Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Among the intellectual outcomes of the Hittite civilization in all its fields and aspects of economic, social, religious, political and other contents was the ones mentioned in their written notation, which they wrote in two ways, the first: Egyptian hieroglyphics and the other in Mesopotamian cuneiform. What we are interested in in this regard is the geographical locations in their cuneiform notations, where these texts were flooded within hundreds of geographical locations that varied between land and water sites (rivers, seas, lakes, water bodies, etc.) and these locations were mentioned in the exhibition and events of military. These campaigns came and included them, the rivers that these armies crossed, as well as the inclusion of some cities in the texts of those treaties as points of limitation within the influence of the Hittite kingdoms. Some of them are mentioned in the consecration texts and the submission of vows and offerings to the centers of some gods that some of the Hittite kings and queens offer to these gods. The Hittites did not forget to mention some of the mountains that were in the way of their military campaigns, many of which were mentioned. We have also received lists and confirmed the names of the cities and areas rebelling against the Hittite rule, especially from the period of the Hittite King (Shpilulyuma) first, as mentioned some cities in the literature, texts and hymns of prayers of some gods because of their symbolism and sacred religious status, and hundreds of the number of clay figures with economic implications mentioned many of the cities and villages where these deals were held or mentioned witnesses attributed to those cities and villages. Many cities have not been mentioned in the annals of some Hittite kings who recorded their victories in some campaigns, as mentioned some fiefdoms in some agreements in which some of these fiefdoms are exchanged instead of others and are waived and compensated by others and dependency and belongness that party.

The narratives, news, and martyrdom of Imam Hussein, peace be upon him, are considered a prominent event in Islamic and human history, which left its effects on the political, military, intellectual and social aspects of Islamic history. Among these is Mazy, who came in the second half of the seventh century AH through writing a book (Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma al-Rijal), as it is considered an encyclopedia in the science of men, al-Jarh and al-Ta’deel. A clear interest in the chain of narrators, as the chain of narrators is considered to be much better than the non-corroborated news reports, because it contains evidence of its origin, and its criticism and examination can be controlled better than the non- chain of transmission. In which the chain of transmission is cut off, it is sufficient to mention the narration without referring to the chain of transmission, and we also find it through his presentation of the historical material, sometimes it is brief and at other times it is verbose. Because the book “Tahdheeb Al-Kamal” requires a comprehensive study and critical analysis based on all its texts, in support and text, and comparing them with the texts advanced to them and those that are later than them. Or weaken any narration, and I mean that with regard to our research.

Sarai is one of the most important metropolises established by the Mongols outside the center of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia. Saray, especially after its Mughal rulers embraced Islam, beginning with its third ruler, Baraka Khan, and presented a unique model in politics and administration based on a policy of consensus or what is known as a policy of mixing Mongol laws and Islamic beliefs:

The creation of pottery in prehistoric times in general and in the Halaf period of in particular is considered one of the most important technical achievements that helped a person transmit what he wandered in and his senses by drawing, coloring and decoration on the outer surfaces of pottery vessels, and these decorations were simple at the beginning of their appearance, consisting of simple geometric formations, then reached a degree From the development in the Halaf period and the pottery of the Halaf period spread in a wide geographical area in Syria, Iran and Mesopotamia, where its models were discovered in many archaeological sites, the Al -Arpachya, Tepa Gawra and Tell Yarm Tepe II within the city of Mosul, as well as its examples in the countries of Anatolia, Turkey, present at the site (The archaeological Dumuz Tepe between the cities of (Kahramanmaraş and Gaziantep) is one of the largest settlements of the sixth millennium BC.
The site was excavated by several universities and international museums, such as the University of Manchester, the British Museum, and the University of California between 1955, 2006 and 2008, and excavation work at the site was focused mainly on the Halaf period, and the site was found on the pottery of the late Halaf, colored and decorated with a variety of decorations, as the rare pottery fragment discovered in The site is considered one of the finest examples among the pottery discovered at the site, where an artist displayed a number of decorative elements on its surface, such as geometric, botanical, and waterfowl decorations, in addition to a strange and rare geometric decoration, which is the shapes of the buildings drawn with geometric formations consisting of several floors. These decorations formed a beautiful scene on the surface of the jar embodying alternation, repetition and contrast, as it covered the entire surface of the jar from top to bottom.
Each of these elements had special implications and connotations as they relate to social concepts and norms within the half-oath community at the time.
As for this rare scene, which the subject of our research has not yet guided the site prospector and researchers to a clear explanation of the scene and the fields of use of the jar, it seems that the religious scene is an integral part of the scenes of religious rituals known in the Dumuz Tepe region during that period, it seems that the building models carved on the surface of the jar It has special religious goals that are similar to the Tholos buildings that characterize the Halaf period, as some researchers believed that these buildings are sacred due to the discovery of some graves and colored pottery near their walls, and archaeologists believe that the Tholos is nothing but a special type of Residential role.

The term Ishkarah is applied in all of Iraq to a small piece of land that is allocated or donated by the owner of the land to a person for planting and benefiting from it free of charge. In the northern regions of Iraq, the term also gives another meaning, as it is used to refer to a small piece of land that is cultivated with grain by its owners (it is called the chakra of the land, i.e. to reduce and minimize). It became clear through the cuneiform texts in which the term ÉŠ.GÀR) was mentioned within this study and previous studies dating back to different eras of Mesopotamian civilization that this term has several meanings and interpretations in each era and according to its occurrence in the text, its nature, content and type in which the term is mentioned.

In this article, we will deal with analysis, practical and theoretical study, five of the archaeological sites, which are called locally, Tullul Al-Saeed, in relation to one of the tribes that live in this area. In terms of its topography, shapes, coordinates, area, and the reality of its condition in terms of its protection or the abuses committed on it, while the third axis focused on the study of the archaeological finds that were found in those hills during the archaeological survey that we conducted in them, and the article is supported by maps, pictures, figures and tables.

The area of Beit Dakuri is of exceptional importance among the regions of Mesopotamia civilization, as it represents the heart of Babylonia, as well as the role it played in various periods, but it reached the height of its fame in the Neo- Assyrian time, as the Assyrian correspondence was replete with many messages that mentioned this region. It is an area that took its name from the name of an Aramaic tribe, but it was inhabited and influential before the settlement of that tribe, and it extends geographically from the south of the city of Borsippa to the south of the city of Marad.

That the king of Adad-nārārī I (1307-1275 BC.) leave to us about 51 cuneiform Texts through which we were able to review the very important details about his life and the most important architectural , political and military achievements , all these texts are considered a milestone and a qualitative shift in the development of writing royal texts in this period , which is comparable to the texts of the kings who preceded him as (Šamši-Adad I , Tiglath-pileser I) , while in the king Adad-nārārī I texts , which some details appeared in the narration of the military events , especially with regard to his campaigns upon the Hanigalbat region or Babylon region , which also contained very important geographical information , we see it between the lines of texts . Therefore , many of his texts that used the same introduction and the same end of this texts .

The study of scientific families is one of the important researches to show the credit to the people of credit first, and secondly to take the historical lesson from the role of the family in the goodness of society and the elevation of the Arab Islamic nation among the nations. Her biography and role with veneration and greatness.
Among these families, the Banu al-Shinah, who were at the height of their giving in the eighth and ninth centuries AH, especially in Aleppo, the birthplace of this family, the Levant and Egypt, because of the scientific, moral and material qualifications they possessed, made them play several roles in the religious, cultural and political fields, playing the role of mediator between society and authority. It is also the main engine of the wheel of intellectual and cultural life that flourished in the Mamluk era, thanks to the role that this family played in making the education of its children one of its most important priorities, and gave birth to an elite group of scholars, teachers, jurists, judges, poets and writers who took over teaching and produced an educated generation, which contributed to Preserving the status of the Islamic Ummah in light of those critical circumstances that that period passed.

The Armenians enjoyed political power in Egypt during the nineteenth century, so they turned away from the idea of returning to their country, so they merged into the political and administrative structures more than any non-Muslim minority, which made their position greater in the country, and the Armenian community was one of the most important foreign communities that held political positions in Egypt, A number of Armenian personalities emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century who played a major role in the field of politics during that period, most notably Boghos Bey Youssefian, who held the position of overseer of trade and foreign affairs and was the link between Muhammad Ali and foreign consuls by virtue of his responsibility for managing the foreign affairs of Egypt. On the one hand, and his mastery of many European languages and the confidence of Muhammad Ali on the other hand, this had a great impact on Egypt's politics during the first half of the nineteenth century.

The issue of municipal services in Islamic local administration is a clear reflection of the duties and specializations of the (muhtasib) and its various activities through the course of the Islamic city administration in the broad and complex (Hisbah) system in the fields and aspects of economic, social, educational, health and other life.
It can be said that the Islamic Arab State has set controls and regulations since its inception and matured in the era of its prosperity through the principles and values of the true Islamic religion.

1- The strategic dimension in the marriage of Umm Salamah after the martyrdom of her husband Abu Salamah after the battle of Uhud that the woman has the right to marry after the death of her husband, in order to preserve her if she so desires.
2- The strategic dimension from what we gained after the death of the man from the waiting period of the woman whose husband died in four months and ten days, in order to continue life and not mortgage the living person in an unbearable manner.
3- Umm Salamah's most correct opinion with the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, on the day of Al-Hudaybiyah and the reconciliation that took place, when she instructed the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, not to speak to people except to slaughter and shave. People did that what the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, did. The strategic dimension in improving women's minds in solving some life-related issues.
4- The purpose of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, marrying Umm Salamah is that she was from the Quraysh tribe of Bani Makhzum, which carried the banner of war with the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, in order to gain their affection, reduce hatred, bring hearts closer, and enter Islam.
5- The Mothers of the Believers had a prominent and significant role in spreading the Islamic call with the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and this also had a strategic dimension of it, which was the spread of Islam.
6- Mothers of the Believers carried the monotheism of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, also with a strategic dimension, especially hadiths related to women's matters, their interpretation and teaching for Muslim women, and the modesty of Muslim women in the Islamic curriculum, Islamic jurisprudence or women's jurisprudence.

This research explains to us (the Tayyibi call and its impact on the Fatimid thought). Look at the Tayyibi call and its spread inside and outside the country of Yemen and the role of Mrs. Arwa Al-Sulayhiyya, who adopted the call to Imam Al-Tayyib bin Caliph the Fatimid Commander of the Laws of God (d. 524 AH / 1129 AD). Through the preachers who were appointed to spread the call of the good Imam, and their adoption of the idea of a stable Imamate and its entry into the role of concealment. Fearing for his life and his whereabouts are known only to those close to him, and the continuation of the call after the end of the rule of the Fatimid and Sulayhid states, a return to the greatness that was made by Mrs. Arwa and her defiance of all those who wanted to get rid of, and by oaths, and the Fatimids to Hafiziyah in relation to the Caliph Abd al-Majid, nicknamed al-Hafiz (d. 544 AH / 1149). M) the cousin of the caliph al-Amir, and Tayyiba, in relation to the imam al-Tayyib ibn al-Khalifa al-Amir, but Mrs. Arwa made her effort to establish an independent Tayyibi mission in the country of Yemen and entered the country of Yemen and entered into the call to the country of Yemen and entered the country of Yemen.

The current study deals with gods of Nabataeans and religion of Nabataeans that represented in their worshipping of idols of that religion that does not differ from other Arabic religions spreading out in Arabian island.
The importance of the research lies in reflecting part of pre- Islamic religious doctrines. The study deals with the most important gods worshipped by Nabataeans and the significance of the study lies in trying to understand the mind and method of thinking and doctrines of their people.
The study of idols gods of any people help us understand and realize the ancient human behavior and its social relations , as well as the effect of the nature and its reflections in different aspects of life . Most important gods are ( Thu alShara, allat, aluza, Munat, Hubal)
1. The transfer of Nabataeans from Bedouin or semi-nomadic life to stable life was the first factor in developing their religious thinking , while the second factor is their contact with the neighboring civilizations.
2. Residents of Nabataeans worshiped some gods known in middle and south of Arab Island like ( allat, aluza, Munat, Hubal)
3. The plurality of gods and the relationship of Arab human with them is connected with the political, economic and social life . For instance most of Nabataeans residents work in trade which has a great effect upon their belief that idols gods protect their trade and their goods , thus they made idols gods such as ( Shiia alQawm) is the idol god of their trade and its protection. They sanctified it and got close to it with vows and prayers.

harif Ahmed Al-Risouni is considered one of the important figures in the history of Al-Aqsa Maghrib, as he invested his honorable lineage, which he returns to the Prophet Muhammad () and was able to collect tribes loyal to him. Sharif Ahmed Al-Risouni followed the method of revenge against his enemies and stirred fear and terror among their ranks, especially after his kidnapping of large and influential foreign personalities with the foreign countries to which these personalities belong. It is possible to introduce the world to the internal conditions of Morocco and the country's desire to be free from foreign occupation, whether Spanish or French

Given the lack of information about the old tiring methods and methods in industry, it has become necessary to study the archaeological devices and tools and compare them with modern devices, and among the devices used in industry are flasks for liquids, mills, filtering devices, volume and weight measuring devices, and chemical furnaces. The perfume industry is one of the most important and developed chemical industries for the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, if aromatic products are used in the ancient Near East in general and Mesopotamia in particular. A gum that fills the air with sweet smells when it catches fire.The most important sources of perfumes are divided into individual perfumes that include perfumes of animal origin (musk, amber) and perfumes of plant origin (saffron, myrrh, juniper tree, thyme, and Saad). As for the compound perfumes, which are represented by different types of roses and basil, from which rose water and rose oil are extracted, and types of roses (iris, sumac, myrtle). The research material included five axes, the first axis talks about the types of perfume, the second axis includes practical texts for the perfume industry, the third axis summarized the talk about the stages of extraction such as distillation and sublimation, the fourth axis summarizes the main features that characterized the perfume industry, and the fifth axis showed the most important machines and tools used in the perfume industry.

The oil tanker war continued throughout the Iraq- Iran war, during which both sides attacked the oil targets of the Gulf States. Iran proceeded t attack Iraqi oil targets and sink a number of Kuwaiti and Saudi oil tankers, in addition to tankers of other foreign nationalities in the waters of the Arabian GulfWith the aim of warning them and preventing them from helping and supporting Iraq, and for its part, Iraq escalated the tanker war to prevent Iran from benefiting its oil revenues on the one hand and an attempt to internationalize the war to pressure Iran to agree to a ceasefire under international pressure on the other hand.
After the escalation of attacks on oil tankers in the waters of the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait, being the most targeted country, submitted a request of protection for its oil tankers from the United States of America as a power with the influence and interests in the Gulf region, but Washington initially refused the Kuwaiti request, so Kuwait submitted the same request to the Soviet Union which in turn agreed to the Kuwaiti request. After Washington learned that Moscow had agreed to the protection request for Kuwaiti oil tankers, they agreed to register eleven Kuwaiti tankers under American names bearing the flag of the United States of America, and found in the matter an opportunity to increase its influence and military power in the region under the umbrella of protecting its interests and the interests of its allies in the region. Thus, the issue of protecting oil tankers and raising foreign flags on ships belonging to the state of Kuwait brought the gulf region into the vortex of the cold war between the United States of America and the Soviet Union

The research aims to link the archaeological excavations that are taking place for the first time in the Erbil Citadel with what historians and countrymen mentioned in the Islamic and ancient sources about the Erbil Citadel and its civilizational features and its most important architectural features, especially defensive towers, fences, entrances and gates. Erbil Citadel contained various administrative, educational and religious institutions. And the task in the Islamic period, especially the Atabeg.
There were religious landmarks in the castle, such as a church and a Knesset, in addition to the mosque of the Erbil Citadel, which represents the religious groups and sects that used to live there. Defining the Buffer zone, i.e. the areas surrounding the Citadel of Erbil, and it includes the old neighborhoods such as the locality (Al-Arab, Tajil, Khanaqah and Al-Mustafi), which falls within the scope of protection and maintenance with the Erbil Citadel. The importance of the archaeological excavations comes in knowing the cultural and historical roles that the castle went through in particular and the city of Erbil in general, which cannot be separated. Separation between the archaeological aspect, its historical importance, testimonies and the countrymen's description of this ancient city.

The Jews in Egypt who hold Egyptian nationality or of different nationalities played an effective , influential and important role in various economic , social and political aspects . The strength of its economy . In Egypt , the British occupation authorities opened up job opportunities for the Jews at that time , thus increasing the number of Jewish immigrants to Egypt in search of wealth and stability . The system of privileges that granted the Jews secured the protection of foreign consuls , exemption from taxes , investment freely, and the transfer of their money abroad easily and smoothly until Jewish families such as Kattawi , Rollo , Swares , Menashe , Moussiri and others were able to control the direction of the Egyptian economy until the first half of the twentieth century .