and circulatory systems. This improvement positively impacted their ability to perform for more extended periods.