Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The study of the history of the Islamic Orient political and military received the attention of a large number of historians and researchers because of its great impact in drawing the map of the Islamic world, the political forces that imposed their control over most cities of the Islamic Orient have drawn up their own policy in line with their ambition and expansionist policy.
The research dealt with the most important political and military developments in the cities of the Islamic Orient and the spread of the Abbasid da'wa in a number of cities of Khorasan province, as well as the role of the princes of the Safavid Emirate (259-297 AH/782-909 AD), Samani (261-389 AH / 874-999 AD), and Ghazna (351-582 AH/962-1166 AD), political, The military is in control of a number of cities of the Islamic Orient, and has resulted in several political alliances among themselves and other forces, as the cities of the Islamic Orient were affected by the consequences of the conflict between the Ghaznavids and The Qarakhanids, as they were subjected to raids by the Qarakhanids on their territory several times, and although the Ghaznavids lost Most of their possessions are in Khorasan, but Balkh and Takharistan remain under their authority

The Armenian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, laying the foundations of education, and that Christians, including the Armenians are the most educated religious group in Iraq and the world after the Jews, and the Armenian Church played an important role to support education by all means, the establishment of private schools that taught the Bible, the Armenian language, the Arabic language, and languages Other foreign students, teaching various scientific sciences and modern humanity.
The research was divided into three axes, the first axis, in the Armenian and Christian education in the Ottoman era in Iraq in the nineteenth century, and dealt with the second axis, the Armenian schools, the Catholic Accord School, the Armenian Community School, the Armenian Catholic School, and the Eastern Private School of the Armenian Orthodox, The Western Armenian National School, and the third axis, discussed the Sisters of Mary School for Catholic Armenians.
The research relied on a variety of sources, chief among which were unpublished documents, theses and university theses. It also relied on books, magazines and newspapers lnterviews have played amajor role in enriching histormation research .

The book is one of the famous book in the Arabic –Islamic heritage. The book deals important information in the: Geography, History, knowledge , about the Arabic and Islamic, and Europe towns, this comes through his varions trips, beside of his information through the sources and references books and his pral information and that people trade in those historical periods, beside of his information about sixth century. A.H.
In this research we will discuss the collection of information that came in this book, in the Islamic orient, the book contains different information's.

This research dealt with the follow-up of changes in the surface water area of the Al-hamar marshe for a set of maps and satellite images old and new for different periods of time are as follows (1919-1937-1944-1957-1959-1972-1980-1990-2000-2008-2017) (9) maps and (2) Satellite map.
It was found that the Al-hamar marshe were subjected to significant changes in its surface area under the influence of a range of natural and human factors. Note that the human factor had a greater impact, which led to the shrinking of the mars in 1990 (87.6%) of the area of the mars compared to the year (1919) Due to government drying policy. That eventually led to the almost complete disappearance of the marshes in 2000. However, the revival of the marshes after 2003 contributed significantly to the return of the Al-hamar marshe. Any future attempt to drain the donkey mars and turn them into agricultural lands will be doomed to failure due to the spread of salts in place of the dried Al-hamar marshe.
The research also found that the process of separation of water parts of the water surface of the Al-hamar marshe is characterized by a certain system, where the first occurrence of water from the Al-hamar marshe then clarify this prominence gradually until the small water body separated from the marsh and then faded due to the interruption of the source of water supply from the marsh.

Time is one of the valuable things in a person’s life, and its value increases in importance as civilization takes root. The Messenger of God has learned (this value, so he devoted his mental capabilities to inventing specific time units dependent on the environment and its singularity - before the advent of inventions - to benefit from it in daily life
In addition to this introduction, the research included time, language, terminology, and the value of time when the Prophet, as well as the importance of time before Islam and the role of Islam in nurturing this idea. Harnessing natural phenomena and making use of the duration of one's eating and drinking in determining the time period, as well as conclusions and a summary in English and the margins

My search includes historical study f0r kusker city , It lies on Al-Dejla river in the east side of it , and my search took the named original and the distinct geographical location , and the big stanched from the Moslems to make Iraq free them selves from the Persian controlee . And this search explained the Economist and comer cial economist for the city because it lies in the middle of big Iraq cities like Baghdad , Al-Basrah , Al-Kufa and Al-Ahuaz .

The market is one of the social establishments that are run by the different races and categories in which sales and purchases are carried out. They contain every item sold or bought, and it was the center of many traders. The markets were centers of exchange of news, thus the markets formed social centers for the members of society. Places of excursion as well as it formed an economic appearance, and perhaps the expansion of sales and purchase increased the need to build markets.
The Ayyubid state has known a number of markets, the first of which are the main permanent markets, which have not stopped selling and buying throughout the year. These markets spread in major cities such as Cairo, Alexandria, Fustat and Qus in Egypt. , Which are held once a week and on a specific day, and from these markets, the Giza market, which every Sunday has market.

Choosing a certain personality to take over the affairs of the country is difficult ,as the election of the people to the president is extremely important for the importance and sensitivity of the position , as well as the circumstances that accompany those elections , as some countries resort to their candidates to use a dishonest method to reaching the position , which makes it more difficult to place the right person in the right place . In this research, we will talk about the Egyptian presidential elections specifically and the methods of some parties to reach power .

The oases are scattered in our Arab homeland and are famous for the Arabian Peninsula in the middle of the desert from the north to the south and different areas, as found in the outskirts of the Levant and Mesopotamia, It has played an important and significant role on the political and economic level wherever it exists because of the importance of its position as a commercial line or its proximity to important cultural centers as well as the fertility of its land, It had an important role in supplying the population with different agricultural or industrial products, The oasis of Palmyra is one of these oases, which occupied part of the land of the Levant, in the north of the Arabian Peninsula, The research aimed to highlight this oasis of establishment, importance, general conditions and the political impact of the region. So, I divided it into: First: Abstract, Second: Palmyra Oasis included the following subjects: name, site, climate, political conditions, economic conditions, social conditions, religious beliefs, Third: Conclusion and Fourth: Resources and references List.

The historian criticism is considered as a very important subject because it is one of the important tools the is used by the historians in their historical writings to consider the news and the text and making sure of its validity and truthiness. It, in its real meaning, searches in the reality of the thing and makes sure of its authenticity, so it represents the vital axis of the science of history. And it will not be an exaggeration if we say that criticism is one of the most important tools of history as it is a scientific art that has its necessary importance in verifying the truthiness of the news.
And in the eighth Islamic century and as a result of the political changes which followed the Abbasid caliphate ( 656 A.H/ 1258 A.D.), historical writing had flourished in the Levant after it has become a center in which many of the scientists had gathered. So many historians whose reputation had spread in the field of general history had become prominent such as Abu Al-fida ( B.732A.H/1331 A.D.), Al-thehebi ( B. 748A.H./ 1347 A.D.), Ibn Kutheir ( B.774A.H/1372A.D.), and other historians who had not priority or separation in historical criticism. The development of witting, in this period, reached to high degree, so they were interested in selecting and criticizing the historical material or depending on some narratives and neglecting others to make sure of the truthiness of the narrated news.
The first beginnings of historical criticism of Muslims have originated
with the holy prophetic hadiths as after examining the hadiths to recognize the correct noes out of the false. As a result What is known as the science of insulting and adjustment ( Elm al-jerh wa al-te'deel) has appeared Which means judging those who narrate the hadith by insulting them or modifying the hadith.
In the first beginnings of the criticism, there was strong connection between the hadith and the history as each one had contributed the other. For example the study of the biography and the invasions of the prophet (Allah's prayers and peace be on him and his household) as apart of studying the hadith. The pioneers of the first biography were narrator scientists. This lead to the fact that the view point towards the narratives and the methods of criticizing them were performed in the same way which the men of hadith used. Then criticism started to develop and come out its religious character which characterized by in its beginning till its field widened so the historians used it in their historical writings and tried by using it to correct the man mistakes which were included in the narratives. Many critic historians became prominent who had a great contribution in this field, so criticism became the focus of interest by most of the historians.
And in the eighth Islamic century and as a result of the political changes which followed the Abbasid caliphate ( 656 A.H/ 1258 A.D.), historical writing had flourished in the Levant after it has become a center in which many of the scientists had gathered. So many historians whose reputation had spread in the field of general history had become prominent such as Abu Al-fida ( B.732A.H/1331 A.D.), Al-thehebi ( B. 748A.H./ 1347 A.D.), Ibn Kutheir ( B.774A.H/1372A.D.), and other historians who had not priority or separation in historical criticism. The development of witting, in this period, reached to high degree, so they were interested in selecting and criticizing the historical material or depending on some narratives and neglecting others to make sure of the truthiness of the narrated news.
So they were interested in criticism in all its types whether those related to criticizing the narratives or the characters whether they were political, scientific, etc. As concerned with criticizing the narratives, we find that they make use of a variety of methods like the doubt method which is one of the methods depended on in criticism so they doubted some false narratives and they did not assert their truthiness and mentioned them in forms which refer to their weakness and unacceptability. They used the principle of weighting through comparing the historical narratives weighting the correct ones. Some looked for the reasons and causes of many accidents and events related to the holy prophetic hadiths as an attempt to indicate the correct among them. Some tried to correct the mistakes included in the narratives and there are some who reject the narratives which have legendary and mythical character and which contrast with mind and logic.
That was not limited to criticizing the narratives but it moved to criticizing the prominent characters in the states who lived in previous periods, so they followed the biographies of the ministers, the rulers, the judges, and the army men in their previous workbooks and transferred them in their historical blogs which they wrote in the Islamic eighth century. So they looked at their behaviors, actions, morals, and the good or bad features they were characterized by and they come out with criticizing judgments against them.
They also followed the men of the intellectual movement, the men of transferring and mental sciences. They were interested in them and followed their news and that did not prevent them from criticizing them and mentioning their faults. So they criticized their scientific weakness, behaviors, and morals. Some of them were the men of Arabic of linguists, grammarians, and poets, the men of religious sciences of jurisprudents, interpreters, and narrators of hadiths as well as the historians and the men of philosophy and medicine.
Fancy and political and sectarian orientations have their effect on the workbooks of some of them especially Al-thehebi and Ibn Kutheir who criticized a lot of the narratives motivated by sectarian and fanatic motifs as they contrast their religious beliefs. They also criticized a lot of characters who were not of their religion or sect because of fanaticism, fancy, and orientation.

Al Ali’s general interests in agricultural properties and land are the cornerstone of most of his research and writing because of its importance in the public life of man and for economic activities in the country, and that the Islamic Arab state relied on its financial imports on external taxation imposed on the land, and this made it for agricultural activity a major role in The establishment of the economy, as the Most High focused on the types of lands and their properties, and how they were divided amongst the Muslims, and the determination of the outlying lands and the shadow, and what are the public revenues of the land that opened peace, In particular, he discussed the immigrants ’housing and shelter in the land and demanded the provision of appropriate housing, which is appropriate to their various conditions. It determines the right to dispose of his property that he is neither permitted to sell nor inherited after his death.

The study shows that the major shift in Afghan-Soviet relations occurred after the coup led by General Dawood Khan on July 17 1973, which led to the abolition of monarchy and declaration of the Republic in accordance with the Soviet method of administration, Dawood Khan could not overthrow the Monarchy without the help of members of PDPA party and Soviet intelligence. Moreover , the leftists and the Soviets needed a man to lead the transition period from Monarchy to Socialism, it seems that Dawood Khan after taking over the government , failed to implement the socialist system, given that the conditions were inappropriate, because of the Islamic opposition, backward and sectarian tribal nature of Afghan society and the international pressures, as a result retreated from the agreement with the leftists, so the relation of Soviet Union with the regime of Dawood Khan worsened, due to that, the leftists with a Soviet support carry out another military coup on April 27 1978, in which Dawood Khan and his family were killed.

Studying the wonders is not an easy matter but acquiring searching, reading and the kind of the subject. I dealt with several aspects in it, but what attracted me as the social aspect cause it is connected to the life of society and its traditions which inherited from one generation to another; the Moroccan society was believing in such matters and circulated among their councils for what it have of magic in people brines. Barbers have their specialty in the aspect, where they were believing in such wonders, so the Arabic and Muslim geographers, travelers and authors dealt with in their books' pages, beginning from Ibn Hauqal (dead in the fourth century) reaching to al-Himiary in his book al-Rawd al-Mitar (dead in 900 A.H.), along that period the authors discussed those matters of wonders and mentioned to them.
So that, each country discussed alone to show that those wonders are a Moroccan pure social culture

It is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Khuzaymah ibn ai-Mughayrah ibn Salih ibn Bakr, al-Salami, al-Nisaburi, (223 AH-838CE).
Ibn Khuzaymah discussed the economic aspects, including agricultural activity, irrigation and watering, in the noble Hadiths.
Riculture is considered the mainstay of economic activity, Makkah was known for its commercial role, as it was known in a valley that is not cultivated due to the nature of its lond and the lack of water, and Medina was known for commercial activity, but agricultural activity is the basis.
And increased agricultural activity after the migration of Muslim from Mecca to Medina, and toughed the Prophet,s Hadiths to agriculture in Medina because it is the headquarters of the Messenger of Allah and the capital of the Arab Islamic State, where ibn Khuzaymah often tells about agriculture and fruits.

In the 19th century, Morocco was subjected to numerous colonial pressures to eliminate its political and economic independence. Despite attempts and objections to prevent that, but the military confrontations with France and Spain eventually led Morocco to be under-protection.
In 1906, the Green Island Conference was held, which allowed France and Spain to protect Morocco while retaining some sovereignty. Thus, after the World War II, the Moroccan resistance of political parties refusing to defend began to demand independence by submitting a petition for freedom, especially after the issuance of the Atlantic Charter, which gave peoples the right to self-determination. After that, Morocco gained independence in 1956.

The subject of this research is about the prophet Khalid ibn Sinan al-Absi, a prophet who appeared in the period between Prophet Isa (peace be upon him) and Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Historians and scholars differed in his prophecy. Some mentioned him and tried as much as possible to belittle the tale . Evidence and proofs are presented, and most of the historical sources and other sources mention the words of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): He is a prophet who is lost by his people.
Khalid ibn Sinan al-Absi, like other prophets and messengers ,has miracles, including: the extinguish the fire of the two events, and praying for rain, and some attributed to him the elimination of the phoenix. Just as his life was the subject of controversy among historians, his death was also ambiguous, as most sources confirm his death in Harra, and his grave washt been violated , find some sources that God Almighty transferred him to Kairouan.

In the opinion of most researchers, the Babylonian era showed a clear distinction between three social strata based on the history of the ancient Babylonian civilization. The terms in cuneiform texts are awilum, a reference to members of the upper class of Iraqi society who dominate the reins of power and the second term Muškenum to denote members of the class that lie between the upper and lower classes, For slaves it consists of two primary classes: Wardum (ie: slaves), and the second amatum (ie: the bow) theme of this letter.
The study was not dealt with by the Iraqi society with the nation as a human personality has its own entity, but was treated as a tool or commodity sold and bought as the rest of the goods and animals that were traded by people in the cities of ancient Iraq and this view derived from Sumerian texts contained in the laws and legislation Code Then as well as documents and contracts of sale, purchase, adoption, inheritance ... etc
In this study, we have tried to shed light on the most prominent figures in the ancient civilization of Iraq and the interactions of Iraqi society at that time with this category, which did not enjoy the most basic rights enjoyed by human beings, but was treated so thinly that if the name of the nation is mentioned in the contracts of sale and purchase The father's name is denied, and if the mother is hurt, the compensation for her harm is to her master and not to her, and we have heard several references in the cuneiform texts on the motherhood were marked with signs of slavery.
This study was based on an important and valuable collection of information sources, the most prominent of which were the preparation of a large number of cuneiform texts and written documents as well as laws and legislation that dealt with subjects directly related to the life of the mothers and their role in the temples and public life in the old society of Iraq.

Counting Fouad Siraj-Din Youngest minister in the history of Egypt iron and contemporary Egyptian politicians in the last decade of the monarchy as it was able to hold important ministerial positions in allwarh wafd sixth was the most prominent of the ministry of the ministry of in teror and social affairs at the saetime hence the choice of the researcher for the title search intercorm for sheds light on the achivements of fouwad sirag –din during the portfolios filled corrupted search from the front of the three axes included jonin and memdership fouad siraj-din cultue and the second axis included join and member ship fouad siraj –din until 1937 and the theird axishas sultna school on his office of the ministry of interior and social affairs in the second from gune 1943 until October eighth ,1944.