Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Kurdish case surfaced on the international political stage generally and in the middle east specifically after the end of the first world war and the collapse of the Ottoman empire that overcome massive parts of the Arab Homeland for more than four centuries, Countries that slipped from the Ottoman Empire started finding its way by creating a formula of reigning which enables it from running its own business, But seemingly the efforts spent in this regard couldn’t achieve the high hopes to confront the Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916 that portioned the area of Kurds Majority between Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran only to initiate a new page of struggle for the Kurds in order to achieve the slogan of (The right to decide fate).
The importance of subject (Kurdish Case within Iraqi Communist Party documents) is based in documenting the evolve of the Kurdish movement since the establishing of the communist party as well as Kurdish case became an inseparable part of the demands rings of rights for the Kurds and successive Iraqi supreme since the establishing of the Iraqi Government in 1921 until the time being, it is considered one of the most insisting case for the ruling authorities that looked for solution, despite the successive governments specially under the republican governing raised the ideologies to solve Kurdish case and its faith to Kurds rights and in the same time uses all types of weapons against the Kurds.

The study of Social and Cultural affaits is considered of great importance . This type of study had a great role in studying the reality of human, his development and his role in building society . This studies have their great role in the openness time, it represents a cornerstone through reality study. Some negative social phenomena appeared like scrounges, black market dealers, bank system corruption, bribes, women and immigration . All of these factors have bad influence in addition to the state policy on society especially starving people . All of these emerged because of poverty and utilities regression which led to the emergence of this societal nation in Egypt at that time.

Summary The study touched on the scientific life in the city of Zanjan during the Abbasid era (132-656 AH), as many scholars emerged in it and in various types of science in the sciences of the Qur’an, the Prophet’s hadith, history, literature and poetry. The Arabic language and the Noble Qur’an in the Islamic East in general and in Zanjan in particular, and they were not limited to their scientific activities in the Islamic East only. Those countries are through these scholars, in addition to their various classifications, and among the most prominent of these scholars is Umar bin Ali bin Ahmed Al-Zanjani, author of the Al-Mu'tamid book, and Saad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Zanjani, the ascetic Hafizh, the owner of dignities. Rustam al-Zanjani, the Shafi’i jurist who studied at the Mujahidin School in Damascus, and Muhammad bin Mahmoud bin Bakhtiar, a teacher of Nizamiyya and al-Mustansiriya, in Baghdad. In spreading science and knowledge, they had contributions in fighting the occupying invaders with their feet. Yusef bin Ibrahim Abu Al-Fath Al-Zanjani was martyred at the hands of the Franks on the day of the liberation of Jerusalem in 492 AH, and the professor of Al-Mustansiriya, Mahmoud bin Ahmed bin Bakhtiar Al-Zanjani, was martyred at the hands of the Mongols when they occupied Baghdad in 656 AH.

The importance of the Familiar Maqrizi book comes, he provided in formation on the East African region, It shows the importance of the book by Providing adescription of the Features of Political, ecomonic and Social life, In addition to location and climate in formation he provided with ageographic mindset, And he relied on the audio accounts of those who uisited this country, Al.Maqrizi transmitted his novels with Scientific integrity through his investigation of the Transmissiom of the novel and analyzing the novel.

Defining religion is that feeling towards the things around us that it is the mysterious feeling that there is a system of things that is superior to us and of everything that surrounds us and we feel our tendency to submit to it or move towards it. Religious beliefs and ideas are the most important factor in Defining the general framework of a person's behavior, life, customs and traditions, and the background affecting his economic, social and political life. Archaeological discoveries and researches specific to the philosophy of religious thought and religious beliefs in man showed that he is old with his early beginnings with the sane human feet, and because man did not go to writing until the beginning of the third millennium BC, and since the environment is the first influence on human civilizations in general and man in particular through waste The materialism that he left in the previous stages: it became clear that the ancient person was affected by the environmental phenomena surrounding him to the point that he became a goddess and began to emulate those cosmic phenomena (gods) and began dealing with them in a manner commensurate with the level of his thinking and interests to be able to benefit from their good and avoid their evil, so he took it upon himself in the stages Subsequent building of temples (houses of the gods) and offering sacrifices and offerings in order to satisfy them, as well as making them their own symbols, and the civilization of Mesopotamia was distinguished by its architecture, especially religious architecture, and the spiritual and civilizational implications it reflected for us. The building plans and its magnitude are a reflection of the economic, social and religious organization in addition to the effort and collective activity that drained in Building and construction works, including research, include religious group work As the residents of Mesopotamia civilization took it upon themselves to build those monuments (temples and ziggurat), then they are a reflection of the effort and ingenuity of the old Iraqi architecture. First, the temple is its emergence and development, and secondly, the ziggurats are their ages and development.

The dog is the animal that is most attached to man from the stone ages until the present time with its characteristics, capabilities and talents that humans have been able to benefit from through the ages. Stability and knowledge of agriculture and the domestication of animals and the end of its importance at the present time in several areas, as this animal was able to gain the confidence of a person in him through this long period of time. The natural environment of land, climatic conditions and living organisms played a role in shaping the relationship between man and dog and his knowledge of how to draw him closer to him for the purpose of benefiting from him after knowing how to domesticate, train and tame him, and finally to domesticate him in order to coexist with him without fear. So he produced a docile animal that could be controlled and dealt with.
It is likely that the process of domestication of the dog throughout the world took place during the Paleolithic period in the period (12000-10000 BC), as its bones can be distinguished from this date from the wild type in, The regions of the ancient Near East, the oldest remains of a domesticated dog’s bones were found in Iran and Palestine dating back to the Mesolithic period, while the oldest domesticated bone remains of dogs in Mesopotamia date back to the Neolithic period, according to what was found in Jermo, the village dated to about (8000-6500 BC), as many domesticated dog bones were found in it, as well as small clay statues, some of which were personified as dogs, and then such remains came to pass in later ages.

Sufism is one of the symbols of the ritual acts that have accompanied the life of humanity since the beginnings of the heavenly religions. Muslim Sufis have taken from those symbols mentioned in the Bible in the Gospel of John from them, the light and divine love and the state of conscience that befalls the walker when he reaches divine love, and sacrifice, and water that is the basis The existence of life.
Thus, it appears that the symbols of Sufism are shared by Sufis through the stages of human life, and the Gospel of John referred to them in detail through the biography of the life of our master Christ (peace be upon him).

Stories in the peelslamic era played an important role in shapingarab thought withits facts beuefits and intentions ,where retribution deal with human history in there stories from the beginning of creation ,through the history of the phets and messengers, and attention was also focused in the stories that lived through their days and are mied with my and legend ,including arab and non –arab stories ,which were reported through the story of the arab ,suchas the stiry if lbn anaq rustam and esfandiar ,and this helped the days of the arabs to enrich the retribution in formation about the facts if the tribe and heroism of its sons ,as for animal stories, they hada historical impact on the culture of arabs ,especially in striking pvoverbs ,every eample is astory that epresses its importance over time ,it was said (your days hunger follows you ) ,( l have not spoken to me about it or sentences) this is in addition to the importance of animal stories in the holy quran and has has many lessons and lessons ,including the story of the hoopoe with the prophet Solomon ,and the story of the donkey of the prophet aziz and others, and it seems that is aclose connection between the word stories, and it was evidentin the narratives that con firmed this connection the first of which is legendary and they are social stories prepared for the purpose of entertainment , and the second is quranic stories and the pupose of which is preaching and guidance ,the third type of story was apvoverd that was said to address as pescific issue .

In this research we deal with an important branch of Islamic art, which is painting, where a group of paintings that were taken from Qur’anic stories were studied in multiple manuscripts. In addition to the sources that contained a number of these paintings, and the research extended to include the stories of the Qur’an from the Prophet Adam to the era of the Prophet Muhammad, and a number of historical events were documented through the verses of the Holy Qur’an with an attempt to analyze these paintings in a way that gives the reader more clarity in understanding the artistic painting.

Aramaeans are one of the ancient peoples who migrated from Arabian Peninsula to the fertile Crescent, and who were called (Semites) by western scholars . These scholars agreed that Aramaeans were referred to for the first time in Assyrian texts from the fourteenth century B.C. by the name Ahlamu. After their settlement in cities, they were reffered to as Aramu.
Aramaeans lived in large areas of Syria and north-west of Iraq. The change of the political situation in the ancient east around 1200 B.C., which resulted in dislocation and political vacuum in Syria enabled the Aramaeans to appear as an influential element in the political arena. Since the eleventh century B.C. , some Aramaean Tribes migrated to the south along the Euphrates and Tigris . Their political impact was so strong that they usurped the throne of Babylonia. Since the beginning of the tenth century, they established many states or small kingdoms. The most important ones were Zoba and Bet-Rehub in Lebanon, and Damascus, Hamath, Arpad, Sam'al, and Bet-Adini in Syria.
From eighth century onwards because of Assyrian campaigns , some Aramaeans migrated to south Mesopotamia . They settled there with their close relative the Kaldians around Babylon and South of it towards Arabian gulf. The conflict of the Aramaeans and Kaldians against Assyrians in the south was nearly continual till they controlled Babylon and ruled the whole area for nearly a century .

Throughout its long history, the countries of Africa have suffered from internal and external disruptions, perhaps the most prominent of which is the fall of all these countries under the weight of foreign colonialism, and their division into French, Spanish, British and Belgian spheres of influence, which forced them to lose their freedom and persecute their peoples, this matter eventually led to the emergence of interdependence between countries Africa to liberate its homelands.
There is no doubt that the problem of Western Sahara in the Maghreb is just one image of the colonial division that was imposed on the Arab-African countries, and the colonial circles helped nurture the spirit of conflict between the Arab parties, as well as its effects on the African continent and international and strategic relations. Contradictory policies and interests have also played a role in fueling conflict between the parties involved.
In light of this, the issue of the conflict in Western Sahara has received the concerns of the Mauritanian regime, as it relied in its policy from that conflict to the basis of history, geography and social ties. This research attempted to shed light on the role of Mauritania from the types of Western Sahara for the years (1975-1978), as it was divided into three main axes. The first dealt with Mauritania's position on the issue of Western Sahara until 1975, while the second dealt with the role of Mauritania in the Western Sahara conflict. The third axis examines the impact of the conflict in Western Sahara on the Mauritanian reality, and the extent of that conflict's impact on the political and economic reality.

In 1922, She received a scholarship to study medicine in Britain, together with five other female students. Upon her return in 1932, She was taught surgery by D.Naguib pasha Mahfuz, to become the first female surgeon in Egypt. She was hired at Kitchener's charity hospital, worked there for 30 years and become its first director after its name was changed to General hospital in shubra and was the first Egyptian female chief physician. She also founded the first nursing school and was first female physician to join the syndicate of medical doctors. She is dead in 1999.

It is evident through the models of debate boards in the Umayyad era reported by the sources of historical and literary books that their topics were varied and comprehensive in the fields of human life, and that they are the mirror of the times and the criterion of its development, and have an impact on public opinion in Islamic society after the expansion of the Arab Islamic state, as well as an increase Some of the Umayyad caliphs woke up by using these debates as a means of reducing the hostility between them and the movements opposing the Umayyad Caliphate.
These debates also revealed the solid foundations upon which the pillars of Arab and Islamic civilization were built, which responded to and resisted the attacks of the enemies of Arabism and Islam from the Persians and Byzantines during the Middle Ages

This research marked by Iraqi medals and medals in the first republican era, 1958- 1963, is among the studies that shed light on the after revolution of joly14,1958,as medals and medals are considered among the most important national symbol that were granted by governments at the level Since the establishment of the modern Iraqi state in 1921, successive governments have worked to pay attention to the issue of medals and medals and tried to give them to those who deserve them on various occasions, but after the July 14, 1958 revolution, a major change took place in all medals and medals that change followed As well.
The research included an introduction, a discussion and a conclusion, and then it was proven to the easy information on the laws and regulations that it enacted, as well as the most important changes that occurred in the medals and medals in the first republican era.

Khorasan is considered a meeting place for scholars from among the poles of the lslamic world , due to the presence of factors that helped this importance , including security and safety , availability of funds, and appropiate conditions for intellectual creativity.
Minister Nizam alMulk is considered one of the most famous Seljuk ministers interested in building schools , which were named after him ( regular schools).
Several educational institutios have been established in Khorasan, which are the houses of scholars ,mosques ,schools, linkags , and others.
These educational institutions specialized in studying one of the lslamic schools,such as Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanafl schools.
lt also specialized in studying a branch of knowledge such as hadith,theology, language, and other sciences.
Key words : (Khorasan, politics, schools , mosques)

The study of ancient Mesopotamia languages and reading their cuneiform tablets have a great importance in learning about the ancient history of Mesopotamia and the civilization achievements that were made in this important part of the ancient world, especially in the ancient Babylonian period.
This research included a study of three unpublished cuneiform tablets form city of Lagaba preserved in the Iraqi Museum dating back to the ancient Babylonian period, specifically to the days of the reign of King Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC). As it indicated by its own date formulas. The first one is list of spent and return barley for the Šamaš-naṣir. while the second one is receipted barley and beer, finally third one is a list of personal names.
All the Tablets safe in the Iraqi museum, however All of this tablets backing to the city of Lagaba, which is undiscovered until now, but from the cuneiform tablets information refers that city was located North Babylonian and not far from Kutha (Tell- Ibrahim).All tablets were came by illegal way, that’s why we cannot founds place city of Lagaba. One of the most important features that confirms its return to a city of Lagaba is: Style of writing cuneiform signs, type of the mud and shape of tablets, economic contexts, finally the personal names.
The city of Lagaba had important economic relations with the other cities of the ancient Babylonian period, the most important of which were the city of Babylon, Kutha, Kish, Isin, Sippar, Baya, Dilany, and Rabequm, through a network of water channels that were the reason for the prosperity of such cities.

Teachers and literati in Andalusia had a social status throughout the Islamic ages that Andalus went through, and due to the great importance of this group, they had great social support, and from different classes, and the research dealt with the ability of these people to interact with social reality with interest and great participation in the course of The life of Andalusian society through their special position that made them the real influencers in addressing the social reality of the country, as the research showed their wide contributions in the charitable work of building mosques, schools, forts and public life facilities to feeding the poor and caring for orphans and students of knowledge.

The spread of Islam in the non-Arab countries is an important thing that indicates the greatness of this religion and the permissibility of its teachings, especially those countries that entered Islam without military effort and did not reach the armies of the Islamic conquest, but spread Islam through treatment and this is a true Prophet of the Prophet Islam and its teachings, which do not distinguish between black and white and Arab and Ajami only with piety and not deal with usury and truthfulness, the people in these countries are eager to this new religion and those countries (the island of Srdibip).
Therefore, the arrival of Islam to this island was linked to his arrival in India and Indonesia after the Arabs had a close commercial relationship with this island before Islam and increased this link after the advent of Islam and the entry of the people of this island and join them under his banner. So this study (Serendip Island) dealt with the history of this island and divided into six topics or important topics related to the profession of this island.

Theology is one of the rational sciences with which Muslims are well known, especially after the advent of Islam, where the Noble Qur’an stipulated that the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, argued against polytheists and infidels by peaceful and friendly methods at first. . His esteemed household, his companions, took the same method and manner to argue against their opponents with the religious belief. The science of theology grew and developed after the increasing boredom and disintegration of Muslims and the expansion of the Arab Islamic state and the spread of Islam in all its quarters, as every sect defended its religious belief from those who disagreed with it by belief, and personalities emerged who had excelled in the science of theology. And the greeting of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, peace be upon him, is rightly the prince of eloquence and eloquence, and he is the author of the firm argument against those who disagreed with his religion and belief, as well as prominent personalities over the ages who were famous for their writings and compilations of different backgrounds who had excelled and excelled in theology.

The transition of the Fatimid state and its establishment in Egypt, created administrative centralization in government and established an administrative division of the rest of the states, and this administrative division was inherited by the Fatimids from the Abbasid state, which was more developed and civilizational in the field of administration than the Fatimid state, and Egypt was more civilized than Morocco, so the transition of the Fatimid state to Egypt from Morocco found an integrated and civilized administrative organization, but the concept of the Fatimid imam, which was matched by the concept of the Abbasid caliphate and before them. The principle of administrative centralization focused on the leadership of the state at the caliphs, so that most of the governors were appointed by Imam (Caliph) directly, when they have a good career in society while working in other positions and are nominated by (ayoun) caliph son who are present in each state based on their good conduct and dedication in the performance of their job before and after their appointment and are required to comply with the orders .

Terrorism has been an inherent idea in socialist parties since its emergence in the 19th century, After assuming power, Lenin and the Bolsheviks sought to form two internal forces to tighten their political grip, The first is to replace the Russian courts with the popular and revolutionary courts; The second is the formation of a repressive apparatus of counter-revolutionary forces known as the All-Russian Special Committee (the Chika). The terrorist acts of the Bolsheviks were in many respects such as executions, hostages and arrests, as well as the confiscation of property.