Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The reigns of the Union of Talabians in the Mughal-Eilkhani era are among the most important historical documents that reflect a clear picture of one of the institutions of the Abbasid state, the Association of Gentlemen of the Guardians, which is an institution supporting the efforts of the Abbasid Caliphate in organizing and sponsoring the affairs of the Islamic community. The doctrine of the Imamate was free until the proclamation of Sultan Muhammad Khadabandah in the year 709 AH (1309 AD). He took several measures to spread the Twelfth Imamate doctrine in the Mughal court.

The European Crises ( The Germanic Territories Crisis ) and the Egyptian attitude in respect of that.
Hitler had planned for new global war before he got better of ruling . After he got to the power , he devoted the economy of Germany along with its foreign policy to fulfill this goal. In March , 1935 he imposed mandatory military service. in the same year , Germany had planned a step to break the blockade that being imposed to develop its marine fleet via holding agreements in this respect with Britain. In the following year , 1936 there had appeared Italian- Germanic alliance that being known as Berlin – Rome axe and another axe between Japan- Germany that came to be known as " Tokyo – Berlin- Rome . The events followed by getting Germanic forces join Austria in Al-Rayan area in 1938 and the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939 , along with the offensive on Bologna that considered the direct reason to break out the 2nd world war.
German was motivated firstly by its colonized ambitions in the field of its European domain until 1940 . Germany was obliged to extend this domain to include north of Africa and Middle East as to get control of Oil flows.
The years 1937-1940 have been considered as a turning point in the policy of Hitler in the Middle East. The extension of Germany propaganda and the import of weapons to some Arabic states , was to harass Britain rather than Germany ambitions in the region.
The Germany policy in the north of Africa and the dominance extended therein by the beginning of the war had given an impression that Germany intends to snatch the Middle East from the hands of European Forces as to get control of the strategic interests therein just like Suez Canal and oil.

Freedom of thought is undoubtedly a supreme ending and goal endeavors all humanity, it is a right and gift from Allah to man to ensure him/her live in dignity in a society that believes in diversity and ideological plurality. The Holy Quran and the Sunnah evoke all human beings to practice that freedom, but everyone can’t ideate that Sharia’s freedom be named to it, it is absolute freedom without any criterion. Absolute freedom leads to chaos due to the different desires and diversity of the ideological tendencies of individuals of society, the importance of this phenomenon and its resulting to be social disorders due to obscureness of limitations of that freedom The study of our research is entitled (Criteria and Defines of Freedom of Thought in Islam) to highlight the most important social, ideological, scientific and political criteria that we do not want to call restrictions, what we call criteria, it’s securities to preserve freedom of thought for all parties within society without freedom of thought effects on a person over another under the excuse of enjoying ideological freedom.

In the Islamic era, scholars agreed to allow adornment and adornment in accordance with the restrictions and restrictions set by Islamic law. From this point of view, I have become a city that has become an Islamic city, One of these cities that flourished in the jewelry industry and this proved by shovels prospectors by finding large quantities of jewelry and various jewelry between the neck, ears, chest, wrists and other tools such as ankles, bakeries and others

This research include nourishment and parasite category . that existent in Al – Tazkerah Alhamdounyah book for Ibn Hamdoun . wich show the popular sort of foods and meals in the Muslim community in addition to why parasite category are exist as well their Habits their manners and their impression of living . this research split for introduction . research and conclusion . the button line is that Al – Tazkerah Alhamdounyah book one of the best historical source that shows human activity habits in mu in Muslim community .

This research included the focus on the inevitable signs of the emergence of Imam al-Hajjah, which is the most important points of the signs of the near-emergence, and I mentioned many of the signs that the emergence of the date and date of the statement before the departure of Imam Mahdi, which are dozens and here will be talk about the inevitability of them in particular in the book The completion of religion and the completion of the grace of Sheikh Sadouk (d: 381 e) and compare them and the details of what is stated with others in the news of those signs and clear through the books that were written in the absence of these are the most important and deterministic, especially in the Shiite literature and we will refer in the search to a sentence mentioned before Sheikh Sadouk or Who took it from him or y It is also mentioned in many sources, five signs of what the Prophet, the Imams, the Yamani and the Sufiani, and the cry and humiliation of the Ba'da and the killing of the noble soul, as well as the mention of some of them in the sources of the two groups, with different contents of the narrations.

The state of the Aghlabids is a country of the Maghreb, which is characterized by its system of rule in the state of the Covenant. This country was founded by the family of the majority sons, which ranged from (184-296) to the year (800-908), and due to the great sedition and revolutions in the Maghreb (African The Abbasid caliphate government did not find that the country would undertake a tribe of Arab Arabs. The Abbasid Harun al-Rashid assigned the mission to Ibrahim ibn al-Aghal bin Salim al-Tamimi (6196 AH / 811 AD) to take over the establishment of a state under his leadership and enjoy semi-autonomy under the Abbasid Caliphate A political and military base at the same time to stand against the forces and movements opposed to the succession

This study" The attitude of the United States of the Outbreak of Iraq- Iran War in 1980-1982" tries to understand the nature of the strategy of America at the beginning of Iraq- Iran war and analyze the private and announced policy of America towards both Iraq and Iran. Concerning the former, the political relations between them were sundered since 1967 as there were an allied treatment with the Union of Soviet in 1972. While the relation were feudal between America and Iran after the conquest of American embassy in Tehran. Thus, the America administration intended to construct the strategy in three main axis: first, guarantying the flow of oil from Gulf to their alliances; second, exploiting the war between the two countries to build new relations for own interest; third, supporting both sides without winning of one side for the loser not to be the victim of the Union of Soviet.

The focus of the study was on the cheap Abdullah bin Khazim al-Salami, one of the famous leaders and princes of the Umayyad period. He participated in the Islamic conquests in the two covenants of the two covenants. He was distinguished by his bravery and efficient military leadership, in addition to practicing his political role as one of the princes who took Khurasan in the two covenants. For his other mandate after his allegiance Abdullah bin al-Zubayr. He had a clear role in the course of the military, administrative and political events in the Islamic Mashreq, in addition to his handling of developments in the events and problems he faced in Khorasan or with the Umayyad caliphate

This paper deals with the study of ancient Sarai Rumaitha which was built before the 1920 revolution, m but demolished after the events of the revolution and the remainder of this palace is the only pictures being Anders completely, we were able to put him years a brief description through those images and sources local and novels.
The Galatasaray Rumaitha talk we have set up a plan of action starting from the geographical location in the city of Rumaitha and then General Description of the palace which was built in (1344 E - 1926) and we studied all Ammaria elements such as fences, towers and entrances and Almzagl and so on in this palace, and then we talked and extensively all Ammaria units such as closets and the stable on the ground floor rooms and stairs on the upper floor, honor all our study group of pictures, drawings and sculptures.

Morocco has a long-lasting history of friendship and brotherhood relations with many countries and international entities around the world in the political, economic, cultural, and social fields. These relations are deeper with the countries sharing by common factors, including religion, history, and language. Iran (Persia) is one of those countries that have been historically linked with Morocco by old and coherent relations that did not take the geographical distance an obstacle between them. The two countries have integrated by many similarities in heritage, art, and reconstruction in which their effects are still present in both states.
Indeed, building a relationship between two nations requires exceptional and politically motivated conditions, serving the interests in the two countries, and this is the outcome of the Moroccan-Iranian relations

Education is one of the most important issues that the new Turkish state has focused on after the announcement of the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, as it was supposed to achieve a civilized level in line with the objectives of the new government and to promote it to become the mouths of the developed countries. Which emphasizes that the most important way to reach that level is through modern education. Good education is one of the most important pillars in the existence of an innovative generation capable of shaping the distinctive civilization that perpetuates through the pages of history and that the opportunity to achieve this is education and influence in the minds of the nation Instilling the values and concepts adopted by the modern state, which can only be achieved through education by the generalization of schools and compulsory education and free to every citizen of Turkey

The current study deals with the foreign communities, together with their existence in Egypt during 19th century , along with the importance of Egypt to such communities in respect to the social , economic and political domains and to what extent such communities have an effect upon the Egyptian society either be positive or negative. The reality has been imposed upon these communities to live in Egypt since the latter has been considered an attractive country for different nationals and they have been able to get their rights via foreign privileges which could enable them to occupy prestige place among other communities and others have become owning lands and senior positions in the state . Besides , the authority of " Mohammed Ali" has been in need to skillful laborers for running the state

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The Constitutional Revolution in Iran (1905-1911) is an important historical event and a shining page in the history of modern Iran, both in terms of its revolutionary style and its results, and its impact on the national movement of Iran. It has led to political and social transformations, Democratically elected, and the promulgation of the country's first constitution.
The Ottoman position, which was opposed to the revolution from its beginning to the end, supported the revolution at the outset and continued its policy until the bombing and dissolution of the Iranian Council in 1908, Where the new Ottoman government (the Union Government and Progress) sought to establish good relations with Iran, with the aim of settling all border disputes between the two countries. The Ottoman Sultan tried to help the Shah against the constitutional advocates in Iran by all means to prevent their success and spread within the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, the advocates of conditionality in the state continued, The Ottoman Empire in support of the constitutional movement and the Iranian revolutionaries against the Shah, and continued this contradiction between the parties to the developments of the constitutional revolution until the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and took the leaders of the Union and Progress Union to take full control of the state, but soon took the leaders of the collection In the wake of the success of the constitutional movement and the neutralization of the powers of the Shah in Iran, the dispute between the leaders of the Union and the promotion with Britain and Russia continued to distance their influence and limit their role permanently on the domestic and foreign fronts of Iran. The opportunity to recover all the areas that were extracted from the former Ottoman Empire , as a result of wars with foreign powers, including Iran.
Due to the importance of the geographical location of the two countries and the different political regimes that governed them, it was normal for the relations to witness some kind of competition at times and some kind of cooperation and normalization at other times. The Ottoman state represented the Islamic gate to the west, while Iran represented the Islamic gate to the east .
The importance of the two countries and the nature of the cooperation and competition between them on the region has been an essential motivation for choosing the subject, especially the absence of independent scientific studies on this period, based on the unpublished Ottoman and Persian documents, as well as the urgent need to study the history of the neighboring countries which negatively and positively affected the history of Iraq in general and Kurdistan In particular, which continue to have an effective impact on the nature of the political system in the region.

Through our "commonsense Qutb AL Dean AL Rwandan (573/1177 m) on the Prophet's letters and calling to Islam in Mecca," shows us that Qutb AL Dean AL Rwandan didn't single out any side title of Prophet's letters or other events in the study period, but was focused CLE show miraculous signs and miracles is more historical novels, as he didn't seem interested in the chronology of events, because as I pointed to his attention almost trapped balmaags and dignities, and often disagree Qutb AL Dean AL Rwandan book walk Maghazi as Ibn Ishaq (151/768 m) waloakdi (t 207/823 m), Ibn Hisham (213/828 m), including but not limited to, the journey time and Islam Prophet's uncle Abu taalib .(
It is noted that the Qutb AL Dean AL Rwandan expressed an interest by the Prophet ((Allah bless him and peace and blessings be upon him), relative to his grandparents, proves that this descent into an antiseptic didn't resemble a young Amish people calculate, as asserts that the ancestors of the Prophet (Allah bless him and peace and blessings be upon him) believe in Allah almighty on the religion of Abraham ((), and they worship idols

Despite the agreement of the researchers in the field of Islamic arts and the evidence we possess that confirms that the Muslim artist has come to portray all that surrounds him in nature from human and animal and plant and even other phenomena such as mountains and rivers and clouds, as well as planets and stars, We also do not know whether it was real or not, or a culture inherited from old incidents that exaggerated the old narratives. The artist also created the wall painting of the Arabs before and after Islam. The walls of the Kaaba included drawings of the image of the Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) It also included a drawing depicting Mrs. Mary and his stone Prophet Isa (peace be upon them)
Surprisingly, however, all this huge amount of miscellaneous fees, but the fees for aquatic animals as well as complex aquatic animals were very scarce and do not exceed the fingers of one hand.

Throughout the Islamic era, states and the UAE have witnessed assassinations and killings as a result of political conflicts, conflicts of interest between the ruling parties and the personal desire to reach power, leading to the weakening of states and their subsequent fall. From this point on, the subject of the assassination and killing of the power holders in the Arab Maghreb from the 7th to 11th Hijri / 13th to 17th centuries, and the owners of the highest authority were the main influential group in the state and therefore were more exposed to murder, ). This category included sultans, princes, army commanders and even those who represent them in the administration of the state and bear the burden of governing them. The assassination and killing were a result of the corruption of the rulers and dissatisfaction with his rule, which led to the emergence of revolutions and the obedience of the ruler to get rid of him. In power Hope another which led to the assassination and murder affected many prominent figures as a result of greed for power.

In this paper, we discussed the names of Iraqi MPs participating in the Ottoman Council of Envoys (MPs), which was established during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1867-1909) a year after he took power in the Ottoman Empire, and also announced the promulgation of the Ottoman Constitution (Basic Law) on 23 December. The first 1876 of the country, which provided for the formation of the General Council (Parliament), which consists of the Senate and the Council of Envoys' also touched on the most important Iraqi figures who participated in the Council of Ottoman envoys during its sessions held in the years from 1877 to 1914, and what are the most important political conditions and difficulties That faced the formation of this magazine At the beginning of its founding, which had a major impact on the Sultan Abdul Hamid II issued a decision to suspend the work for a period of thirty years, until the coup by the members of the Union and Progress in 1908 and the subsequent announcement of the fall of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the return of work With the continuation of the work of this Council, which did not have any effective role in the country due to differences within the Ottoman state between supporter and opponent of the Ottoman Constitution and the method of elections, which was not satisfactory for many deputies, the outbreak of World War I in 1914 to stop all Capital of the Ottoman emissaries Council

The English East India Company, which was established on the thirty-first of December of the year 1600, by a group of enterprising merchants, is one of the topics worthy of attention, given the role it played in expanding the activities of the English externally, especially towards the east, and the accompanying important events during its travels, specifically Towards "India", as it was the main factor in penetrating and stabilizing the English influence in India until the advanced stages of history, as well as the company's commercial activity, but it played a political, economic and social role within the areas in which it worked.

The parliamentary experience in Iraq has emerged in recent years From the age of the Ottoman Empire when it approved the constitution, which was issued in 1867 Parliament . Consisting of two chambers - the Senate and the Council of Envoys In which Iraq represented six members , But that experience was short after the Ottoman Sultan decided Abdul Hamid II on the twenty-third of November 1878 Disrupting the parliament and the constitution, which has been suspended for thirty years .
The pages of the research confirmed that Hussam al-Din Jumaa devoted much of his time to studying the laws and regulations that were in the public interest, and was often fighting in the parliament to approve the laws that would raise the level of living for the layers of society as well as lift them.
He was credited with turning Muqdadiya into a district and the consequent increase in the level of services there. (Hossam Eddin Juma) to increase the salaries of police officers because of the difficulties they face and make them parallel to what Maitqadh associate police in neighboring countries. It was a strong demand for housing for the population of the poor because of this layer of poverty and continued exposure to floods as a result of their housing in low areas.

The independence of individuals and societies in a state, with their various labels, plays a fundamental and important role in its progress and economic prosperity, a matter which reflect the strength or weakness of the state. As a state, Turkey is no exception from this rule. This topic, (Turkey’s policy towards its religious minorities) discusses 2 principle points, the first of which is Turkey’s government policy since the foundation of modern state of Turkey in 1923 until the Justice and Development party (JDP) gained authority in 2002. This principle explains Turkish state general policy towards religious minorities, whether or not there is any differentiation among minorities? And, regarding this issue, what are the pillars on which the political Turkish regime relied on?
The second principle was meant to explain the religious minorities or the none-Muslim minorities, since Islam is the official religion of the Turkish state. This principle explained these minorities labels, numbers, their whereabouts and religions, in addition to the most important issues they faced, their living conditions and how the Turkish authorities dealt with them