Iraqi Journal of Science

This research presents the development of two sensitive indirect spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of indomethacin, applicable to its pure form, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological samples. The two methods A and B were developed based on the reaction of the drug indomethacin with bromine, which was generated in situ using an excess of the friendly environmental materials bromate-bromide mixture in an acidic medium through the principle of green chemistry. The residual amount of bromine reagent was then quantified by reacting it with either indigo carmine (method A) or methyl violet 2B (method B) dyes, and the absorbance of the remaining two dyes, with the absorbance of the remaining dyes measured at wavelengths of 610 nm and 582 nm, respectively. Both methods A and B follow Beer's law within the concentration ranges 1-22 and 0.4-18 μg/mL with an excellent molar absorptivity value 2.51×104 and 3.37×104 L/mol.cm, correspondingly. The accuracy values for both methods were calculated to be between 99.90% to 100.18%, and 99.97% to 100.12%, while a relative standard deviation (RSD%) in the ranges 0.1536 to 0.1959 and 0.0540 to 0.1293 for methods A and B, respectively. The evaluation of results of the two proposed methods was a achieved by applying t and F tests. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the proposed and reference methods. Both recommended methods A and B were used successfully to analyse indomethacin in its pharmaceutical forms (capsules, suppositories and spray), in the serum and urine, with no interference detected from excipients additives present in the commercial pharmaceutical preparations.

The upregulation of aquaporin channels in the cell membrane promotes malignant cell migration, proliferation, and invasive capabilities. The translation inhibition of in the of crucial for reducing the synthesis of channels and preventing or lowering breast cell migrations and proliferations. Promoter markers such as hypoxia inducible factor one alpha (HIF-1α), tumor suppressor protein (p53), and estradiol (E2) are associated with the progression of breast mass disease and also induce the AQP3 expression.

Novel formamidine transition metal complexes were synthesized and thoroughly investigated through a reaction between various metal ions (Mn(II), Fe(II), Pd(II), Rh(III), Pt(IV), and Mo(VI)) and N,N-bis-(m-nitroaniline), resulting in air-stable complexes with geometrically distinct structures, including octahedral arrangements for Fe(II), Rh(III), Pt(III), and Mo(VI), a square planar configuration for Pd(II), and a tetrahedral structure for Mn(II). The structures of these compounds were identified using various techniques. IR spectra verified how the formamidine group act as bidentate N2 ligand chelating with the metal ions. Mass spectroscopy confirmed the suggested geometries. Studies have done by pyrolysis (TGA and DSC curve) shown that water excesses could be coordinated with metal complexes. 1H-NMR and magnetic sensitivity have also confirmed the existence of the ligand (HL) and consequently complexation with the metals. Besides, elemental micro-analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, conductivity and melting points examination were implemented. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was finally assessed using the DPPH as free radical method. Gallic acid was used as a standard substance, has determined an IC50 value for the achieved complexes, which are potentially able to DPPH scavenge free radicals. Biological activity of the prepared ligand and its synthesized complexes has assessed against bacterial species, one of Gram-positive bacteria and the other was Gram negative bacteria, as well as fungi screening. The ligand [LNO2] did not appear to exert any effort towards the Stab positive bacteria and the Esch negative bacteria at the concentration used, while the participation of the complexes was higher compared to the ligand next to the positive and negative bacteria in concentration. The hostility of iron, rhodium and molybdenum was not observed at the concentration of the complexes and even the participation of platinum in the bacteria. Only the gram negative was not given to the body, knowing that the metal salts were more effective than the ligand. Inhibition of the ligand [HLNO2] against the fungus.

In this work, simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was developed for determination Fe (III) levels in soil sample. The detection was carried out by using Shimazu uv-visible spectrophotometer at wavelength of 620 nm. The developed method relies on a complexation reaction between Fe (III) with methylthymol blue (MTB) in an acetate buffer at pH= 5, conducted at a temperature of 25 0C. Subsequently, a mixture of methylene chloride (for extraction) and acetonitrile (for dispersive) was then quickly injected in solution. After microextraction, the organic and aqueous phases were separated by centrifugation and the resulting blue-colored complex was measured at 620 nm. The parameters governing for extraction efficiency and complex formation were systematically identified and optimized for maximum effectiveness. Optimal experimental conditions yielded linear responses for Fe (III) concentrations between 2 and 50 μg/mL, as predicted. The results showed an intra-day variability of 0.114% and an inter-day variability of 0.698% for five measurements using a concentration of 40 μg/mL. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of Fe (III) in different soil samples.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most deadly disease, and has a high rate of mortality. Interestingly, biological biomarkers is binifical in the early diagnosis and treatment of CRC. This study was designed to measure the changes in the Vitamin B12 (Vit. B12) and Homocysteine (Hcy) at serological levels according to the clinical-outcome of CRC patients as well as to examine its correlation with global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and P53 expression that associated with progression of CRC disease. The current study was included 30 healthy volunteers who served as controls and 60 patients with CRC. The blood samples were collected and serum levels of Vit. B12 and Hcy were measured using ELISA assay. DNA and RNA were also extracted, and the levels of global DNA methylation and P53 expression were evaluated. The results revealed a significant increases in Hcy levels in CRC patients compared to healthy controls was observed (373.67±17.67 and 83.16±6.11 pg/ml), respectively. In contrast , no significant change was observed in the levels of Vit. B12 in CRC patients compared to healthy controls (565.66±32.21 and 1178.76±28.93 pg/ml), respectively. They were accompanied by significantly reduced levels of 5mC in CRC patients in compared to controsl (0.31±0.02 and 0.46±0.03, respectively), with a positive correlation between 5mC and the different stages of CRC. In addition, the results showed a positive correlation between 5mC and Vit. B12 but not Hcy. The results of P53 expression showed no significant differences concerninig to healthy control. Furthermore, there was no correlation between Hcy, global DNA methylation, and P53 gene expression. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the changes in Vit.B12, Hcy, and 5mC levels at the different pathogenesis outcomes of CRC disease play an important role as a risk factor for CRC progression.

Viral load is a topic of interest among researchers, especially to estimate COVID-19's severity. The current research is performed to demonstrate the correlation between the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients and cytokine storm progression. A case-control study has been conducted from October 2022 to June 2023. Nasopharyngeal samples were taken from 89 patients for the assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The virus was detected and quantified by molecular tests employing real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Serological assays were also done for the determination of inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β) in the blood and the estimation of some biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and ferritin). Fifty random samples of severe COVID-19 and forty mild cases of COVID-19 and apparently healthy individuals as a control group were selected for this purpose. The multiplexed RT-PCR confirmed the positive samples by detecting the ORF1ab gene of the virus. Viral load results reveal a range from one thousand (103) to one million (106) copies/ml of the virus in each sample depending on Ct values (a final dynamic range of 3.00 to 6.289 log10 copies/ml and an average of 4.425 log10 copies/ml). The inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β) and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin) were increased during the disease. The correlation between log10 viral load and cytokine storm markers was positive. The number of viral particles present may impact the cytokine storm progression and extend the duration hospital stay.

A study was undertaken in the tissue culture laboratory of the Genetic Engineering Department, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, to explore the effects of different plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations on the induction of callus, root formation, and acclimatization in Solanum melongena L. A completely randomized design was employed in a factorial experiment with five replications. The results revealed that, increasing concentrations of gibberellic acid increased germination percentage and seedling length, while germination time decreased. Additionally, results showed superiority in callus induction with the combination of 2 mg l-1 kinetin (Kn.) + 2 mg l-1 Benzyl adenine (BA) + 2 mg l-1 Indole acetic acid (IAA). Root formation varied from 41% to 83% and 1mg l-1 Indole butyric acid (IBA) recorded best significant values. The regenerated plantlets were hardened and acclimatized, and achieving a rate of 90% survivability.

Removal of some physical, chemical and biological pollutants from tap water and well water using three different types of activated carbon has been investigated in this research.

Gallstones, also known as cholelithiasis, pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. While some people have recovered from typhoid fever, chronic infection with Salmonella typhi bacteria can lead to serious complications, including the development of gallstones and gallbladder cancer. This research investigated the epidemiology of S. typhi-infected gallstones related to interlukin-37. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 125 cases of individuals aged 15 - 80 years, who visited the Erbil and Rizgari Teaching Hospitals and had their gallbladder removed. Gallbladder specimens and blood samples were collected to measure IL-37 using an ELISA assay. Additionally, an antibiogram test was performed. The study found that 101 patients (80.8%) cases had bacterial-infected cholelithiasis, while patients 24 (19.2%) did not show infection. Among these, 93 (74.4%) cases had other bacteria, while 8 (6.4%) cases had S. typhi in the gallbladder divided into gallstones 5 (4%), bile 1 (0.8%), and gallbladder tissue 2 (1.6%) cases. S. typhi forms biofilm on cholesterol gallstones more than pigment and mixed stones. The most infected age group 36–45 years were 32.8% cases, mostly females from urban areas. In 125 patients, the mean IL-37 level was 104.12 pg/ml compared with the control was 63.64 pg/ml. S. typhi was sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, meropenem, and fosfomycin, while resistant to another traditional antibiotic. In conclusion, S. typhi is more frequently found in gallstones than in the bile or gallbladder tissue in cholelithiasis patients, specifically in cholesterol-type gallstones. Most affected patients were females aged 36–45 years from urban areas. While S. typhi resistant to traditional antibiotics, it remains sensitive to ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Elevated levels of IL-37 can reflect the presence of gallstones and indicate infected gallstones with S. typhi.

species found in intensive care units exhibit a higher incidence and greater resistance compared to those unrelated to the .

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of secondary metabolites extracted from the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) of three oyster mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida, and P. sapidus) to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were prepared using methanol 85%, ethanol 85%, and aqueous solvents at two concentrations: 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was tested against two pathogenic bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar-well diffusion assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity among the SMS extracts. At high concentrations (100 μg/mL), a methanolic extract of P. ostreatus exhibited the highest activity, with inhibition zones of 22.5 mm against S. aureus and 20.3 mm against P. aeruginosa. P. florida showed inhibition zones of 21.8 mm against S. aureus and 20.7 mm against P. aeruginosa. P. sapidus displayed moderate antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 20.3 mm against S. aureus and 20.1 mm against P. aeruginosa. Other extracts also showed varying inhibition for both bacterial species. On the other hand, the cold aqueous extract recorded the lowest inhibition zone; P. ostreatus recorded an inhibition of 12.2 and 14.7 mm for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains, respectively, while P. florida recorded 10.2 and 10.6 mm, respectively, and P. sapidus recorded 9.2 and 9.4 mm, respectively. These findings suggest that methanolic extracts of SMS from P. ostreatus exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.

This study evaluated the effects of two relaxin concentrations (60ng/ml and 90ng/ml) combined with Tris (TC: control, T1: 60ng/ml, T2:90ng/ml) and soybean lecithin extender (SC: control, S1: 60ng/ml, S2:90ng/ml) on post-thaw sperm quality in Holstein bulls. Sperm parameters, including motility, viability, abnormalities, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity, were assessed over cryopreservation periods of 48 hours, one month, and two months, with post-thaw incubation for one and two hours. All treatments experienced a decline in motility and viability over time, but T1(60ng/ml in Tris) maintained significantly the highest motility compared to the control (TC) group (p≤0.05). Soybean lecithin extenders generally showed lower motility and viability, with S2(90ng/ml) performing the worst. One hour of incubation preserved sperm quality more effectively than two hours. Relaxin treatments improved the plasma membrane integrity, especially with soybean lecithin, and enhanced acrosome integrity, particularly in T2 and S2. However, higher relaxin concentration was associated with reduced motility and viability. Overall, T1 showed the best results, emphasizing the critical role of relaxin concentration optimization for improving post-thaw sperm quality and incubation time to enhance post-thaw sperm preservation.

Biofilm formation is a powerful strategy harbored by Klebsiella pneumonia isolates and helps them prevent antimicrobials from penetrating the cell and escaping the immune system. The aim of the study to correlate the genic variation of MrkA gene in isolates of constructing and non-constructing biofilm. The result showed that 55% of isolates formed biofilm, and their Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were significantly higher than the MBC of non-forming biofilm isolates. In addition, the MBC mediating biofilm destruction was higher than the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) mediating planktonic cell killing. This may indicate that the biofilm plays a significant role in the survival of K. pneumonia isolates in their host. Moreover, MrkA gene was only determined in several biofilm-forming isolates, which may indicate their role in forming biofilm. However, studying the genic variation revealed that MrkA gene was conserved, and no variation was detected at all through comparing DNA sequencing of MrkA gene between isolates and the reference genome. Finally, we think MrkA genes participate in biofilm formation, which helps isolates persist for a long time in their host.

The work focuses on the pressing issue of pollution caused by radionuclides, which causes significant hazards to humans, public health and the environment. Radioactive cesium (Cs) is among these pollutants. It is particularly hazardous due to its high mobility and long half-life (30 years). To remove cesium from radioactive waste, traditional treatment methods were used, such as ion exchange and coagulation, both generate large quantities of radioactive sludge and are energy-intensive. To overcome this problem, a method can be employed using nano-adsorbents, such as iron oxide-based materials like magnetite. This research explores the application of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) as a novel approach to remove radioactive cesium (Cs) from contaminated water. The use of nano-adsorbents represents a more efficient and sustainable option.
This work examines the removal of Cs from water using nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and magnetic separation. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation method and characterized using various techniques, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM). The results approved the successful preparation of nano-Fe3O4 with desired properties, such as morphology, functionalization, and crystalline structure.
Adsorption parameters, such as contact time, pH, initial activity, and concentration, were experimentally investigated. The adsorption efficiency of Cs removal increased with increasing the mass of nano-Fe3O4, with an optimal removal value of 0.5g of adsorbent. Furthermore, the study examined aqueous pH and the influence of Cs-137 specific activity on the remediation treatment, showing promising results under different conditions. The Cs removal efficiency of 84.79% was notably maximum at 0.5g adsorbent mass with a pH of 9. Additionally, the effect of contact time on the remediation treatment was investigated revealing maximum removal efficiency at 1440 minutes, after which it plateaued. These results underscore the efficacy of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in capturing Cs from aqueous solutions, which makes it easier to remove radioactive waste.
Using iron oxide nanoparticles as effective sorbents for processing radioactive materials, 137Cs-contaminated water, proved to be a promising way to mitigate environmental impacts and health hazards associated with radionuclide contamination.

Laser processing of materials is currently one of the most interesting topics, especially with regard to nanomaterials. In this work, magnesium and magnesium oxide nanoparticles were irradiated with laser after they were synthesized using the green method to compare their characterization without and with laser exposure using some structural and optical characterization techniques. These nanoparticles were synthesized from magnesium chloride salt and saffron plant extract and then irradiated with a diode laser with three exposure periods (30, 60, and 90 sec). The results of the analyses showed that laser irradiation caused a reduction in the average grain sizes and diameters of the synthesized nanoparticles and the regularity of the surface morphology, in addition to an increase in their absorption, and this behavior increases with increasing the period of laser irradiation

The nuclear shell model calculations were performed with effective interaction Hsieh-Wildenthal (HW) and G-matrix PF1, (GXPF1) interactions for 40Ca and 48Ca, respectively. The 40Ca was considered to be consisted of 32S as a core and 1d3/21f7/2 subshells as a model space. The 48Ca was considered to be consisted of 40Ca as a core and 1f7/22p3/21f5/2 2p1/2 subshells as a model space. The obtained one body-density matrix elements (OBDME) for both interactions for the studied Coulomb transitions: For 40Ca, the three non-normal parity transitions (C3): 0+→31− (????????=3.74 ????????????), 0+→32− (????????=6.29 ????????????) and 0+→33− (????????= 6.59 ????????????) and one C5 transitions, 0+→51− (????????=4.49 ????????????). For 48Ca, the two C2 transitions: 0+→21+ (????????=3.841 ????????????) and 0+→22+ (????????=9.29????????????) and one C4 transitions 0+1→42+ (????????=6.34 ????????????) were used in parallel with the transformed harmonic-oscillator basis to compute charge density, elastic electron scattering differential cross-section and elastic and inelastic Coulomb form factors. Finally, the Bohr-Mottelson (B-M), Tassie (T), and valence (V) models were included in the theoretical calculations for the computed inelastic coulomb form factors.

The green synthesis of nanomaterials is of particular interest to researchers worldwide. It is described as a simple, robust, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method. This research presented an easy and quick method to biosynthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) using hibiscus flower extract. The biosynthesized Fe3O4NPs were used to treat polluted water samples taken from different points on the Euphrates River in Iraq. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The use of magnetic adsorbents, especially (Fe3O4) is a promising adsorbent for water purification due to its high surface area. Its superior magnetism and ease of operation make it suitable for absorbing many pollutants, as well as its biological effectiveness against gram-negative bacterial strains that are usually found in polluted water (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Cholera, and Escherichia coli).

This study aims to assess the degree of contamination by heavy metals in the topsoil of the oilfield West Qurna-1. After collecting 16 soil samples in October 2023, the results were classified as sandy sludge. The research region has a soil organic matter (OM) concentration of 3.6%, a pH level of 7.8, and a soil salinity of 8%. Soil samples collected from the oilfield WQ-1 contained detectable levels of heavy metals compared with national and world limits They had moderate levels for. Cr=255.6 ppm, Ba=445.3 ppm, Rb=46.3 ppm, and high levels of heavy metals Ni=170.6 ppm, Sr=716.5 ppm, Cu=64.6 ppm, Br=128.8 ppm, and Zn=122.4 ppm. The basis for evaluating heavy metal contamination was using the Contamination Factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Enrichment Factor (EF), all of which indicated that the samples had a high level of contamination. Bromine was the most severely contaminated element, and copper, strontium, and chromium were moderately contaminated..

The two-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) technique was used in this study to investigate The variations in resistivity within the Hit-Kubaisa area, Abu Jir Fault Zone (AJFZ) to detect fractures zone and evaluation of this technology in detecting faults. The study also aims to analyze the impact of these fractures on the geology of the region. Using the Wenner-Schlumberger array, the researchers conducted four survey lines with 120 electrodes spaced 10 meters apart, allowing them to map subsurface geological structures down to a depth of 240 meters. The results showed clear differences in resistivity, making identifying fracture zones and potential subsurface cavities possible. It also highlighted how these faults affect the sedimentary layers, especially the differences in the thickness of the Euphrates Formation and the absence of the Ana Formation.

The Badr area is part of the Jifarah plain at the northern escarpment of Jabal-Nafusah, northwest of Libya. According to hydrological information, groundwater depths in the area under study range between 200 in the south and 130 m in the north. However, this information did not indicate the stratigraphic sequences and nature of the groundwater layers. Geological and hydrological information was collected from 33 wells in the area to investigate this. The wells information revealed the existence of two aquifers. The first shallow aquifer lies between 16-25m depth within silty sand sediments. The second aquifer lies between 60-90m depth. In some wells (located near the present valleys and have sandy clay lithology), this aquifer has low salinity & high rate of discharge. In other wells (located away from the present valleys and have evaporitic mud lithology), it has high salinity & low rate of discharge. These differences have been interpreted to be related to multiple stages of uplift and erosion that occurred in Jabal-Nafusah during its tectonic history and to the difference in sizes & lengths of valleys, which cause additional variations in the sediments & groundwater nature. Through this study, a subsurface fault along Jabal-Nafusah and ancient valley sites has been deduced.

In this paper, the concepts of compactness, almost compactness, and nearly compactness for ????̆ech fuzzy soft closure spaces are introduced and discussed. Their characterizations in terms of the finite intersection property are established, and their hereditary properties are investigated for compactness and almost compactness types. The relationships between the three types of compactness are investigated and illustrated with examples. The sufficient condition for the equivalence between compactness and almost compactness has been provided. In addition

In this research, a new coefficient of conjugate gradient technique is identified which is used for solving issues related to image restoration. This coefficient is derived using Perry's conjugacy condition and the quadratic model. The algorithms have been shown to exhibit global convergence and possess the descent property. Through numerical testing, the new method demonstrated a significant improvement. It has been shown that the innovative conjugate gradient method works better than the conventional FR conjugate gradient technique.

The purpose of this study is to introduce a new idea for module ???? over ring ????, let ???? be well a unitary left ????-module and let ???? be any ring with one. We refer to ???? as a closed-supplemented module, if each submodule of ???? has closed-supplement submodule where ???? is called the closed-supplement submodule of ???? in ???? ,if ????=????+???? and ????∩????≪???? ???? , ????⊆???? .On the other hand we introduce the concept of closed-weakly supplemented module, whenever that each submodule within ???? has closed-weak supplement in ???? , such that a submodule ???? of ???? is named closed-weak supplement of ???? , if ????=????+???? and ????∩????≪????????.We prove some properties of these class of modules. Many Several of about these ideas are given, additionally the relations involving these notions and other modules related with them are presented.

In real-life problems, we use square roots in natural distributions such as (the probability density function), distances and lengths in the Pythagorean theorem, and quadratic formulas in (the height of falling objects), radius of circles, harmonic movements (pendulum and springs), and standard deviation in statistics. We have observed that using fuzzy sets in real-life problems is more convenient than ordinary sets. Therefore, they are important in algebraic structures. As a result, more effort has been made to study square root structures in fuzzy sets.
This paper introduces the notion of square roots fuzzy of QS-ideals on QS-algebras and some important characteristics. Some illustrative examples have been provided which prove that every SRF-BCK-ideal is an SRF QS-ideal. Also, the image and the inverse image of SRF-QS-ideals are discussed. Finally, the product of SRF-QS-ideals on QS-algebra is defined and some important properties have been proved.

In this paper, the Newtonian incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical polar coordinates can be solved using a Galerkin finite element method proposed based on an artificial compressibility scheme. In this study, two various formulations of the viscous stress tensor are represented, named the rate of deformation tensor ???????????? and the velocity gradient tensor ????????????. A comparison is undertaken between both options ???????????? and ????????????. In this context, attention is paid to the rate of convergence and the influence of variation in Reynolds number (????????) and artificial compressible parameter ???????????? by using both assumptions, ???????????? and ????????????. The critical values of Reynolds number (????????) and artificial compressible parameter ???????????? are highlighted in this study as well. Generally, through the analysis of results, we detected that the results with the rate of deformation tensor ???????????? are better than the results with the velocity gradient tensor ????????????.

The definition of invo-clean rings is generalized to two involution clean rings. In this paper, we aimed to identify the structure with determined the basic properties of these rings. A ring is a two-involution clean if all elements are the sum of two involutions and idempotent elements. Additionally, the graph of two involution clean rings has been defined, and some properties of the new graph, such as: connected, the diameter, girth and others, have been proven.

In this paper, the algebraic characteristics of nonequivalent arcs of degree three in -Arcs, (20;3)-Arcs, (21;3)-Arcs, (22;3)-Arcs, (23;3)-Arcs, (24;3)-Arcs, (25;3)-Arcs, (26;3)-Arcs, (27;3)-Arcs, and (28;3)-Arcs are obtained. So that this approach gives the number of Thus, the spectrum of nonequivalent arcs in each process is 2, 6, 16, 32, 49, 71, 97, 122, 149, 170, 192, 205, 220, 230, 233, 234, 229, 218, 190, 160, 101, 34, 4, 3, 1, respectively. Also, the associated stabilizer group for each constructed nonequivalent arc is computed. In addition, the action of each stabilizer group on the corresponding nonequivalent arc is discussed. As a result of these actions, there are different sizes of orbits. These sizes are one, two, three, four, and six. The largest size of degree three arc established in this process is ƙ=28 .

In this paper, we discuss a new, effective technique for encoding and decoding text that uses Tribonacci numbers to boost security and make it harder to figure out the right keys needed for decryption. We focused on developing different algorithms and methods to protect different types of data, especially text messages, and making it very difficult for unauthorized people to access them and be able to break these codes. Strong data protection is needed for a variety of applications, and the suggested algorithm offers promising results in terms of encryption and decryption accuracy. This paper demonstrates the potential of Tribonacci matrix-based algorithms in advancing the landscape of secure communication protocols.

In this work, we propose the notion of permutation−algebras as an extension of algebras and investigate them. We also present− permutation ubalgebra, − permutational,− permutatio−closed ideal, − permutation normal−subalgebra,− permutation normaleal, and quotient − permutation a normal homomorphism opermutation −algebra andhe quotient −permutation omorphic to where

In this work, we propose the notion of ????− permutation ????????????−algebras as an extension of ????????????−algebras and investigate them. We also present ????− permutation ????????????−subalgebra, ????− permutation ????????????−ideal, ????− permutation ????????????−closed ideal, ????− permutation normal ????????????−subalgebra, ????− permutation normal ????????????−ideal, and quotient ????− permutation ????????????−algebra. We show that if ℎ: ????→???? is a normal homomorphism of ????−permutation ????????????−algebras ???? and ????, the quotient ????−permutation ????????????−algebra ????/???? is isomorphic to ????????(ℎ), where ???? = ????????????(ℎ).

This paper studied a supplement-small submodule, which is generalization of the small submodule. We present a characterization for the supplement-small submodule. We give an important property of this kind of sub module, also the concept of supplement-small radical of ???? module is investigated

In this paper, we present the notion of a purely maximal sub-module, also we consider some properties of this concept, and we Tresearch some relationships between purely maximal sub-modules and some other related ideas. Furthermore, we give purely-radical modules and purely local modules.

This article examines how the rotation variable and other variables affect the Jeffrey fluid's peristaltic flow through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel under the influence of an electric field, foundational equations following the Jeffrey fluid model were used. The flow analysis is based on the long-wavelength assumption and low Reynolds number assumptions, and the governing partial differential equations of the system were solved using the approximate analytical perturbation method. Mathematical expressions are used to represent the pressure gradient, axial velocity distributions, and stream function, with the most influential parameters identified as velocity, pressure, and stream function. Examples of these parameters include the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski number, Darcy number, and rotation element. It was observed that some parameters lead to an increase in velocity, while others cause a decrease, and the same applies to pressure. Graphs are used to represent velocity, pressure gradient, and their effect on the parameters influencing the equations of motion. Using a set of numbers to produce numerical results, the impact of different parameters is explored, as illustrated in the graphs. The MATHEMATICA software was used to achieve these results.

The main goal of this work is to study some new characteristics of groupoids
ring of algebraic topology, and we started with algebraic cases and simple topology,
but it is vital as information background for comparing what we found as a result
and if we focused in our study on the topological projective ring groupoid and
topological projective cover. Taylor Robert, who talked about groupoid and
topological groupoids was the start of the topological group groupoid and
topological groupoid rings. The relationship between topological projective
groupoid ring and topological group groupoid was developed. We used the
definitions, previous relationships topological projective groupoids ring, topological
group groupoid, projective cover and topological projective ring harmonious with
our work. Many results regarding the topological projective cover for the
topological projective groupoids ring and the partial topological projective groupoid
ring and topological ring quotient groupoid are obtained. We applied some
structures to clarify the relationships between those different spaces. Lastly, we
studied the direction summation of equations that forms the topological projective
cover of topological projective groupoid rings is the orderly highlighted guidelines
such that we proved the final number of the direct sum for the topological groupoid
covers ring is the cover of topological groupoid ring.

Let be the set of all partial functions from the set ???? to the set is a semigroup subject to the composition of partial mapping or a monoid with identity . Here, the ideal of in terms of an element was studied, where is full transformation monoid from the set ????????,???? to itself such that . Finding that there are two kinds of ideals in ????????????, two-sided ideals, and a left ideal. As well as the ideals of partial transformation monoid of a free (left) ???? -act on ????-generators, where ???? is a finite group and were considered. Finally, the number of elements of a two-sided ideal and left ideal o

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), accurate node localization is critical for ensuring efficient network functionality, as it directly impacts communication, energy consumption, and network management. This paper aims to enhance node localization accuracy by developing a hybrid approach that leverages two bioinspired optimization algorithms: the Mountain Gazelle Optimizer (MGO) and the Crayfish Optimization Algorithm (COA). The research method combines the exploration and exploitation capabilities of these algorithms to optimize the positions of unknown (target) nodes using known (anchor) nodes. The proposed technique was tested across multiple WSN deployment scenarios and compared with traditional optimization methods such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). Experimental results demonstrate that the MGO-based approach achieves superior localization accuracy, reduces computational overhead, and increases the number of accurately localized nodes, highlighting its potential for improving WSN performance.

Fractal Image Compression (FIC) is a robust method for reducing multimedia applications' data storage requirements and communication costs. This research introduces a partitioning strategy based on quadtree as variable length block partitioning with Prewitt Operator as a criterion for guiding the partitioning decision. The proposed system achieves significant time savings while increasing the Compression Ratio and identifies a near-optimal PSNR compared with the previous studies. The increase in PSNR reached 25% at its highest value while maintaining the compression ratio, which increased to 30% without a significant change in the time required for implementation. Additionally, a novel set of moment descriptors is introduced that developed in integration with the last set to highlight specific block regions, enhancing overall computational efficiency. The system operates on color images with different image sizes 512 × 512 pixels and 256 × 256 pixels, and color depth is 24 bits. This was also compared to verify the superiority of the results by the image size in pixels. Experimental findings validate the efficacy of the enhanced FIC algorithm, demonstrating enhanced encoding speeds and improved image quality in the reconstructed output.

In modern computing, efficient task scheduling in cloud environments, especially for large-scale scientific workflows, presents a significant challenge as it is classified as a NP-hard problem. This study introduces an improved version of the Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm, named Lévy-Heuristic Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm (LH-MRFOA), which is enhanced with Lévy flight and heuristic search techniques to address these challenges. The Lévy flight mechanism is integrated to enhance the algorithm’s exploration capabilities, allowing it to avoid local optima effectively and achieve global convergence. Meanwhile, the heuristic search method is employed to improve the exploitation capability of the algorithm while ensuring more efficient resource utilization and reduced processing time. The proposed LH-MRFOA, which mimics the natural foraging behavior of manta rays, combines these enhancements to deliver superior performance in task scheduling by minimizing makespan, processing cost, storage cost, and bandwidth utilization across varying workflow sizes. Experimental evaluations on a heterogeneous cloud infrastructure reveal that the LH-MRFOA outperforms bio-inspired algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), particularly in scenarios that require high scalability and balanced resource allocation. This research substantially advances cloud task scheduling optimization, offering a robust solution for enhancing resource management and cost efficiency in real-world cloud applications.

The proliferation of manipulated multimedia content poses a significant threat in an era heavily reliant on social networks as primary information sources. Despite numerous countermeasures targeting specific attack types, the seamless nature of image manipulation challenges the differentiation between authentic and altered visuals. This study aims to detect fake images generated by StyleGAN2-ADA using watermark analysis and image content analysis techniques. The first experiment evaluates the performance of watermarking techniques in the spatial (Least Significant Bit (LSB)) and frequency (Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)) domains using real-life imagery. Then, watermarked images are used as input to the StyleGAN2-ADA model to generate synthetic counterfeits. The second experiment assesses the effectiveness of content-based analysis techniques in distinguishing between authentic and forged images, including Error Level Analysis (ELA), perceptual hashing, and a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. Finally, the third experiment integrates the findings from the two previous experiments to provide a reliable determination of image authenticity. The results show that by leveraging watermark-based and content-based detection, the proposed framework achieves high accuracy in identifying fake images generated by StyleGAN2-ADA.

Text-to-image (T2I) in recent advances has proven an important headway, but high-quality and efficient image generation is still a challenge. We proposed GANViT, a new model for generative adversarial vision transformer. It is designed for fast and efficient high-quality T2I synthesis. GANViT addresses limitations in existing models, such as extensive data requirements for training, multi-phase processes that slow down synthesis speed, and many parameters needed to achieve adequate performance. GANViT consists mainly of a generator and a discriminator, but these parts are separately based on a vision transformer (ViT). The generator ViT utilizes a feature bridge for fine-tuning, thus enhancing image generation capabilities. Conversely, the discriminator ViT interprets complex scenes through a feature extraction module and assessment phase. GANViT demonstrates substantial improvements in synthesizing images. It achieves a 5.01 Frechet Inception Distance score on the Common Objects in Context dataset and over 10 on the Caltech-UCSD Birds dataset, with 33 times data reduction, 4.5 times fewer parameters, and 23 times faster processing.

Data Science and Machine Learning have been playing a major role in assessing, predicting, and maintaining the health of power transformers using data analysis. This paper focuses on leveraging data science techniques to analyze and interpret Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) datasets associated with power transformers to predict Health Index (HI). The Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) involving the correlation matrix and heat maps showed the correlation among all the features and indicated that the dataset considered is not balanced hence, the data balancing technique of oversampling is employed to balance the data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to estimate the principal components of the data, helping in selecting the features which are most useful in the prediction. Classifiers, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and k Nearest Neighbors (KNN) are employed on both the balanced data as well as the imbalanced data and the results are compared. RF classifier outperformed all the other classifiers with an accuracy of 96.9%.

This work includes calculating the orbital elements around the Moon with different heights, ranging from 100 to 1000 km, at an eccentricity of (e = 0.05 and 0.1) with an inclination=28.48 deg. Cowell’s equation was used to calculate the effect of the Earth's attraction on a satellite orbiting around the Moon using the MATLAB program. In this paper, research was conducted to find the best orbit of a satellite orbiting the Moon, which has the least possible perturbation and the least possible change of orbital elements, in order to get the longer life of the sent satellites. The lowest height was found to be the best way to obtain more efficient images with the lower-cost camera. Newton-Raphson method was used to solve
Kepler’s equation for the ellipse orbit. Cowell’s method was used to solve the perturbation with the equation of motion which was solved by the 4TH order Runge–Kutta integration. Results showed that each orbital element changed across time due to the Earth's gravity only. The altitude change of an orbit had a relatively slight effect, while the eccentricity of the orbit had a greater effect on the orbital elements. When altitudes were changed between 100 to 1000 km, the results showed that the behavior of the orbital elements remained almost the same. Whereas when the value of eccentricity was changed from 0.1 to 0.05, it had a greater impact on the orbital elements. It was also found that inclination had an important effect on the orbital elements. It was found that the best orbit around the Moon had a height of 100km and an eccentricity of 0.05. It was also found that inclination had an important effect on the orbital elements.

Remote sensing techniques have been utilized to assess and manage natural resources in general and vegetation, in particular, to preserve the sustainability of plant wealth, evaluate and explain the current state of the vegetation condition, and determine the changes that occur to it as a result. Mosul's forests are exposed to many fires, including in 2017, 2021, and 2022. This study used Landsat8 satellite images and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Some spectral indices were used, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2). Land Surface Temperature (LST) was also calculated, in addition to the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). LST was used to evaluate the extent to which plants are affected by the land surface temperature in Mosul city. According to the rate for the three years, the EVI2 index for the fourth month of 2023 had the highest vegetation, at 21.70%, while the NDVI index for the sixth month of 2015 had the lowest percentage. This study discovered that temperatures and fire clarity affect the vegetation cover rate, noting that the areas that have decreased and changed the most were those exposed to fires in 2017 and 2022.

Topographic maps are a popular sort of map used in many geomatics applications. The most commonly used digital format for storing and analyzing height data is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which represents the earth's topography and may be produced using various data sources. This paper aims to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) using several interpolation methods within a Surfer software package. Numerous generic interpolation techniques were studied, such as inverse distance to power, triangulation with linear interpolation, the nearest neighbor, and kriging. The Surfer package utilizes the grid and various interpolation techniques to generate various digital elevation models, allowing researchers to explore the range of interpolation techniques based on the quantity and distribution of points. Many grid options allow the user to produce the best digital elevation model. The results demonstrated that the DEMs' accuracy was within computed limits for variance, Root Mean Square Error, and coefficient of determination (R2). Kriging provides accurate statistical data and is adaptable. It has a minimum RMSE (0.0053), and the (R2) was getting close to one.