Hammurabi journal for studies

Abstract:
Since the events of September 11-2001 the world has witnessed an intense competition among major and regional powers to exploit cyberspace and capitalize on the strategic advantages it offers in achieving vital national interests. Cybersecurity has emerged as one of the most significant and complex issues confronting technologically advanced states, including the Russian Federation. Russia has devoted considerable effort to developing and expanding its cyber capabilities, employing them as an effective instrument to inflict damage on the capabilities of its adversaries. As a result, cyber capabilities have become a central component of Russia’s strategic deterrence posture. Russian national objectives in the realm of national security reflect a balanced integration of individual, societal, and state-level interests across multiple dimensions. Within this context, the present study examines the conceptual framework of cybersecurity and related concepts, before followed by an analysis of cybersecurity s impact on the Russian Federation foreign policy and strategic measures.

This research explores how strategic logic serves as a way to turn American national interests into real world political results in national security. It uses realist ideas from International Relations, like Kenneth Waltz's Neorealism, John J. Mearsheimer's Offensive Realism, and Colin Gray's ideas on strategy. Strategic logic is defined here as the method that makes sure political goals (ends), resources (means), and how things are done (ways) are logically aligned, even when things are uncertain and there are structural limits. The analysis shows that just having physical power is not enough to achieve national interests. Instead, what happens depends on how the world is set up and interacted, how threats are seen and analyzed, and considering the costs and benefits. Strategy becomes a way to balance the pressures of the structure and political decisions.

Contemporary warfare has become among the most lethal in human
History, largely as a result of global developments, particularly in the
technological and scientific domains. The transformation in the nature of
modern warfare has not been limited to the evolution and diversification of
military tools; rather, it has fundamentally altered the character of conflict
itself. Direct confrontation between armies in its traditional sense is no
longer the dominant model، nor are land, air, and maritime domains the
sole primary arenas of war. Instead, cyberspace has emerged as a critical
domain of confrontation, rivaling conventional battlefields in strategic
significance.

The study of national security has garnered significant attention from researchers due to its critical importance. This research aims to shed light on the Arab-Israeli conflict and its impact on regional stability، as well as the challenges it imposes on the management of national security in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan—particularly in dealing with the Palestinian issue، settlement policies، and the influx of refugees.
This prolonged conflict has left a noticeable imprint on Jordan's internal affairs، including its social and economic structures. The study links these internal transformations to the trajectory and outcomes of this broader national conflict.

This study aims to analyze the regional transformations that the Middle
East has experienced since 2023, coinciding with the beginning of a new
phase. These transformations are exemplified by the Saudi–Iranian
reconciliation under Chinese mediation in 2023. The shifts, however, did
not stop there, as they were accompanied by a resurgence of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict following the October 7 attack and the subsequent Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip. Additionally, the period
witnessed the rising influence of global powers such as China and Russia,
alongside, as well as the geopolitical tensions affecting international navigation in the Red Sea. These developments have left significant implications for re-evaluating the future of Egyptian–Iranian relations.

This research aims to identify the importance of the Middle East region in the geopolitical or economic balances between China and the United States of America, especially since the international arena has witnessed many cases of competition between these two powerful countries, in order to achieve their interests and goals in the region. The Middle East, given its diverse resources and wealth, has been a driving force behind both countries\' efforts to increase their influence in the region. It is expected that their actions will witness some change, represented by the adoption of new policies and approaches or the building of alliances that could influence both China and the United States\' significant participation in the Middle East\'s affairs and future developments.

Blue bonds are considered an innovative financial instrument within the
framework of sustainable finance, as they focus on funding projects related
to oceans and the blue economy, such as the protection of marine
biodiversity, sustainable fisheries management, and the development of
responsible marine tourism. These bonds are similar to green bonds but
specifically target environmental challenges related to water resources and
oceans, thereby contributing to addressing climate change and the
degradation of marine ecosystems.
This study aims to examine the concept of blue bonds as a tool for
sustainable finance, analyze the experience of the Republic of Seychelles
as a practical model for their implementation, and provide
recommendations to enhance their use in developing countries to support
the blue economy. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach,
with a particular focus on a case study of the Republic of Seychelles as a
leading example of applying blue bonds in sustainable financing.

The city of Kirkuk is characterized by a wide range of strategic assets that have granted it a prominent position at both the domestic and regional levels. These attributes have rendered the city a focal point of attraction and contention between Arabs and Kurds since the early formation of the Iraqi state and continuing to the present day. The intensity of the conflict escalated due to the failure of the central government to implement the provisions stipulated in Article 140 of the permanent Iraqi Constitution of 2005. In 2017, the Kurdistan Regional Government took a unilateral step by holding an independence referendum that included Kirkuk, which prompted regional powers— in coordination with the Iraqi federal government— to adopt a set of policies aimed at reasserting control over the city.

This study examines the role of economic diplomacy in the water crisis
between Iraq and Turkey, particularly in the period following 2015—a
phase marked by profound changes in bilateral relations, especially
economic ties, which assumed an increasingly upward trajectory. During
this period, economic diplomacy became more active; however، its impact
has remained limited due to a set of challenges, most notably those related
to the water crisis. The study concludes that there is a pressing need to
enhance the role of economic diplomacy in building sustainable relations
that serve the interests of both parties، respect their rights, and contribute
to resolving contentious issues، foremost among them the water crisis.

Abstract:
Despite Iraq’s adoption of constitutional principles and the “Quota” system following 2003, this study highlights a pronounced discrepancy between constitutional guarantees and legislative outcomes. The shift toward sectarian-based legal pluralism in personal status matters has undermined women’s legal protection. Moreover, female representation remains largely symbolic due to political polarization that obstructs the enactment of vital laws, such as the Anti-Domestic Violence Law. The study concludes that achieving genuine social justice for women requires comprehensive institutional reform and enhanced collaboration between state authorities and civil society to overcome ideological pressures.

Research on the Energy Competition in the Eastern Mediterranean, with a particular focus on natural gas as a key determinant of regional security. Offshore gas discoveries along the coasts of Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, Greece, and Lebanon have positioned the region as an emerging gas basin attracting significant international attention, especially from Europe in its pursuit of diversified energy supplies. The paper analyzes the constellation of key actors, pipeline projects, and the implications of gas competition for maritime disputes, political alignments, and prospects for cooperation. It concludes that natural gas functions simultaneously as a catalyst for cooperation and a source of tension, depending on prevailing geopolitical contexts.

Abstract
This cyber governance as an effective geopolitical instrument in contemporary international competition, following the transformation of cyberspace from a purely technical domain into an arena for contestation over influence, sovereignty, and the reconfiguration of power balances. The research analyzes the cyber governance models advanced by the United States، China، and the European Union, comparing their political and regulatory foundations. It further assesses the position of the Arab region within this competitive landscape, highlighting challenges related to technological dependency and weak regional coordination. The study proposes a strategic Arab pathway aimed at strengthening digital sovereignty and enhancing international presence.

This study examines digital diplomacy as an advanced dimension of British
soft power instruments, through an analysis of how digital platforms are
employed to support foreign policy objectives and to build cultural and
media influence. It focuses on the historical evolution of British digital
diplomatic practices, their interaction with transformations in the
technological environment, and their positioning within contemporary
geopolitical competition. The study also seeks to assess the effectiveness
of this digital engagement and to identify its main challenges and future
trajectories through 2030. The significance of this topic stems from its close
association with changing patterns of international influence and the
growing role of technology in reshaping instruments of power and sources
of influence in international relations.

The Eurasian region have intensified since the shift in Turkish foreign policy in 2016. Turkey has strategic objectives toward the countries of this region، and through various means، it has achieved some of its political and economic goals. It has also strengthened its regional presence in this area، which it considers its sphere of influence and which is characterized by international competition. This has enabled Turkish policymakers to address issues that have plagued the history of the Turkish Republic، most notably political isolation and a fragile economy. Turkey has also sought closer ties with other powers، particularly Russia، with whom it previously shared common interests. Its policies have become more open، and it has recognized the potential for enhancing its economic capabilities in light of the growing economic power of the Eurasian region.

This research aims to examine the structure of the political system in Iraq after 2003, given the country's societal diversity, the research examines the distribution of powers between the presidency, the government, parliament, and the judiciary, and how various components are represented within these institutions. It also examines the impact of societal diversity on political decision-making, government stability, and institutional effectiveness, with a focus on sectarian and ethnic quota policies. The research concludes that the Iraqi political system has attempted to achieve a balance between pluralism and fair representation of all components. However, internal conflicts, quotas, and political instability have constrained the system's efficiency. The research highlights the importance of developing mechanisms to manage societal diversity to enhance the stability of the state and the effectiveness of its institutions in the future.

Abstract
Demonstrates that climate change in Iraq has evolved into a structural crisis that is reshaping state–society relations. Rising temperatures، drought, desertification, and recurring dust storms intersect with fragile governance structures and regional water disputes to produce a compounded form of vulnerability that threatens water, food, and human security. The paper analyzes the social consequences of this crisis, including the deterioration of livelihoods ,climate-induced displacement, and the widening of poverty. It further evaluates gaps in national response frameworks، concluding that integrating the climate dimension into governance and development policies has become a necessary condition for safeguarding long-term stability in Iraq.

The Imams (peace be upon them) constitute the fountainhead of knowledge, as articulated by the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family): “I am the City of Knowledge, and Ali is its Gate.” As the divinely ordained and natural extension of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), the Imams served as the gateway to this City of Knowledge. Endowed with Allah-given knowledge, they were scholars without formal instruction, much like their mother, Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (peace be upon her). Their comprehensive knowledge encompassed all fields of human understanding, as they stand as the counterparts of the Holy Qur’an, which “leaves nothing neglected” and serves as a clarification of all matters. In this sense, the Qur’an represents the theoretical framework, while the Imams embody its practical application.
Among these eminent figures is the eighth Imam, Imam al-Ridha (peace be upon him), who represented the divinely guided continuation of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family).