Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

This article is to determine the location of Irisagrig and the discussions of all the opinions about it, one of the important Sumerian cities enriched the cuneiform studies centers with thousands of cuneiform tablets that carried very important texts, Since it reached to the antiquities markets in the western world, cuneiform scholars ( Assyriologists) began to be interested in determining its geographical location, relying on the information contained in the cuneiform texts. Or what we found suitable to be a site for it. In this article, we suggest that its location is Tullul Warsh, which represents Tell Warsh2, its center, based on linguistic and archaeological data.

Talking about any of the ancient cities is undoubtedly one of the important things in getting to know these peoples and their history and achievements in all different aspects of life, in terms of the economic aspect , it becomes clear through trade, import and export , while the social aspect is through knowledge of personal status such as marriage , divorce and adoption in when the military side is known , it emerges through the military campaigns led by the kings in the invasion or response too it .

After completing the study, translation and analysis of the five unpublished cuneiform texts from the site of Tell Harmal (Šaduppȗm), one of the important sites dating back to the ancient Babylonian era, the information contained in the texts, we conclude that it is.
- of an economic nature, representing the distribution of different quantities of materials, including lists of distribution of quantities of different materials, including wheat, sesame, and copper
- It became clear through studying the names of the media that most of them were associated with the names of the gods, and this indicates their religious association with the gods as a kind of closeness
These texts showed us some professions.

The punishment for burning with fire is one of the corporal punishments referred to by some of the laws of the ancient near east, foremost among which is the Hammurabi Law, along with other sources, and according to the information available in this field which is very brief, the Hammurabi Law dating back to the ancient Babylonian era (2000 -1600 B.C.) was the most prominent as it appears in marking this punishment and showing its motives compared with other ancient near eastern laws. And based on what was stated in the contents of this law and other sources that touched on this punishment, the most punishing crimes with this punishment were the crime of adultery in general, and adultery in particular, marital infidelity, and the crime of premeditated murder Especially those that were directed against parents by some rebellious children for obedience to their parents, and the crime of theft that occurs under strict and unnatural conditions, a class of priestess violating the nature of their religious duties, and finally the false accusation that leads to the conviction of an innocent person who later proves his innocence. In view of the importance of the holy religious books, especially the Holy Qur’an and the book of the Old Testament (The Torah), with regard to the important information contained in it about this punishment, it is necessary to refer to the Islamic point of view in it, as Islam forbade its use by humans to torture and mutilate people.

The Islamic world has witnessed the emergence of many historical symbols that have left a clear impact on the totality of the military and political events that have prevailed, and have made a lot for the survival of the Islamic religion and the noble principles brought by our great Prophet Muhammad()Perhaps the most prominent Abdullah bin Afif Azadi , who had a distinctive role and prominent in the political events in Islamic history, and striking that the sources of historical especially genealogy books and biographies did not separate in his translation to the extent that it became difficult to determine whether it was Abdullah bin Afif Azadi Sahabia mother Follower, and perhaps one of the most prominent references from him, is that he prepared the fighter who participated with Imam Ali(  ) In the camel and lost his left eye, but he continued the march of loyalty and jihad with the Commander of the Faithful(  ) He participated in an unprecedented rush in the rests of Siffin to lose his right eye, and after losing his eyes in the two wars he had no political role but did not get the spotlight on him after that and he disappeared from view and did not appear except in his bold stance in Kufa after the occurrence of kindness and his saying the word right in front of an unjust Sultan And this word mandated Abdullah bin Afif Al-Azdi to provide martyrdom in the way of truth at the hands of the evil of God’s creation.

The period between 1917-1922 viewed a major transformation in the political relations between Najd and Kuwait, so that the stage of negotiations and quarrels ended and the stage of war time aversion and crashes began. The Najd and Kuwaiti sides expanded their influence at the expense of each other, especially after Sheikh Salem Al-Sabah assumed power in Kuwait, so that their true intentions emerged, especially of Kuwait, which started the dispute over raising border problems, even if it was not in a position to help it and to achieve what it intended compared to Najd, and therefore two battles were happened (Humaz and Jahra) in 1920, Kuwait not only lost militarily in the two battles, but its defeat multiplied at the international position as well. Britain began to turn towards Prince Abdelaziz bin Saud and preferred him compared to Sheikh Ahmed Jaber Al-Sabah. This revelation emerged from the holding of the Aqair Conference. The result of conference was for the good of Najd, and Britain did not give any importance to Kuwait and satisfied with unrealistic justifications.

After the outbreak of the war between Iraq and Iran, several regional and international peace initiatives were launched to stop the cease fire and end the Iran-Iraq war. The United Nations initiatives are among the most important of those initiatives. The international community has made effective efforts to mediate a ceasefire and end the conflict between Iraq and Iran, but many obstacles stood in the way of this mediation.
It is well known that Britain has a network of political, economic and military interests in the Middle East, and therefore the British press in general and the London newspapers in particular have alerted to the serious situation in the Gulf, and represented in the Iraqi-Iranian conflict, which carries with it every day a new incident that occurs in the course of that war. The newspaper monitored the diplomatic efforts that were made to bring the views closer and remove the causes of disagreement, some of which were individually on the initiative of the head of state. Some were collectively through an organization with a joint relationship between Iraq and Iran, which resulted in the dispatch of delegations to make good offices for a ceasefire and peace between Iraq and Iran, and the efforts ended with the issuance of Resolution No. 598 of the UN Security Council, which obligates the two countries to cease fire and start negotiations to solve their problems. These attempts had an echo in the Times newspaper and were often published in the newspaper under relatively large headlines.

The Ghaznavid State takes its place in history from the efforts of its founder, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi, who laid the bases of its foundations, and proved its place in history from the achievements he made and his good leadership over it. This prompted many historians and writers to write about it about the exploits and achievements of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi Abu al-Nasr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utabi was one of those writers who were close to Sultan Mahmud and his son Muhammad. Ghaznavid society.

BANO HAZAN is one of the ancient Arab tribes, whose lands occupied an important part of the Arabian Peninsula parts pre Islam, they remained attached to their in Islam because of their importance of natural resources and strategic location, and they achieved good relations and alliances with many of the neighboring Arab tribes, through which they were able to settle in their homes and invest the bounties of their lands in order to achieve an appropriate economic level.

King Sen-Kashid is one of the most important royal figures who ruled the city of Al-Warka in its sixth dynasty during the ancient Babylonian period, it had an impact on the policy of the country, especially the urbanization of the city of Warka, this king was able to rule for nearly (35) years, his diplomatic political plan managed to preserve the unity of his kingdom and defend it against the ambitions of other kingdoms at that time, as well as his urban achievements, which occupied an important part of his years of wisdom

Princess Fatima Ismail had a fundamental and major role in the emergence of the Egyptian University, and she was the first to participate in laying the foundation stone for building this university, despite her absence. Princes turnout for voluntary charitable work.
She contributed to the establishment of a great educational edifice for Egypt and the Arab world, and the first to pave the way for participation for Egyptian women. The Egyptian University has become a destination for learning for all its children, and Princess Fatima remains the owner of the credit, and without her belief in the value of science, Cairo University would not exist.

The motivation behind writing this research entitled: "The News about the Persons Who Were Born in Mecca from the Year of Conquest (1-8) A.H. and Their Role in The Rashidi and Umayyad eras (1-8 A.H. – 622-629 A.D.)", was to determine the number of the persons who were born in Mecca in the pre-Islamic era under the polytheism and paganism and far away from monotheism that Islam claims and therefore, most of the persons born were of polytheist fathers and the sons of the Muslims of the conquest era, the new generation, which witnessed a transitional stage from polytheism to monotheism and so became the second generation of the young prophet's companions and senior followers of the companions. Some of them met the prophet (peace be upon him) as expressed by Hadiths conveyed by the prophet's companions and the followers who came after them and there are persons who were born in the prophet's era but they didn't memorized his Hadiths nor saw him but they had the honor to be born in his era. Also, some of them obtained the honor of being born at the era of prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) as they were blissed with a prayer of the prophet when they were born by being touched by him and got the permanent blessing. Although the period between conquering Mecca until the death of the prophet was only three years, the rest of the persons who were born in Mecca migrated with their Muslim fathers who became Muslims before the conquest and whom were taken care of by the prophet (peace be upon him) and became amongst the migrants and supporters fathers whom the prophet paid a great attention to. In addition to that, care to these persons extended through the era of Rashidi caliphs and those who were all born in Mecca were treated equally as those who were born in Medina particularly and they became the core and the basis of the senior prophet's companions and the early migrants and supporters and they reached the top of the power pyramid, represented by the position of the caliph and also they occupied administrative positions in the provinces and cities, in addition to occupying high military position, scholars of Fiqh and Hadith. The issue was not confined only to this, but they were within the parties of the conflict at the end of the Rashidi era after the murder of caliph Othman (may Allah be pleased with him) and the conflict between the caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) and Mu'awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with him) and thus their role extended in the era of caliphate of Abdulmalik Ibn Marwan and Abdullah Ibn AlZubair conflict in addition to the other events in which some of them were killed and some lived until the beginning of the second sentury after Hijra. With the death of the last one of them, the era of the prophet's companions generation came to an end represented by those who were born in Mecca throughout the era of Islam message (1-8 A.H. – 622-629 A.D.) which is the essence of this research.

Summary
The ancient Mesopotamian man considered the universe to be a cosmic state, and everything in it - that is, the universe - was considered to be individual selves. The universe was represented in the mind of man in one form, which is a system of wills. The universe as a whole is coordinated, but it is a society, or a state. This cosmic state included, in addition to the effective personalities in the governing body, members who had no influence in politics and had no role in the government, including, for example, the human being. The position of man in the state of the universe was exactly parallel to the position of the servant in the state of the human city.

Mesopotamia's reputation for trade was no less than in agriculture and industry, the location of Mesopotamia had an important impact on the emergence and development of trade Therefore, the people of this country have devised security measures to stimulate and prosper, such as securing and protecting commercial roads, deploying security personnel on roads, and establishing commercial colonies,
The use of accurate systems in the control of scales and measures, as well as the imposition of taxes that had an important impact on the revitalization of trade.

The cultural movement in Andalusia formed a vital and important aspect in people's lives, given what this country enjoyed after the Islamic conquest, as it witnessed a wide process movement in all fields since the era of Caliph Abdul Rahman Al-Nasser and continued until the era of his son Al-Hakam (Al-Mustansir Billah) who played a major role In its prosperity and development, as it provided the library with the mothers of precious books, brought them from vast countries and spent huge money on them for the purpose of providing them, and contributed to the process of study and scientific research in various fields of science.

Developing of nationalist spirit is considered as one of the goals of literature education on secondar level , the research aims to identify nation and pokitical statuses of the iraqi author the pote Abdulmohsin Al Kadhmi.
Through the poetry of the poet, identifying of nationlist poets in the modern lraqi literature could be done in order to facilitate the comprehension of balanced natiobalism concept away from experiment which lraqi authors lived, those who carried the concern of nation honestly and truthfully.

Research has come into three topics, preface has come mentioned some of his life and biography , first topic has contained national meaninges in Al Kadhimi poerty , second topic has dealt with his ststus of the ottoman state, while the third topice has dealt with the British occupation and the Arabian revolutin.
The research is treating important issue the humanitarian life in general and in the poetry of the lraqi author the poet Abdulmohsin Al Kadhmi in particular , which is the posts nationl and political status.

The economic texts are considered as one of the most important documents that reflect the condition of economic for society, the Ur III dynastic period (2112-2004 B.C) regards the greatest period that provides important documents to study the economic a social conditions of that period, this research studied four unpublished cuneiform texts belong to Iraqi Museum, but their location and reference are unknown, all of them had date formula, two of them belong to Šul-gi (2094-2047 B.C), the second king of Ur III dynasty, the rest two belong to Šū-Suen (2037-2029 B.C), the fourth king of this dynasty, since the origin of these texts doesn’t have determined, we studied the names of the months that were scribed in most of them and tried to determine their regions, these text approximately in good condition, two of these texts had a damage cylinder seal imprints.