ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL

Financial valuation is one of the most important analytical tools in economics and financial management. Human capital valuation is considered one of the modern applications of financial valuation, where the financial value of individuals is analyzed. This has sparked growing intellectual debate about the feasibility, importance, and methodology of valuing human resources as a fundamental intangible asset of an organization.
Accordingly, the research problem lies in the ongoing debate about the possibility of evaluating human capital using quantitative models and expressing it financially—an issue that influences organizational decisions and thus affects realized returns and risks. The main objective of the research is to present a financial value that reflects human capital and to consider it one of the organization’s intangible assets.
To achieve this objective, the Net Present Value (NPV) model was used, applied to a sample of human capital represented by surgeon physicians at the Baghdad Health Directorate / Private Nursing Hospital. The sample consists of 10 surgeons observed over a period of 30 months, from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2024.
The research reached several conclusions, the most notable being that the model provides a financial estimate for the value of human capital. The selected time frame offers a sufficient period to monitor changes in the financial performance of the doctors and the hospital, allowing for a dynamic analysis of returns and risks. It also covers the post-COVID-19 period, which experienced fluctuations under unstable conditions, thus providing a realistic representation that enhances the reliability of results and conclusions

خصائص المعلومة المحاسبية، الإجراءات المحاسبية، الشركات المساهمة العراقية، النماذج العامة للمحاسبة.

This research aims to investigate the effect of Loss Occurrence on the financial solvency of the National Insurance Company through its returns. The research problem was represented by the question:" Is there an effect of Loss Occurrence on the financial solvency of the National Insurance Company through its returns? " To answer this question, the research assumed a number of main hypotheses, including "There is no statistically significant effect of Loss Occurrence in the national insurance company's financial solvency through its return " The research sample consisted of the National Insurance Company for the period (2009-2023). To address the research problem and test the hypotheses, a number of financial and statistical analysis tools were used. The research concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant impact of Loss Occurrence on the financial solvency of the National Insurance Company through the company's technical and investment returns. The researchers arrived at a number of recommendations, the most important of which is to follow cautious underwriting policies in portfolios that generate claims exceeding the premiums collected, and to focus on the quality of underwriting rather than the number of policies underwritten in these specific portfolios of the National Insurance Company.

This research aims to test the efficiency of the weak-form cryptocurrency market, specifically Bitcoin and Ethereum, using the ADF (Dickey-Fuller Test), Runs Test, Serial Correlation Test, and Multiple Variance Ratio Test. To achieve the research objectives, the research hypotheses were formulated, which state that the cryptocurrency market follows random behavior, and therefore the price paths of these currencies cannot be predicted, and therefore it is not possible to achieve extraordinary returns. Tests were conducted on a time series of daily data for the two cryptocurrency pairs from 2/1/2022 to 31/3/2025 This allows for the analysis of periods of market rise and fall. The research concluded that the cryptocurrency market exhibits Strong-Form efficiency based on the ADF, while the Multiple Variance Ratio, Runs Tests and Serial Correlation demonstrated Inefficient for both cryptocurrencies. The discrepancy in test results illustrates the fact that market efficiency remains a significant and controversial topic among researchers in the field of financial management.

The research provides an overview of the concepts of auditing interim financial statements, in addition to presenting the most important standards related to auditing interim financial statements, such as international, Canadian, American, and other standards. The research aims to evaluate the extent of auditor compliance in the Iraqi environment with these standards and propose any procedures that enhance the auditing process. In the practical aspect, the audit reports attached to the interim financial statements (published in the Iraq Stock Exchange) were analyzed, and the extent of their compliance with these standards was determined, as well as the possibility of benefiting from them to enhance the auditing process (auditing interim statements) in the Iraqi environment. The study concluded that Iraqi audit reports are committed to international standards and that they meet part of the requirements of some other standards, and that there are many aspects that can be benefited from to enhance auditing in the Iraqi environment, as in the Canadian and American standards..

The current research aims to apply one of the contemporary strategic cost management techniques represented by the green value chain to achieve the dimensions of competitive advantage and what this entails in reducing the negative impact on the environment of manufacturing processes and use of products and adopting recycling and disposal to reduce waste rates and taking into account the controls and laws of environmental protection and preserving human health in the present and future.
To achieve the research objective, the deductive approach was adopted in the theoretical aspect by relying on books, university theses, Arab and foreign university theses, articles, research and periodicals related to the research topic. As for the practical aspect, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted to analyze and describe the data obtained from official sources represented by financial reports, records, documents and production reports, and adopting the experimental approach through field coexistence of the battery factory.
The research reached a set of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is: achieving a competitive advantage that ensures survival and growth in light of market pressures and rapid changes requires adopting technologies that are in line with the challenges facing economic units in a competitive environment. Among those technologies that can achieve and support a competitive advantage is the green value chain technology.

The study aims to clarify the role of situational determinants in achieving value-based performance. The study was based on a theoretical and experimental dilemma represented by the continuing intellectual and experimental debate about the relationship of situational determinants in achieving value-based performance and the role of ownership structure in this relationship. The study came up with a hypothesis stating that there is a significant relationship of impact of situational determinants on value-based performance. To prove or deny the study hypothesis, a sample of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange was relied upon, which was represented by 10 banks for the period (2012-2023), representing 22.7% of the study population. Both future aspirations and size were used as situational determinants, as well as relying on the economic value added (EVA) and market value added (MVA) as the most important approved measures for value-based performance. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which are (the statistical results showed the existence of a relationship of impact of situational determinants on value-based performance). A set of recommendations was also made, including (the importance of Focusing on circumstantial determinants and their importance in corporate performance, as well as focusing on market added value due to its significant role in maximizing shareholder value.

This study aims to analyze the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on financial reporting quality and transparency levels in Iraqi joint-stock companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The study gains its importance from the urgent need to understand the impact of implementing these standards in an emerging economic environment undergoing transformation and reconstruction. The study employs a mixed methodology combining quantitative analysis of financial data with qualitative analysis of expert and practitioner opinions. The study sample includes 45 Iraqi joint-stock companies listed during the period from 2015 to 2023, providing sufficient time to assess the impact before and after implementation. The study uses multiple indicators to measure financial reporting quality, including earnings management levels, value relevance, and timely loss recognition. It also measures transparency through disclosure levels and information asymmetry. Preliminary results indicate a notable improvement in financial reporting quality and transparency after IFRS adoption, with variation in improvement levels by company size and sector. This study contributes to accounting literature by providing empirical evidence from an emerging economic environment and offers practical recommendations for decision-makers and regulators in Iraq.

There are a number of objectives the researcher sought to achieve through this research, including shedding light on the internal control system, the importance of organizational structures, and the decisions issued by the Council of Ministers regarding the formation of the Internal Audit and Control Directorate. He also designed a structure appropriate to this directorate. This structure defines the powers, responsibilities, and roles of various employees, clarifies all lines of communication, prevents potential conflicts, and serves as a roadmap for all.
The research discussed the problem that stated that the lack of interest in the organizational structure of the Audit and Internal Control Directorate leads to overlapping of competencies, ambiguity of responsibilities, and loss of powers. Then, a hypothesis was developed that fits the problem, which is that (the design of the structure contributes to reducing forms of corruption and allows complete independence for the staff in that directorate). The research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, perhaps the most important of which is that Nineveh Governorate includes many units with transferred powers, which makes it a suitable model for study, especially since these units are of great importance in the city because they provide a range of services. One of the most important recommendations is that the success of the Audit and Internal Control Directorate in Nineveh Governorate requires designing a flexible organizational structure that accepts modification from time to time and that it is not rigid, but rather accepts updating from time to time to achieve the purpose of separation.

Artificial intelligence is a scientific revolution that countries compete to obtain and develop because of its repercussions in various fields and activities, but this requires the availability of large and advanced human financial resources to finance and implement artificial intelligence projects, which are a restriction on the public sector in many countries, including Iraq, to provide this technology alone, so many countries are looking for other sources of funding and implementation. One of these sources is the method of partnership between the public and private sectors. The research aims to analyse the reality of scientific and digital infrastructure for the period (2018-2022) to determine the requirements of artificial intelligence in Iraq. The research concluded that the private sector represents a real partner in financing, implementing and operating the appropriate digital infrastructure for artificial intelligence in Iraq. However, the participation of the private sector in the development of the human capital necessary for artificial intelligence was limited, did not exceed more than 1% of the total private sector investments in Iraq. The research also proposed a set of recommendations, the most important of which is encouraging partnership between the public and private sectors by providing investment incentives for the private sector such as tax exemptions and facilitating Administrative procedures to support artificial intelligence in Iraq, as well as stimulating the private sector to invest in human capital through training and qualifying local cadres through specialised educational programs in cooperation with universities and research centres .

The research mainly aims to study whether the positive psychological capabilities possessed by employees increase the contributions of empowering employees and their participation in developing plans and making decisions in enhancing the level of Loyalty of employees to the organization and their belonging to it. The intellectual dilemma of the research problem centered on the fact that the participative relationship between employees and their subordinates and between subordinates and their managers facilitates the process of forming knowledge bonds and a common identity between employees and their workplace, and facilitates the organization to deal with the basic challenges it faces in its environment, and that attention to psychological capital and its effective management is a factor Vital in bridging the relationship between participative leadership and organizational identification. Based on the problem and objectives of the research, eight hypotheses were presented as a starting point for analyzing and interpreting the correlation and influence relationships between the research variables, and a sample was selected from the research community represented by the center of the Iraqi Ministry of Finance amounting to (341) employees, and after adopting the questionnaire form as a measurement tool, the research used the psychometric properties and indicators of conformity of structural equation modeling to prove the effectiveness of research measures and their validity for application, and each of the correlation coefficient (Pearson), simple and multiple standard linear regression, test (F) and (t), and test (Sobel) according to structural equation modeling to prove the hypotheses of the research. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the participative leadership practices that contributed more to enhancing the organizational identification of the employees with the presence of positive psychological capital. Accordingly, several recommendations were made, including the need for the researched organization to focus on its psychological capital by supporting the positive behaviors of employees by the leader and helping them understand the importance of the organization’s goals and success, because of its vital role in strengthening the relationship between participative leadership and organizational identification, and the role of participative leadership and its impact on Enhance the level of organizational identification.