Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background: One of the most common endocrine disorders that
impacts reproductive-aged women is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS). There are various pharmacological agents used to manage the
condition, such as antiandrogens, aromatase inhibitors, metformin,
thiazolidinediones, and ovulation-inducing medications. Such
medications focus on increasing insulin sensitivity and restoring
ovulatory function. The clinical characterizations of polycystic ovary
syndrome include hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and
polycystic ovarian morphology.
Objectives: The objective of this research is to estimate the
effectiveness of different medications on the signs and symptoms of
polycystic ovary syndrome.
Materials and Methods: From October to December 2024, a cross
sectional study was performed on 204 women in Iraq aged between 15
and 45 years to assess the therapeutic practices for PCOS. To acquire
the relevant data, private gynecological consultations were held,
including laboratory measurements and a questionnaire, which were
analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2021.
Results: The findings showed that the commonly-prescribed
medications are Metformin (35.2%) and Diane 35 (34.8%).
Furthermore, menstrual interruptions, hirsutism, and acne were the
most commonly-reported symptoms. Hormonal evaluations show that
there was heterogeneity between participants, especially regarding the
levels of androgen and reproductive hormones. The findings are
reflective of typical polycystic ovary syndrome clinical manifestations
and the personalized pharmacological approaches used to manage
symptoms and regulate hormones.
Conclusions: Polycystic ovary syndrome is an intricate condition that
can have different manifestations, including menstrual irregularities,
obesity, acne, and hirsutism. Moreover, it can have significant
metabolic and psychological implications. Despite being the most
commonly administered drugs for the condition, Diane-35 and
Metformin were found to impact quality of life. In turn, this highlights
the need to develop treatment approaches that integrate
pharmacological management with lifestyle changes in order to
achieve the best possible outcomes.

Background:Bacterial resistance is oneof the most immediateproblemsinhealthcare and it requires coordinatedefforts for thedesigningof novel antimicrobial strategiesObjectives:The current study, representsthedesign and simulation analysis of four novel heterocyclic compounds (4, 7) derived from a sequential three, step methodology.Materials and Methods: The methodology included acid, catalyzed esterificationofpicoline, followed by hydrazide formation, and anhydride coupling reactions to obtainthetarget compounds with the yield ranging from 50% to 60%.The target molecules (4, 7) were structurally specific, as confirmed by ATR, FTIR, 1H, NMR, and 13C, NMR spectroscopic methods.MOE software was used forthesimulation ofthetarget molecules to evaluate their binding affinities with 1AJ0 target bacterial proteins, which arethedecisive components of metabolic pathways in prokaryotes.Results:The synthesized molecules (4-7) tested exhibited greater binding affinities, asin thecase of compound 7 with, -5.88 Kcal/mol binding affinity, showing a remarkable enhancement of about 31.5% compared tothecontrol, -4.47 Kcal/mol. This outstanding improvement could be interpreted by the optimal H-bonding with residual ARG A:255, LYS A:221, HIS A:257 and THR A:62, complementary by π-system interactions that reinforce molecular complex stability.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that the synthesized compounds, particularly compound 7, could serve as valuable lead compounds for developing the next generation antimicrobial agents with improved activity and optimized pharmacokinetic characteristics

Background: Lantana camara is a medicinal plant known for
its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulating
activities. The phytochemical composition and bioactivity
regarding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs) are still inadequately investigated. The objective of
this work was to examine the elemental composition,
phytochemical profile, and molecular interaction potential of
bioactive compounds derived from various sections of L.
camara (leaves, flowers, seeds) in relation to (PPARγ) and
(PPARα) receptors.
Methods: The elemental composition was assessed using
Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, whereas
phytochemical ingredients were evaluated by Gas
Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular
docking and MM/GBSA computations assessed the binding
affinity of the discovered drugs for PPARγ (PDB ID: 1I7I)
and PPARα (PDB ID: 6LXA).
Results: EDX analysis identified critical elements, such as K,
Si, Cu, Cl, and S, differing between plant parts. GC-MS
identified isopropyl myristate, oleic acid, octadecatrienoic
acid, and squalene as the principal chemicals, exhibiting
organ-specific distribution. Molecular docking revealed that
squalene and oleic acid exhibited the highest binding affinity
and thermodynamic stability for both PPARγ and PPARα, as
indicated by docking scores and MM/GBSA ΔG_bind values.
Conclusion: Lantana camara possesses bioactive chemicals
that can modulate PPAR receptors, underscoring its potential
for applications in anti-inflammatory and metabolic
regulation. These findings establish a basis for additional
experimental validation and pharmacological advancement of
L. camara ingredients.

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes is a significant human
pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases.
Objective: This study aimed to identify S. pyogenes isolates
from patients with pharyngitis and to investigate their
antibiotic resistance profiles and the presence of key virulence
genes (scpA, sdaB, and spy1258) using molecular techniques.
Methods: A total of 150 throat swabs were collected from
pharyngitis patients attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Salah
Al-Din General Hospital, and private clinics between January
and July 2023. Samples underwent bacteriological
identification and biochemical testing for S. pyogenes, with
confirmation using the VITEK 2 system. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing was conducted, and multidrug-resistant
isolates were further analyzed by PCR to detect the presence of
virulence genes
Results: Out of 150 collected samples, 122 isolates were
identified as Gram-positive bacteria. Among them, 52 isolates
(42.6%) were confirmed as S. pyogenes. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing showed variable resistance patterns, with
four isolates (7.7%) displaying complete resistance to all tested
antibiotics. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of the
spy1258 gene in three isolates (5.7%), while scpA and sdaB
were each detected in one isolate.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the clinical importance of
integrating molecular surveillance of virulence factors and
antibiotic resistance in S. pyogenes diagnostics. Routine
molecular monitoring can improve early detection, guide
effective treatment strategies, and help limit the spread of
multidrug-resistant strains within the community.

Oral drug delivery is regarded as the most favored method of
treatment due to its elevated patient compliance and reduced
invasiveness. The oral route of administration of therapeutic
proteins such as vaccines, antigens and hormones (insulin),
compared to other routes, requires delivery systems that can
overcome glitches in therapeutic proteins optimal utilization
such as extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, destruction in
the gastrointestinal tract, large molecule size and poor
penetration. Therefore, pH-responsive carriers for the delivery
of insulin orally are regarded to be one of the most promising
options. Insulin is now available in parenteral dose form, which
can be administered mainly by subcutaneous injections.
Subcutaneous administration method is linked with a number
of complications that might impair patients' compliance. Oral
administration of insulin is not currently feasible due to a
number of problems that are associated with the structure of
insulin and the architecture of the gastrointestinal system.
Insulin is a peptide that, when oral administration occurs, has a
tendency to be rendered inactive through the process of
destruction that is accomplished by the enzymes and acids of
the stomach. Therefore, the pH-responsive carriers make an
effort to bypass the stomach. This allows for insulin release and
subsequent absorption in its unaltered form within the intestine
by aid of absorption enhancers. This review will discuss the
progress made in the field of pH-responsive systems, with a
particular focus on oral insulin delivery. It provides a
comprehensive comparison of pH-responsive systems with
other delivery systems from various aspects, such as
formulation, insulin loading, and large-scale manufacturing, as
well as the future prospects for oral insulin delivery. It also
discusses the challenges that may be faced in scaling up
production and offers our perspective on the clinical translation
of in vitro findings into commercial products.

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women around the world.Objectives:To identify the link between dyslipidemia, atherogenic index and some other biochemical parameters in postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: all participants of women aged from 53-70 years. A total 60 postmenopausal women have cardiovascular diseases and 30 healthy women participants enrolled in the present study as a control group. Blood samples were collected are prepared and for assessment of lipid profile, myosin and renal function tests.Results:Mean Cholesterol levels were significantly increased in the CVD group compared to controls (207.7 ± 20.4mg\dl vs control 173.8 ± 21.0 mg\dl). Similarly, triglycerides concentrations were markedly higher in the CVD group (207.6 ± 74.2mg\dl) vs control group(167.6 ± 21.8mg\dl), as were LDL level in CVD group (149.6 ± 20.7mg\dl) vs control group (97.9 ± 21.0mg\dl). While HDL level was significantly reduced in CVD group (22.2 ± 10.4mg\dl) vs control group (48.4 ± 7.8mg\dl). VLDL level show higher level in CVD group (41.6 ± 15.1mg\dl) vs control group (33.5 ± 4.3mg\dl). Atherogenic index (CVD: 1.0 ± 0.3 vs. control: 0.5 ± 0.1), while cardiac risk observed (CVD: 10.6 ± 3.2 VS. 3.6 ± 0.7).Myosin level between groups (CVD: 2289.8±1087.6pg\ml vs. control: 2943.1±2326.2pg\ml; p value >0.05). Mean urea levels were significantly increased in the CVD group compared to controls group (44.1 ± 9.6mg\dl) vs control (33.9 ± 7.4mg\dl). Similarly, creatinine level was significantly higher in CVD group (1.750 ± 0.760mg\dl) vs (0.452 ± 0.02mg\dl).Conclusions:In postmenopausal women cardiovascular risk rises as obesity increased, lipid profile, atherogenic index and aging may lead to renal function disturbance and increase level of urea and creatinine. Article history:-Received: 04/08/2025-Received in revised: 28/09/2025-Accepted: 03/10/2026-Available online: 16/01/2026Corresponding author:Tafaoul Jaber Hameedtafaouljaber@tu.edu.iq©This is an open access article under the CC BY licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Citation: Hameed T J, Hilal N N, Abdul-Aziz M M. Association of Dyslipidemia, Atherogenic Index and some Biochemical Markers with Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal WomenTikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025; 19(2):77-86.http://doi.org/10.25130/tjphs.2025.19.2.7.77.86Tikrit Journal of PharmaceuticalSciencesISSN: 1815-2716(print)--ISSN: 2664-231X (online)Journal Home Page: https://tjphs.tu.edu.iq--Email: tjops@tu.edu.iqhttp://doi.org/10.25130/tjphs.2025.19.2.7.77.86