Journal of University of Babylon

As the demands of sixth-generation (6G) networks escalate towards achieving high speeds and ‎improved energy efficiency, there is an increasing need for intelligent and real-time adaptive ‎solutions within the physical processing layer. This study proposes an innovative engineering ‎framework based on an encapsulated architecture utilising FBGA (micro-distributed spherical ‎array) technology, integrated with an internal artificial intelligence module, to achieve adaptive ‎beamforming with high efficiency in dense wireless environments. The primary objective of this ‎research is to develop an intelligent communication architecture that determines the optimal ‎transmission angles and regulates power consumption in real-time by integrating artificial ‎intelligence algorithms with hardware acceleration.‎
The main contribution is to develop a practical model that combines mathematical precision ‎with physical implementation, utilising an FBGA-based helicopter design and supported by ‎comprehensive simulation within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The experimental results ‎demonstrated a significant improvement in performance indicators, including a 42% reduction in ‎response time, a 35% decrease in power consumption, and an average signal quality improvement ‎of 3.8 dB. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed design as a promising ‎solution for building intelligent, high-performance, and low-consumption 6G communication ‎networks.‎

An electrokinetic investigation was conducted to examine the influence of heavy metal ‎content, voltage gradient, and pH on the energy usage and efficiency of removing combined ‎heavy metals (Cr and Cd) from polluted soil. Fifteen (15) studies were performed using the Box-‎Behnken Design, with each experiment spanning five days. The data were used to estimate the ‎removal efficiencies of heavy metals and the energy consumed during the process using Minitab. ‎Numerical Optimization indicates an optimal usage of energy of 156.3 kWh/m³ of treated soil, ‎with removal efficiencies for Cd and Cr determined at 95.31% and 96.01%, respectively, under ‎operating conditions of heavy metal concentrations of 100, 200, and 300, voltage gradients of ‎‎20, 25, and 30, and pH levels of 4, 6.5, and 9. The rise in heavy metal content was observed to ‎diminish removal efficiency, attributed to the increased current generated throughout the ‎experiment, resulting from the enhanced soil electrical conductivity. Increases in voltage gradient ‎were seen to enhance the efficiency of removal. The rise in both heavy metal content and voltage ‎gradient was observed to increase energy usage; nonetheless, energy usage is substantial at low ‎pH magnitudes and low heavy metal contents, as well as at low voltages. Conversely, energy ‎consumption increases with rising pH at high voltages and high concentrations of heavy metals

This research aims to evaluate the suitability of several probability distributions to ‎represent the discharge data from Kufa barrage, and to estimate the maximum hydrological ‎values using the frequency factor method. In this research, three probability distributions were ‎used to characterize the discharge data: the normal distribution, the lognormal distribution, and ‎the gamma distribution. To estimate the maximum hydrological discharge values over different ‎recurrence intervals (25, 50, 75, and 100 years), the frequency factor method was adopted. The ‎relationship between the frequency factor and the recurrence interval was found to be a direct ‎relationship, meaning that the frequency factor increases with the increase in the recurrence ‎interval. Four distributions were used to calculate frequency factor,‎‏ ‏the normal, the lognormal, ‎the extreme values (Gumbel), and the log Pearson type III distributions. The chi-square and ‎Kolmogorov-Smirnov indices were applied, in addition to graphical consistency tests. According ‎to the chi-square test, the lognormal distribution (using the maximum likelihood method) was ‎found to be the best fit to the data, and according to the k-s index test, the lognormal ‎distribution (using the method of moments) was found to be the best fit to the data.‎

Concrete is one of the most important structural materials used in construction. The ‎development of life has led to the appearance of a lot of waste, which affects and threatens the ‎environment, such as plastic and household organic waste, etc. Recently, modern methods have ‎been found to dispose of waste by recycling it using a new approach, which is green production. ‎The reference concrete used in this research paper has a compressive strength of 37.14 MPa. ‎Plastic water bottles, also chemically known as polyethylene terephthalate, were transformed into ‎rectangular strips with a width of 2 mm, a length of 20 mm, and 30 mm. Thus, the aspect ratios ‎‎10 and 15. The percentages of fiber strips were 1, 2, and 3% of concrete weight for each aspect ‎ratio. The present research examined the behavior of concrete behavior after adding plastic waste ‎as fibers at aspect ratios of 10 and 15 at rates of 1, 2, and 3% by weight of concrete. ‎Additionally, ninety-eight specimens were examined. Cubes (150 × 150 × 150 mm) were ‎examined at ages 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, and 21 cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) were ‎examined at 28 days of age. Moreover, the workability of the fresh mixture was studied along ‎with strength, tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, absorption and weight loss of hardened ‎concrete. In this study, the results showed that the slump decreased with an increase in the fiber ‎percentage, approximately 30 and 40 mm, respectively. The compressive strength was better at an ‎aspect ratio of 15 compared to 10. Furthermore, the tensile strength of all ratios increased (13, ‎‎10.4, and 5.5%) at an aspect ratio of 15, which also reduced absorbability. The results showed a ‎gradual but slight weight loss. In general, the result was better at an aspect ratio of 15.‎

Thin films are crucial nanostructures that form the essential foundation for innovations in ‎electronics, energy, catalysis, and biomedicine. Their fabrication technique directly influences ‎their morphology, crystallinity, and function, determining device performance. This review ‎focuses on thin film deposition and fabrication techniques, providing a comparative overview of ‎the significance of nanomaterials and their associated synthesis procedures, including physical ‎vapor deposition PVD, chemical vapor deposition CVD, solution-based deposition SBD, ‎hydrothermal processing, and green synthesis. The surface properties and efficiencies of materials ‎significantly influence their performance, as supported by comparative tables and schematics. ‎Metallic thin film forming chemicals, such as chalcogenide precursors, are used in cutting edge ‎applications in various fields. Applications in solar energy, catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, ‎optoelectronics, solar cells, selective solar coatings, solid state solar cells, photochemical solar ‎cells, photoconductors, optical imaging, holographic recording, and all optical storage systems are ‎mentioned. These applications can be attained by modifying surfaces with coatings to fabricate ‎thin films. The current challenges, such as environmental concerns, reproducibility, and ‎scalability, are identified, while offering a viewpoint on hybrid approaches and green ‎nanotechnology.‎