Journal of sustainable studies

The Arabic language has faced many recurring challenges centered on preserving it as the language of eloquence and expression. Grammatical criticism played a prominent role in defending the language of the Qur’an, serving as the main foundation that directly contributed to the sustainability of the Arabic language and keeping it vibrant and dynamic through different eras, allowing it to reach us in its current form.The early generations of grammarians practiced sharp and rigorous criticism from the very beginnings of Arabic linguistics, driven by their desire to protect the language of the Qur’an from any corruption or distortion and by their deep care for their mother tongue. They wrote critical works that significantly contributed to opening space for multiple perspectives, which enabled Arabic to be passed down to later generations free from error or deviation.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in developing literary text comprehension skills among middle school students in Iraq. A quasi-experimental design was employed, with a sample of 30 students in the experimental group receiving instruction through PBL and 30 students in the control group taught using traditional methods. A literary comprehension test was used as the primary instrument, with reliability verified through Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation, T-tests, and effect size (Cohen’s d). The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, with a performance improvement of 56.7% compared to 12.3% for the control group. Analysis of the three domains (general comprehension, literary analysis, and aesthetic appreciation) also showed clear superiority for the experimental group, with a very large effect size (Cohen’s d = 2.36). These findings confirm the effectiveness of PBL in enhancing literary comprehension skills, fostering critical thinking, and promoting active student engagement. The study highlights the importance of adopting Project-Based Learning in middle school literature education to support active learning and holistic knowledge construction.

This research aims to determine the effect of using concept mapping strategy on the achievement of Islamic education among second-year intermediate school students.
The research sample consisted of 82 students: 40 students in the experimental group and 42 students in the control group. Both groups were matched for the following variables: chronological age (calculated in months), intelligence, and parents' educational attainment level. The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of 20 items, each with three alternatives. The test's validity and reliability were verified, and statistical analyses were performed on the test items—difficulty index, discrimination power, and effectiveness of incorrect alternatives. The results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in their educational attainment levels. This means that the concept mapping strategy is superior to the usual teaching strategy, according to these results.

This research aims to determine the impact of the Rally Robin strategy on the acquisition of geographical concepts among second-year intermediate students. Therefore, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis:
"There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) significance level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied geographical concepts using the Rally Robin strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied the same material using the traditional method in acquiring geographical concepts among second-year intermediate students." The researcher used a quasi-experimental design (for both research groups) and intentionally selected Al-Muthanna Secondary School for Boys as the research site. The research sample consisted of (60) students, distributed between the two research groups. The researcher used a t-test to analyze the data, and the results showed a difference. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both research groups, and in favor of the experimental group that used the Rally Robin strategy, in testing the acquisition of geographical concepts.

This research aims to study urban expansion at the expense of agricultural land in Kartan 7th District by examining the population, its growth, and the stages of residential expansion in the area. It also studies the impact of residential expansion on agricultural production and then develops a geographical vision for the future of agricultural land in the study area. The research concludes with findings and recommendations. The research reached the following conclusions:
1.The increasing population growth rate in the study area has led to the expansion of residential construction at the expense of agricultural land.
2.Fifteen percent of the total housing units currently exist in the study area, while 24% were constructed between 1981 and 1999, and 51% (half the total housing units) were constructed between 2000 and 2026. These units occupy an area of 313 dunams.
3.The continued uncontrolled expansion of residential areas at the expense of agricultural land threatens the loss of vast areas of arable land in the future. An additional 336 dunams is required to accommodate population growth by 2034.

This research aims to clarify the philosophical framework and definition of place science, a discipline that represents a third path to knowledge, possessing a distinct character that sets it apart from other sciences. While other sciences focus on either a natural or human aspect, place science combines both natural and human sciences without being confined to a specific spatial dimension. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the relationship between place and geography. Despite the vastness of space, geography falls under the category of place sciences, representing one of its fundamental external characteristics. Consequently, there is a shared relationship between the expansive, integrated concept of place and geography. It becomes clear that the relationship between the philosophy of geographical place is strong in terms of similarity and focus on the spatial dimension. Therefore, the nature of theelationship between dualism and the philosophy of place remains very strong.

This research aims to highlight the pivotal role of social awareness in human resource management, both natural and human, and to emphasize its importance as a cornerstone for achieving sustainable development. This includes the acquisition of precise knowledge by individuals and communities—encompassing an understanding of profitability, resource sharing, small-scale development, and climate challenges—which contributes to building effective strategic capacities for creating diverse and well-defined areas of development. The theoretical analysis confirms that a population's awareness of its capacity to utilize resources rationally, through improved spatial planning skills, balanced land use, water and environmental resource management, risk management, and the allocation of natural resources, is crucial. This awareness also influences emerging behaviors within individuals and communities, leading to environmental protection and improved quality of life. The research concludes that effective resource management cannot be achieved in isolation from the establishment of a contemporary geographical culture based on education, technology, geographic information systems, and effective collective participation. It recommends geographic education programs, developing skills in small-scale and developmental diversity, and incorporating functional diversity into public policies to ensure equitable and inclusive development for current and future generations.

This research aims to explore the concept of development and its relationship to educational curricula, as well as the civilizational evolution of the concept, in an attempt to demonstrate the role of educational curricula in development, which has become a concern for all nations.
The research sample consisted of (42) male and female teachers from Islamic secondary schools, selected using stratified random sampling, representing 20% of their representation in society. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology and adopted a survey as the research instrument to gather a set of requirements for quality education within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. The researcher identified six axes: the objectives axis, consisting of (7) items; the content axis, consisting of (11) items; the teaching methods axis, consisting of (6) items; the educational resources axis, consisting of (5) items; the educational activities axis, consisting of (6) items; and the assessment axis, consisting of (6) items. Thus, the total number of items in the instrument reached (41) items, with three options according to the Likert scale: high, medium, low. The standard features of the questionnaire were confirmed in terms of face validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha internal consistency. The study reached a number of conclusions: that the content axis came in first place with an assessment of (80.33%), the objectives axis came in second place with an assessment of (78%), while the assessment axis came in third place with a percentage of (77%), followed by the teaching methods axis in the fourth stage with a percentage of (76.67%), and the resources axis came in fifth place with an assessment of (74.33%). The sixth-ranked activity category had a percentage of 72%. The researcher reached several conclusions, including that those responsible for educational affairs, curriculum developers, and other experts should approach teaching from innovative perspectives to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

This research examines the rhythmic function in the comparative interpretation of Andalusian prose letters during the Taifa period, considering it an active structural element in the production of meaning, rather than merely a stylistic phenomenon or rhetorical embellishment. The research is based on the premise that rhythm in Andalusian letters constitutes an interpretive mechanism that contributes to revealing the dialectical structure of the text through the balance, tension, or movement it creates between opposites, such as presence and absence, proximity and distance, reason and emotion, and praise and reproach.
This research employs an analytical-interpretive approach, relying on the concept of contrastive interpretation, to read selected examples from the letters of prominent Andalusian writers such as Ibn Hazm, Ibn Zaydun, Ibn Shahid, Ibn al-Hannat, Ibn al-Dabbagh, and others. The analysis reveals that rhythm manifests itself on multiple levels, including phonetic rhythm based on parallelism, alliteration, and assonance; semantic rhythm resulting from antithesis and contrast; and kinetic rhythm, which is formed from the rising and falling of sentences or from the succession of actions and images.

The research deals with the evidence from the Holy Qur’an on the sustainability of development, with clarifications of that evidence, such as the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, his family, and his family, peace be upon them, and the sayings of the commentators, with an objective approach, constantly urging the necessity of acquiring those ideals. To benefit current and future generations.
The research aims to reveal standards for sustainable development of its various types and sections after applying Qur’anic morals in the outside world and to explain the goals and objectives of those moral applications and the dimensions of their sustainability.
The research concludes that sustainable development can be achieved by applying the ethics that the Holy Quran has made a renewable approach, such as eradicating poverty and hunger through obligatory and recommended charity, applying the principle of social solidarity and equality between men and women in rights and quality education, and preserving health, clean water, the wild and marine environment, and animal balance. and the use of clean energy. It also means ending extravagance, wastefulness, and stinginess, as well as monopoly, usury, cheating, and deception, and ending aggression and corruption on earth.

This research aims to study the impact of using illustrations produced with artificial intelligence techniques in teaching Quranic values and their role in reducing aggressive behavior among sixth grade primary school students. This study employed a quasi-experimental approach with a single-group pre-test/post-test design to measure changes in both Quranic values and aggressive behavior after implementing a values-based educational program supported by smart media. A series of illustrated Quranic lessons were developed using artificial intelligence tools such as DALL•E, Canva AI, and Bing Image Creator to depict value-based situations in impactful visual scenes combining Quranic text with educational images.
Preliminary results showed a significant improvement in students' acquisition of Quranic values such as tolerance, honesty, cooperation, and self-discipline, along with a clear decrease in indicators of verbal, physical, and emotional aggression. This reflects the effectiveness of integrating values education with smart media in modifying behavior and enhancing self-control.
The study recommends adopting AI-based digital educational strategies within Islamic education curricula, given their impact on building a positive and safe classroom environment that contributes to achieving the goals of contemporary Quranic education and developing a generation capable of ethically and consciously engaging with modern technology.

Sustainable development represents a comprehensive educational framework that aims to achieve the desired balance between human well-being and economic growth, while preserving cultural traditions and ensuring the sustainability of natural resources. This guarantees a dignified life for individuals and societies. This is achieved through the advancement of science and knowledge, and as indicated by international studies and contemporary research, which show that the true progress and development of any country or society revolves around the efficiency of its educational system. This is what we see today in the accelerating international race towards developing modern education in line with the radical transformations in methods, approaches, and tools, and adopting innovative educational methodologies. This involves investing in modern educational knowledge and theories to achieve sustainable development in the education sector by building a generation capable of keeping pace with changes and facing contemporary challenges, after being imbued with the knowledge and educational values instilled in them by the teacher, who represents a motivating force that contributes to enhancing human development in all its economic, social, and cultural dimensions. The policy, through affirming national identity, promoting social integration, and instilling values and culture in children—the builders of tomorrow—underscores the essential role of education and teachers as strategic tools for shaping a more prosperous and sustainable future.

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Sustainable development requires three important and interconnected aspects: economic, social, and environmental. These aspects aim to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The humanities play a key role in guiding and achieving these dimensions by understanding social and bilateral issues, promoting human values, and assisting in making sustainable decisions that achieve justice, equality, and well-being for all. There are several multifaceted aspects that must be considered: the social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Each of these aspects requires action to achieve sustainable development. The social aspect requires achieving social equality, combating poverty, and ensuring that all members of society have access to quality education, healthcare, clean water, and adequate housing. The economic aspect works to provide sustainable economic growth, improve human well-being, and create decent job opportunities. This is achieved through the efficient use of resources and modern production methods. The environmental aspect works to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, address climate change, and ensure the sustainability of ecosystems, such as forests, and to manage water resources. What is the optimal use of the humanities in achieving sustainable development? Understanding human customs, values, and behaviors contributes to the development of sustainable strategies that align with the needs and aspirations of societies. The humanities provide insight into the behaviors and preferences of individuals and groups.

The importance of this study appears in analyzing the impact of the El Niño phenomenon through selected years (2020 and 2023) using May and December maps from the NOAA source, and the focus was on the Niño 3.4 region. Because it is directly linked to many global climate patterns, the results showed a significant increase in SST in the eastern and central Pacific region, which reflects the activity of the 2023 El Niño and its expected effects on drought or rain in some regions.

This research aims to analyze the content of intermediate social studies textbooks according to environmental awareness standards. The research question is: To what extent are environmental awareness standards present in the content of social studies textbooks for grades 1, 2, and 3? To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and chose content analysis as the most suitable method. The research population consisted of 432 pages of intermediate social studies textbooks. The researchers developed a research instrument comprising six standards distributed across 20 items. This instrument was reviewed by a number of experts in the field. The curricula and teaching methods were examined to establish their validity, and statistical methods were employed for data analysis. These methods included frequencies, percentages, Holsti's formula, and the chi-square test. The research revealed a weakness in the inclusion of environmental awareness, with varying and unbalanced percentages that differed from one component to another, from one chapter to another, and from one textbook to another. There was a clear deficiency in some environmental awareness criteria.

Distance education is a vital tool for achieving sustainable development by ensuring equitable access to quality education, providing flexibility for learners, and developing the skills necessary to address environmental, social, and economic challenges. It supports one of the Sustainable Development Goals: ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all.
In light of current challenges, distance education allows access to learners in geographically isolated areas, thus reducing inequalities in access to education. Furthermore, it provides opportunities for people with disabilities to access education without the need for commuting.
Distance education also helps develop 21st-century skills, such as critical and creative thinking and digital skills, which are essential for addressing the challenges of sustainable development.
In this regard, it is important to highlight the significance of distance education in light of crises and disasters, such as those that occurred in 2019. With the emergence of a new disease called COVID-19, international organizations declared it a global pandemic, necessitating precautionary measures. Schools were subsequently closed due to the pandemic, forcing them to shift to distance or online learning.
On the other hand, achieving sustainable development requires a range of projects to translate it from mere theory into practical reality within the education system. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the United Nations Decade for Sustainable Development, which aims to equip individuals with the skills necessary to make decisions with both immediate and future benefits. Furthermore, curricula must be aligned with the needs of sustainable development, and they must be developed and updated regularly to reflect changes in the field of sustainable development.

This research examines satirical intertextuality in postmodern literature. Satire is considered a humanistic literary genre that expresses human dreams and aspirations, embodies anger, and protests against cultural, social, political, and economic conditions. This literary form seeks to awaken people from their slumber and apathy, cultivate their awareness and consciousness, and revive their spirit. The study begins with a definition of intertextuality and satire, exploring their aspects and relationships. The research is divided as follows The first section examines satirical intertextuality in postmodern literature, exploring its techniques, applications, the concept of parody, and the interplay between irony and satire.
The second section presents a case study of satirical intertextuality in the story "The Journey of the Clever Gilgamesh to the City of Peace" by Ali al-Siba'i. This study encompasses social, political, and psychological satire, analyzing its semantic and structural dimensions. The research concludes with a summary of its key findings, followed by a bibliography..

When the Abbasid Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur ordered the construction of his new capital, "The City of Peace," in 145 AH / 762 CE, he was not merely building a city, but rather establishing a civilizational monument that reflected the power of the state and the wisdom of its planning.
The research problem lies in how to reconcile military strength with sustainable urban growth. The study posits that the strategic location between rivers and the use of local bricks achieved self-sufficiency and security.
The researcher concluded that Baghdad represented a revolution in the world of defensive fortifications (false entrances, multiple walls), and demonstrated exceptional efficiency in site and social sustainability, while the erosion of its walls was a result of environmental factors and natural population expansion.

Modern and contemporary Iraqi poetry has intertwined with many different literary and artistic genres, interacting with them in its semantic and formal structure. Thus, we find that the Iraqi poet has drawn inspiration from these arts and been influenced by them directly or indirectly through the fusion that characterized the modern era and the utilization of these arts, especially poetry, which has adopted the cinematic shot as a new approach to embodying the poetic image. Montage has been one of the creative methods manifested in the construction of the modern poem and the achievement of its artistic and impactful goals. Among the poets whose works reflect the style of cinematic art is the poet Hamid Abdul Wahab.
This study examines cinematic montage in the poet's works and the extent to which he utilizes it in constructing the text, and how it provides it with expressive and artistic energies that embody the poetic image and its impactful and creative purpose.

This research aims to identify the level of social studies teachers' practice in promoting sustainable development values among intermediate school students and to study the significance of differences according to the gender variable (male-female). The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, and the study instrument, consisting of 25 items, was administered to a sample of 250 male and female teachers from intermediate schools. Appropriate statistical analysis methods were used, including the one-sample t-test and the independent samples t-test, to measure the level of teachers' practice and to study gender differences. The results showed that the average level of teachers' practice in promoting sustainable development values was 77.5, higher than the hypothetical average (75), reflecting a somewhat acceptable level of practice that needs further enhancement and development. The results also indicated that the differences between males and females were not statistically significant, suggesting a similar level of practice between the sexes and relying more on the teacher's awareness and professional competence than on gender. Based on these findings, the researchers formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a guidance program based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) techniques in promoting psychological balance among fourth-grade preparatory school students. To achieve this objective, the Psychological Balance Scale developed by Dmitrieva and her team (2020), which includes (24) items distributed across four dimensions, was adapted into Arabic. A guidance program derived from Linehan's (1993) model of Dialectical Behavior Therapy was also designed, consisting of (12) sessions, with two sessions per week. The results showed a statistically significant effect of the counseling program in improving the psychological balance of the students, favoring the post-test results of the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were recorded between the mean scores of the control group in the pre-test and post-test.

The present study aimed to identify the degree of administrative creativity practiced by secondary school principals in the Al-Rusafa Directorate in Iraq from their own perspective. The study adopted the descriptive survey method. The research population consisted of (65) secondary school principals in the First Al-Rusafa Directorate of Education. A simple random sample representing (69%) of the population was selected, totaling (45) male and female principals.A questionnaire was designed as the research instrument and consisted of six domains: acceptance of ideas, originality, modernity, flexibility, fluency, and sensitivity to problems. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified .The results revealed that the degree of administrative creativity practice among secondary school principals in the First Al-Rusafa Directorate, from their own perspective, was moderate. The findings also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) attributable to the variables of gender and academic qualification. However, there were statistically significant differences at the same significance level attributable to the variable of experience in favor of those with (11 years or more) of experience .Among the most important recommendations of the study is the organization of training courses for school principals and teachers to improve leadership skills and decision-making abilities.

The Quranic storytelling method is one of the most important methods used in education due to its great ability to guide the learner and correct their thinking. It is considered one of the richest and most effective educational methods.
Research Findings: First: The Quranic storytelling method is the closest educational tool to human nature. Second: Stories have always been a natural entry point for teachers, educators, preachers, and leaders. Third: The storytelling method is one of the successful methods in the field of education for drawing lessons and morals.
Key Recommendations and Suggestions: First: Including the topic of Quranic stories within the educational curriculum.
Second: Emphasizing to Islamic education teachers and others the necessity of consulting Quranic commentaries related to Quranic stories and understanding the most important lessons and morals derived from them. Third: Publishing educational and awareness booklets for children of different ages that include selected examples of Quranic stories.

The current research aimed to identify the effect of a guidance program using the behavioral activation therapy method in developing morale among sixth-grade middle school students. To achieve this, the morale scale was translated according to Putnam 2000, consisting of (25) paragraphs distributed over five areas. Then, a guidance program was built using the behavioral activation therapy method (Jacobson et al., 2001), distributed over (12) sessions, two sessions per week. The results showed that the guidance program had an impact on developing the morale of the students, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group, and there were no statistically significant differences between the ranks of the morale scores of the control group in the pre- and post-test.

This research aims to address the interconnected geopolitical and economic implications of climate change in Iraq and its surrounding region. It includes an analysis of the interrelated repercussions of climate change on geopolitics and the Iraqi economy, as well as its transboundary effects. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology (multidimensional), combining quantitative data with climatic and water indicators. It also relies on a qualitative analysis of regional, political, and economic conflicts. The results show that Iraq, located within the arid and semi-arid zone, is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change and its risks. Temperatures in Iraq have increased two to seven times the global average. A decrease in per capita water share was observed, reaching 348 m³ in 2023 compared to 2389 m³ in 2019. This crisis has intensified, primarily due to the policies of upstream countries, including Turkey and Iran, through the construction of mega-projects such as the Ilisu Dam and the GAP project in Turkey, has reduced the flow of water into Iraq by 60-70%, leading to the drying up of some areas, particularly the southern marshlands, and the degradation of 92% of agricultural land. The research also highlighted the extent of conflicts over water and agricultural resources with neighboring countries, increasing the threat to water and food security due to a 25-35% decline in agricultural production. These countries have used water as a geopolitical tool, exacerbating internal migration in Iraq and destabilizing social stability. The study recommended strengthening cooperation between countries by establishing diplomatic platforms under the auspices of the United Nations to implement climate adaptation policies, creating a national climate fund, reforming water management, and protecting the fragile ecosystem in the south, especially the marshes.

This study, titled "The Pain of Resilience and the Alienation of Feminine Identity," reveals the most significant manifestations of pain and its psychological dimensions in feminist texts. This discipline focuses on studying social, artistic, and aesthetic phenomena through a psychological approach, employing quantitative, qualitative, or both methodologies. The pain of alienation is a striking feature of contemporary Iraqi feminist poetry, characterized by the interplay between the self and the world, and preoccupied with the desire to break free from anxiety and confusion. It also addresses the confrontation of internal frustrations on personal, human, and social levels with a fighting spirit and a critical mind.

This study examines the impact of digital transformation on building a sustainable educational environment in higher education institutions. It adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on reviewing Arabic educational literature and institutional reports. The findings indicate that digital transformation supports educational sustainability when integrated with effective governance, adequate digital infrastructure, digital competencies development, and reduced digital gaps. The study highlights key outcomes and proposes an applied framework that can assist decision-makers in developing sustainable digital education policies

This research examines the features of effective educational development in the Quranic perspective. It does so by highlighting specific Quranic discourses that emphasize the intellectual, scientific, and ethical aspects of human development, preparing individuals to be truly worthy of the title of stewardship on Earth. Modern studies refer to this as sustainable educational development. The research aims to analyze the intellectual, ethical, and practical foundations of this approach by examining selected Quranic discourses and outlining the educational methods employed in human development.

This study aimed to shed light on the concept of development, the historical periods in which this term emerged, and the relationship between development and individuals in society. It also explored the desire for renewal and innovation among those supporting the development process. The study clarified several concepts through which development has been defined. Furthermore, it addressed the goals of development, how to achieve sustainable development, and the requirements for achieving these goals. The study focused on the dimensions of sustainable development, mentioning the most important dimensions related to the economic, social, and environmental aspects, and the necessary elements for each dimension. It analyzed each dimension and its relationship to development, addressing the indicators for each dimension. Finally, the study discussed the role of youth in establishing the development process, considering them the largest segment of society and the foundation for leading positive change in their communities, given their qualifications that enable them to achieve the goals. Successful development.

Contemporary literature is witnessing a radical transformation with the rise of the digital novel, which has broken the boundaries of paper and opened the text to infinite spaces of interaction and multiple readings. In the age of the screen, the reader is no longer a passive recipient, but an active participant in constructing and directing the text, transcending the traditional role of the writer to become a partner in the production of meaning. Here, the digital experience intersects with reception theory, founded by Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser, which grants the reader the power to reconstruct the text through their experiences and culture, thus transforming reading into a creative act parallel to writing.
The theory is based on pivotal concepts such as the horizon of expectation, textual gaps, and multiple readings, where every text carries multiple potential meanings that are only realized through the reader's interaction with it. The digital novel practically embodies this concept; It is a multifaceted and multimedia text, combining text, images, audio, video, and interactive links, allowing the reader to choose their path between sections of the text, thus becoming a participating storyteller who reconstructs the narrative from their own perspective. This is known as textual deconstruction; the text is no longer a closed, linear unit, but a living network that changes with the reader's movement, generating a new reading experience each time.
In light of reception theory, the digital novel is not merely a technological experiment, but a cultural and aesthetic transformation that redefines the relationship between the writer, the text, and the reader, making reading an ongoing dialogue and the text an entity open to countless possibilities.