Iraqi Journal of Natural Sciences and Nanotechnology

Male infertility is an intricate problem with important implications for men\'s reproductive wellness. Male reproductive capability is significantly influenceable by a number of changeable, involved; genetics, infections, hormonal contraindication, abnormalities in male reproductive tissue, and varicocele. In order to infertile males, diagnostic studies like hormone examinations, imaging ultrasound tests, genetic tests, and semen fluid analysis, which includes assessments of sperm forms, sperm motility, sperm concentration and sperm deoxyribonucleic acid harmare invaluable in identifying the underlying causes of their disease.The aim of this review research was to enhance the understanding of male infertility and to provide suggestions for researchers and medical experts for more accurate and effective treatments by carefully examining each relevant element and to provide medical personnel’s and investigators at infertility and in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers installation with a useful resource to understand the complex area of male venereal health, as well as the research study conclusion explores the matters currently raised by male infertility, clarifies where it can go, and focus attention on the need for further study to fully realize to the complexity of male infertility

The optical, structural, surface morphologyand elemental composition of chemically deposited ZnOthin films at varying deposition temperatures were studied. The films deposited at room temperature had the highest transmittance of 70.52 %, and films deposited at 70oC had an average transmittance of 38.85 %. The energy gap was between 3.52and 3.62eV.The structural properties showed that some of the films were amorphous and some were crystalline, as revealed by the XRD pattern. The diameters of crystals, micro lattice strain, and dislocation density of the crystalline films were measured with the Debye Scherrer. The crystallite size was between 49.1and 60.91nm, the micro lattice strain ranged between 6.35and 8.60 x 10-4,and the dislocation density was between 2,69 X 1014and 4.13X 1014lines per metre cube. The films covered the substrate and weresmooth but the films deposited at 40oC, which showed some high particles on the surface as revealed by surface morphology. The elemental compositions of the films showed that zinc and oxygen were present for all the films except the films deposited at 40oC, which had a low percentage of carbon.

The effect of Ni:Ti ratios in NixTix-1shape memory alloy at x equal to 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.5 wt% prepared using the solid-state reaction method for medical applications have been studied.The mechanical properties of the alloy included hardness, impact, and Young's modulus which play an important role of issues were examined. The hardness values of 590.16, 670.41, 735.15, 888.03, and 901.17, which correspond to ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 respectively. Besides the impact test recorded the highest value of 9.12(KJ/m2)at the ratio of 50:50, and the lowest value of 5.32(KJ/m2)for the 90:10 ratio. The Young's modulus of nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy have the highest value at a 50:50 ratio of nickel to titanium which considered as the optimal ratio depend on all there tested. The reason is that the ideal balance between nickel and titanium in the alloy provides maximum hardness and flexibility, making it particularly suitable for applications that require strong and stable mechanical properties, such as medical applications, which is useful in medical applications compared to other ratios

The results of the study “Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cells by Incorporating Advanced Nanomaterials” shows that incorporating nanomaterials into solar cells represents a major development towards increasing the efficiency of these cells. The main benefits of using nanomaterials include improving light absorption, reducing losses due to reflection, and increasing the overall efficiency of energy conversion. The study addresses several areas in which nanomaterials can contribute, such as the design of multi-layer solar cells (Tandem Solar Cells) that make better use of the solar spectrum, allowing them to exceed the traditional limit on solar cell efficiency. The study also addresses the importance of anti-reflection coatings and modifying the optical spectrum using these materials, which increases the quantity of light that is assimilated and transformed into electrical energy. The study considers that current challenges include the stability of nanomaterials and the possibility of large-scale manufacturing, but it remains optimistic about the future, with expectations of further improvements in efficiency as research and development in this field continue. This comprehensive overview of developments in the field of solar cells using nanomaterials reflects the future direction of making solar energy more effective and efficient.

The utilization of plant extracts for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a prominent method due to its environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature, garnering substantial attention in scientific research. This review article provides an in-depth exploration of the synthesis process, focusing on critical parameters such as temperature, pH level, and reaction duration, which exert significant influence on the size, morphology, and stability of the resultant AgNPs. By leveraging the inherent reducing and stabilizing properties of diverse biomolecules present in plant extracts, researchers can finely adjust the synthesis conditionsto yield AgNPs tailored to specific requirements. The biomedical applications of these AgNPs are extensive, encompassing a wide range of functions from serving as antimicrobial agents in wound care and coatings to functioning as versatile drug delivery platforms and diagnostic aids. The pronounced antimicrobial activity of AgNPs renders them particularly valuable in combatting infections and facilitating wound healing processes. Moreover, their biocompatibility and minimal cytotoxicity profile hold promisefor diverse therapeutic applications, including but not limited to cancer therapy and tissue engineering. In essence, the green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts represents a sustainable and promising avenue with far-reaching implications in the realms of biomedical research and healthcare.

In the medical imaging field, nuclear medicine employs a variety of image analysis methodologies, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). These techniques offer the radiologist supplementary information that aids in the precise analysis and diagnosis of various diseases. A PET system is a functional imaging technique that relies on the capture of two gamma photons from a radioisotope that has accumulated in a target, whereas a SPECT scan is a functional imaging technique that relies on the capture of a single gamma photon from a radioisotope within a target. Radiopharmaceutical materials are indispensable for PET and SPECT examinations. In order to determine the localisation and distribution of radioisotopes within the body, they are designed as molecules that transport radioisotopes to the target. In summary, the primary distinction between SPECT/CT and PET/CT imaging techniques is the manner in which they detect the photons emitted by radiopharmaceuticals that have been loaded with radioisotopes after being absorbed by the body. The selection of radioactive material and radiopharmaceuticals is contingent upon the target's metabolism process within the body, the radionuclide's physical half-life, and the molecule's size.

One of the most common bacterial infections in the world is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Infection raises the chance of stomach adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and peptic ulcer disease in addition to causing chronic gastritis. Approximately 50% of people worldwide are infected by the disease, and as of right now, no cure guarantees complete eradication. This review emphasizes current diagnostic options, the difficulties in eliminating H. pylori and the need for alternative therapeutic approaches based on deepening our understanding of host H. pylori infections. It attempts to give a broad overview of our knowledge regarding H. pylori infection and its management.

Polymer materials are of significant interest due to their diverse applications (low density, strong mechanics, cost-effective, and intricate shaping). Their potentialis further enhanced by doping, which allows control over optical and electrical properties by manipulating the dopant type, concentration, and interaction with polymer chains. Similarly, incorporating oxides and metal nanoparticles modifies physical characteristics of polymers. The surface characteristics and properties of the filler significantly influence the final thermal, mechanical, optical, magnetic, or conductive properties of the nanocomposites. This is particularly relevant for energy and environmental applications where high thermomechanical properties, rheology, and heat stability are crucial. The creation of novel composites with synergistic or complementary behaviors between polymers and inorganic materials is anticipated due to the distinct electrical and optical properties of nanoscale inorganic fillers compared to their bulk counterparts. Research on metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO2, SnO2) and their application in PANI-based nanocomposites for gas detection exemplifies this approach. Combining organic and inorganic materials unlocks exciting possibilities, paving the way for new applications like biosensors, gas sensors, conductive paints, drug delivery, and rechargeable batteries. Blending polymers with various inorganic nanoparticles further expands the possibilities for creating diverse nanostructures.

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers have garnered much interest particularly in the biomedical sector whereby its characteristics, i.e. high surface volume ratio, high photocatalytic activity and high biocompatibility have made it very popular. To expand the magnitude of production of such nanofibers, various and diverse synthesis techniques such as electrospinning, sol-gel processing and template assisted techniques, have been used. In particular, the methods also enable optimization of the morphology and the crystal structure of the final materials by the research. The TiO2 nanofibers have been used in these fields, leading to their application in tissue engineering scaffolds up to antimicrobial coating. They are activity selective in relation to bacterial and fungal pathogens due to their efficacy. The review will comment on the history of manufacturing of TiO2 nanofibers and the uses that the developments have been put in biomedical applications. This review also features their antimicrobial effect andselectivity towards different kinds of microorganisms is also discussed in relation to next-generation TiO2 nanofibers when applied to the biomedical materials

The gut virome, which primarily consists of bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses, plays a crucial role in maintaining human health and regulating the immune system. This review examines the formation of the virome at birth, its dynamic transformation throughout life, and its interactions with the microbiome and host immunity. Special attention is paid to the role of dysbiosis and changes in the virome in the pathogenesis of such chronic diseases as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and cancer. Additionally, potential therapeutic implications, such as fecal microbiota transplantation and the possible use of phage therapy, are discussed. Through a summary of recent discoveries, this paper highlights the importance of applying virome analysis as part of further studies on the role of the gut virome is essential to advance precision medicine and virotherapy