Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

This research talks about selling fruits and zakat al-Fitr in the book al-Qadi al-Nu`man (d. 363 AH / 973AD), (the pillars of Islam mentioning the permissible and forbidden and issues and rulings on the people of the house, the Messenger of God be upon him and upon them the best of peace), is a scientist with many talents, a lot of authorship and did not reach much of Those looking for his personal life, for his classification of the many books, the study focused in this research on important aspects of the economic aspects that have a prejudice to the lives of people and how to deal with them in accordance with Islamic law through his aforementioned book, as I dealt with the contract of selling fruits by comparing his narratives with other sources. I agree with them in some and disagree in some, and He mentioned, for example, and not limited to, what was agreed by Judge Al-Nu`man with the public saying about the issue of the prohibition of selling fruits until their goodness appeared, the disability is gone, and the zakat al-Fitr, which makes the Islamic community like a single family, is conferred upon the able-bodied, the rich in the insolvent, so that the person becomes He feels that he has brothers, he must improve to them as God has bested him, so that the Islamic nation becomes like one family, and in conclusion, and through comparing Qadi Al-Nu`man’s accounts with other sources, and what it contains of branches it is often difficult to come out with a unified opinion that can be relied upon and considered the most correct and most appropriate. And clarified these things a There is a lot in the folds of the research, and we have relied on writing the research on a set of sources and references, and we recognize that this study is not without deficiency, because perfection is for God alone.

The Kingdom of Maysan played a prominent role in political and commercial events in Mesopotamia and its neighboring countries during the period from the middle of the second century BC to the first quarter of the third century AD, where its rulers were able to expand their influence to extend from the borders of the city of Babylon to the Persian Gulf, and they enjoyed independence Self for all the cities affiliated with the Seleucid or Parthian rule, as well as for their distinguished commercial relations with the neighboring and influential countries in the region. To search we try to look at a group of coins, marks, images and some of the letters that are engraved and comparable with other numismatist kingdoms and nations contemporary of the Kingdom of Maysan, to reach the common features of this critical diversity and its importance in the life of the kingdoms and peoples

The Islamic call came to unleash complete freedom for people and not force them to enter in it. The Muslim community contained numbers of non-Muslims, subjects of Persians and Romans from Christians and Jews who formed part of society under Islamic rule to take advantage of the state of economic prosperity for them, which helped them emerge as merchants, money changers and attractive cradle They have the role of banks at the present time, providing loans and accepting deposits, and that the conditions available to them to move between parts of the Islamic world helped them in the field of trade and the accompanying banking and charity works that the Jews and Christians had in particular. And a prominent role through them until their social situation became distinct

Our research deals with this topic (MutbiqAndalusia Al-Zahra city 336-399/947 AH / 1008AD.) which is a historical study.It is a historical study that sheds light on the most important punitive and disciplinary institution in Andalusia during the reign of the two Caliphs Abdul Rahman al-Nasir (300-350AH / 912-961) and al-Mustansir rule (350AH -366AH / 951-976AD) and the era of Al-Hujaba al-Ameria.It is Al-Zahra city prison, which is called Al-Mutbiq (very closed). It is named Al-Mutbiq because it is closed on those in it because it is under the ground, solid construction, strong, tight-fenced and very dark.Al-Zahra Mutbiqprison was established by order of the Caliph Abdul Rahman al-Nasser when he ordered in the year 336 AH / 947 AD to build the city of Al-Zahra, which was established as a park for the caliph and his entourage, but this city contained a very harsh prison known as the Al-Zahra Mutbiq and became a major part of the city’s planning and important urban facilities for its decisive role in the period of the Andalusia history.
It was considered one of the most important punitive and disciplinary institutions in Andalusia during the rule of the two caliphs, Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir, his son al-Hakam al-Mustansir and the era of al-Hujaba (366-399 AH / 976-1008 AD).
The importance of the topic highlights that thisMutbiq has occupied a great position despite the presence of prisons in the city of Cordoba, the capital very close to it. So, Al-Zahraa Mutbiq was devoted to senior political and administrative figures and opponents, as well as scholars and intellectuals who raised unrest with their intellectual opinions and people whose actions and sayings are not consistent with customs and social traditions and the vision of authority for society.
This Mutbiq was distinguished by features and characteristics that were not in the rest of Andalusia's prisons, including that the arrest and release of the detainee therein is carried out by order of the Caliph himself exclusively, and distinguished by its cruelty, severity, and distress, so that the detainee was shackled to handcuffs and shackles for the duration of his stay in it and distinguished by the deep darkness that is not known In it whether it is night or day. All the arts of torture, humiliation, and humiliation were used, as well as close guarding it and close to the governor's residence to supervise it himself. Al-Zahra Mutbiq had a number of employees and workers in it.The most important of these jobs is the job of the oppressor , the person who undertakes the torture and humiliation of prisoners, and this function distinguishes its existence by Al-Zahra Mutbiq exclusively to other prisons in Andalusia, and is characterized by the presence of a place designated for carrying out the death penalty. The role of this Mutbiq was ended in 399 AH / 1008AD) by burning and demolishing it by the Berbers and no longer mentioned in historical sources.

The importance of archaeological finds, which are found during excavations in revealing a huge amount of information that explains the religious, political, economic, intellectual and social history in any archaeological site, and the necklaces came as one of these finds, as it found in all archaeological sites, this is no secret to researchers and specialists in the study of archeology. The locations of the Makhoul Dam basin are rich sites of jewelry, including necklaces. The necklaces are considered one of the arts that the people of Mesopotamia, like other arts, were closely related religiously and economically to their forms, their contents were derived from symbolic connotations that were related to the intellectual beliefs of society of religious nature and social values, as well as the natural elements that exist within the local environment.

The study of Arab-Arab relation is of particular interest. Especially if the study deals with problems between neighboring Arab countries, We mean here the problem of the western Sahara and Morocco, the lack of agreement of the Arab parties surrounding the problem area, move the solution beyond the Arab-Arab borders, and the problem of western Sahara moved to the Organization of study will discuss the role of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to solve the problem of western Sahara, and the parties to the Arab-Arab problem and the relevant countries, whether the Kingdom of Morocco, the landowner in the Western Sahara and the countries that intervened to this problem, including Algeria Mauritania and Libya, the study stressed that solutions between Arab-Arab differences are almost impossible, so the intervention of the parties surrounding the Arab region was a necessity. It is imperative that the Organization of African unity (OAU) includes the problem countries, especially as the Western Sahara problem affects relations with the OAU.

I divided my research into two chapters, which I explained in the first chapter the biography of Sheikh Abdul Qader Al-Jilani before working as a preacher, and I divided this chapter into three topics. I spoke in the first topic about the name of the Sheikh, his name and surname. I spoke in the second one about his birth, and I spoke in the third topic about his origination.The second chapter entitled Sheikh Abdul Qader Al-Jilani and his reform efforts and I divided the chapter into three topics , the first one for the school of Qadiria, the second one for the sons of Sheikh and his pupils and the third topic in which I mentioned the typographic of Sheikh and his death,the results were inserted in the conclusion,with I reached through my this research.

The research deals with the role of successful initiatives by scholars of the Al-Qasr Mosque It must be noted first that the Al-Qasr Mosque is on the Rusafa side. It is one of the old mosques, as it was known as the Caliph Mosque, as it was built by al-Muktafī bi-llāh. 'Content with God Alone' was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate " from 289 to 295 AH", and this mosque was established for Friday prayers. Since the Qasr Mosque was the official mosque of the Abbasid state and the men of power in it, Therefore, he occupied a great importance because of the status he enjoyed and that, as an institution with its men, they set their goals as much as possible on the ground. Especially since this mosque represented one of the official religious authorities of the Abbasid state, and it carries with it a cultural heritage and its deep roots, but its men Of the scholars had a distinguished role in building the nation and preserving its existence. As they assumed their responsibilities, they were often an essential part of the solution. A number of the scholars of the Al-Qasr Mosque took advantage of the opportunity for the men of the Authority to attend their councils, especially the preaching of them, to present public problems to the people and to pursue the authority to fulfill its promises to fulfill those projects. The scholars of the Al-Qasr Mosque focused on preparing the building requirements for imams and preserving their existence in all possible ways. The authority approved them to solve a number of problems and take a number of them as a representative of the caliph to conclude peace or agreements For example

The land of Babylon, or the city of Hilla, are two names for one city that grew on its land, the first and most famous of civilizations. The mention of Babylon came in the Noble Qur’an and it is said that Noah, peace be upon him, first dwelt upon him and he was the first of her age and had descended it after the flood. Here, the founder of the emirate’s more emirate, Prince Dibis bin Mazyad al-Asadi, is one of the great leaders who were highly respected by the Iraqi public, and its influence has expanded to include vast areas of the coast of the Arbic Gulf 10th century.
The city of Hilla appears through the drawings of Nasouh Al-Slahi (Al-Mutraqi Zada), as it is square in shape, surrounded by agricultural lands and orchards and divided by the Euphrates River into almost equal parts, and is located on both sides of the city's buildings, buildings and neighborhoods, and we notice through the drawing of Al-Mutraqi inside the city that it is crowded with luxurious buildings with various functions Interspersed with a group of streets.

This paper discusses the political developments in Syria during (1945-1958), and the attitude of Iraqi Parliament members. At this stage, Syria witnessed many events, the most important of which was its independence in 1946. Although it gained independence, it has not witnessed political stability since 1949, due to the first military coup followed by several military coups that hit the country, which created unstable political conditions. On the other hand, the Iraqis, especially the Iraqi parliament, were not far from what is happening in Syria. Its sessions witnessed courageous democratic positions among its members regarding Syria, which included declaring their solidarity with it, denouncing and condemning the state of chaos in it, as well as demanding the Iraqi government to take the necessary measures according to the constitutional methods for the establishment of the Iraqi-Syrian Union, which failed for several reasons.
In any case, the members of the Iraqi Parliament succeeded in exercising their censorial role through their discussions and interventions and were able to express their views and suggestions in guiding the government's policy and criticize them in the foreign policy, especially as regards Syria.

The seventies and eighties of the twentieth century witnessed a remarkable interest in women and their issues and the need to integrate them into development processes, especially with the announcement of the decade from 1975 to 1985 a global decade for women to increase awareness of the issue of women and development and work to improve their political, social, economic and cultural conditions, especially in developing countries, because women represent half The human resources available cannot be left without preparation, planning and rehabilitation. Improving the status and status of women is an essential and necessary factor to ensure rapid development in its various social, political, economic and cultural dimensions in any society.

The research will deal with the life of the late Andalusian historian Al-Qartabi (668Ah), who had a major role in codifying the events he experienced, as well as the earlier prophets, rashidi and amui, and had a great impact on that, so he had several writings. And a platform different from what he has been, and we will discuss our methods, resources in his book (ticket), his written resources, his vague speakers, as well as the martyrdom of the Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah and the poems, and the investigation of the accuracy of transportation, support, news, and novels, His criticism of the novel, his criticism of the storytellers, and his criticism of the sources.

The research aims to study the historical events that Ali bin Eisa Al-Arbely touched on in his book altadhkirat alfakhria, where the value of this work lies in its handling of translations of some of the poets of his time, as well as the valuable historical information that was contained in it, and it appears that the name of the book came from the collection of his work in Prince Manoujhar who He was proudly nicknamed the state. Al-Arbeli chose distinguished figures and decorated his book with it, as it translated into a number of his elders and scholars of his time.
Here the importance of the research emerges in citing historical texts mentioned by Al-Arbeli in this work. There are a number of incidents and facts that show the social and cultural conditions in this critical period in the history of Iraq. His work as a writer helped him mix with many people of different professions and prominent personalities in the country, as well as wandering in many cities during his life career. Therefore, this workbook can be used to record the events of history and the facts of its days during this important period

The topic of the research deals with the unity between the North and South Yemen halves and the international and regional situation From the establishment of unity through the developments in the Yemeni arena during the era (1970 -1990) , One of these events is the civil war in Yemen (1962 – 1970) , And the role of regional and international power in fueling the conflict between the warring parties in Yemen , Especially Saudi interference in Yemeni affairs to put obstacles in the way of the establishment of unity so that the conflict in Yemen will continue until the declaration of unity in 22/5/1990 .

The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life . The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion . The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia .

Among the sections towards the Akkadian language is what is known as "machine", which is a derivative, like the name of the machine in the rest of the Arabiet language, especially Arabic, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac and Mandaean.
The subject of our research is the name of the machine in the Arabic language. A comparative study was based on counting Akkadian basis for the study in terms of the statement of derivation and formulation and support analysis of examples of vocabulary and text and compare it with the Arab sister more similar and closer.

The attention of Muslims to books was very caring, and therefore they proudly wrote and acquired them. They highlighted a special interest in them in advance as they were one of the main pillars of the Arab Islamic civilization, which regarded books as a supporting ruler and assigned them as particularly important, surpassing all previous civilizations in the quantity and quality of their publication.
Eastern books, which is coming to Andalusia, received the attention of its residents, because they found in them the necessary knowledge, practical skills, wisdom and literature. At the same time, special focuswas paid to these booksin the form of a generous reception, storage in special places, distinctive teachings and memorization as sacred. Thus, a new (special) scientific direction was born in Andalusia, and contributed to the development of the educational state program, creativity, and new books.
The inhabitants of Andalusia were interested in copying Oriental books to facilitate their distribution throughout Andalusia, the use and study of their contents. At the same time, Andalusian scholars rewrote some of their profitable books in the form of simplification of their explanation, reduction or study of special parts. On the other hand, it is noted that Eastern scholars also contributed to the scientific renaissance and intellectual movement of Andalusia at its peak (in the third, fourth and fifth BH), as they transferred their knowledge and books to it.
Andalusia has been the best resource for Islamic literature throughout the Abbasid period. Al-Andalus included diverse books, such as interpreted, linguistic and literary, biographical, origin, historical, experimental scientific, etc.

Napoleon held alliances between the Emirates of Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. The emperor pledged to guarantee the security and interests of the German princes with the aim of achieving his political interests, despite his pledge that there was no desire to extend France's borders beyond the Rhine.
The political, social and economic situations in the German lands have been confused since 1803, which convinced the German princes that their alliance was not important without belonging to one of the parties (Prussia or France). From the outset, Emperor Napoleon ensured that the princes of the southern German Emirates submitted to his ambitions and decided to provide economic aid to continue their war against the forces of the third European international coalition.

Where there are some points that I was able to reach, including:
It is one of the strategy for building Arab cities that the location of the mosque in the center of the Islamic city is because of the ease of access of Muslims and people to the mosque in times of prayer, education, and others.
And also from the strategy of building Arab cities that surround the mosque, the market, the khans, and the owners of crafts, and the sellers of one commodity congregate in one place and this also has a scientific strategy that the citizen needs to easily sell his goods because of his proximity to the market, and buy the life and food needs that he needs from the life The other.
The presence of fences around the city, which has a military strategy to preserve the security of the city, and the presence of trenches covered with water helps to keep the enemy away from the city walls and draw the account of what may be a loss to the enemy who wants to invade the Islamic country.
Residential neighborhoods are divided according to kinship in one place.
Muslims took some of the characteristics of the Greek cities and others, but this is without there being a complete quote, but we can say partially, that is, they keep everything that is appropriate to the peculiarities of Islamic law, and this indicates the strategy of Islam in preserving all the best in preserving On human blood.
The Muslims kept the characteristics of the ancient cities of the pre-Islamic civilizations, so they did not destroy them, so that they kept the Christians their churches and beliefs, not even the houses of fire for the Magi, and this also after a strategy that indicates that the Muslims were looking at things through a large door in which they keep their relations from other religions.
The interest in the markets has been since the days of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, where the account holder was put in place to monitor dishonest shopkeepers and maintain the balance of prices in a way that is compatible with the income of a person’s livelihood in that time, and this makes the value of the person reserved and there are those who protect him without feeling perhaps, and this also is a dimension A strategy to maintain state prestige.
As for the owners of shops selling meat, they were placed at the end of the market since the days of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, in order to preserve the health of people and the cleanliness of the meat, and it also has a strategic dimension in maintaining the non-proliferation of diseases in the Arab Islamic city and the safety of its citizens, and this represents the state's sophistication On the health side and keeping cities clean.
Choosing the right atmosphere for people to live in the right places, and the milestones of hygiene were present with the Muslims since the first day they decided to settle in the cities, so choosing the cities was one of its advantages, which is choosing healthy places whose air is characterized by pure healing such as Baghdad and others

He is Ma'roof bin Elvirzan, or Mahfouz al-Abed known as al – Karkhi after Karkh of Baghdad, was a famous with asceticism and aversion the material world, righteous intended him, blessed with his meeting the knowledgeable, and was characterized as answered doaa, and there were tells about his prodigies.
If Almighty God wants to make someone of his slaves blessed with grace of his mercy shades fueled his heart with faith, surrounded into His sponsorship, enlighten him with the religion sciences and filled his heart with the light of piousness and piety. This would the case of who are chosen by Almighty God among His creation, and prepped for to be Hoda imams and beacon for science guided by them who saw the truth path and the apparent flare.
Sheik Maroof was the scion of a Bible family, a Christian, believes in the Trinity, but Allah the Almighty God filled his heart with the light of faith, he was ascertain from a young age the oneness of God, and remained faithful to this, until this notion guided him conversion to Islam later, and abandoned the religion of his ancestors.
Some sources mentioned that Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha, peace be upon him, said, "He is a member of Ahl al-Bayt in morals and manners, not in race or connexion, we connected him to us as appreciation and honor, as our Grandfather (peace be upon him) did with Salman the Persian."
The travel has an important role in the character building process, it is during trips the one's education expands and scientific activity increases, one of his travels was the reason behind his orientation to Almighty God and his engrossing in worshiping. Maroof stated that the cause which pushed him to committed to wise was the admonition of (Ibn al-Sammak) he heard during those trips passes through Kufa, an incident recited by a variety of sources.
The text of this advice also mentioned by Sheikh Maroof saying, "I was passing through Kufa, by a man called Ibn al-Sammak that was preaching people, he said through his words: who renounces God as a whole, God may abandon him altogether, and who inclines to God in whole heart, God will bless him with His mercy, all creations become would incline to him, and who is with God time and time, God would bless his soul at some time. his words touched my heart, so I incline to God and left all that I used to, but the service of Moulay Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha. I mentioned this to Moulay, he said this exhortation is enough if you hear fairly".

This paper deals with an explanation of the intellectual propositions adopted and proposed by Giovanni Gentili, which formed the intellectual basis for Italian fascism, especially as he participated and wrote in the most important official political literature of the fascist doctrine. This intellectual heritage and the pioneering ideological proposition regarding the totalitarian concept of the state prompted us to choose this important topic, and our study of this topic will be limited to what is related to the ideological framing of the fascist concept, without delving into the Gitnilian philosophical heritage which he excelled in, especially in the topic of realistic idealism which from It can be studied by specialists in modern Western philosophy